Login | Register

30 GHz Printed Ridge Gap Components and Antennas for Imaging Systems

Title:

30 GHz Printed Ridge Gap Components and Antennas for Imaging Systems

Afifi, Islam Sayed Hassan Mohammed ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6519-0915 (2020) 30 GHz Printed Ridge Gap Components and Antennas for Imaging Systems. PhD thesis, Concordia University.

[thumbnail of Afifi_PhD_S2021.pdf]
Preview
Text (application/pdf)
Afifi_PhD_S2021.pdf - Accepted Version
Available under License Spectrum Terms of Access.
19MB

Abstract

Working at millimeter waves (MMW) has gained massive attention for wireless communications and imaging systems. For imaging systems, MMW can be used for security to provide good resolution images and detect concealed weapons as it can penetrate common clothes and reflect from the human body and metal objects. Moreover, MMW is safe for human health, contrary to conventional X-ray imaging, which uses an ionized wave. Thus, it has a harmful effect on human health.

This research is focusing on building an active wide-view angle millimeter-wave imaging system with a small area of mechanical movement to reduce the data collection time. The imaging system is composed of three main parts: 1) the millimeter-wave components and antennas, 2) the mechanical part for moving the antennas and performing the scan of the imaging area, and 3) the imaging reconstruction algorithm.

In order to have an efficient imaging system, the printed ridge gap technology (PRGW) is used to build the imaging system components and antennas. High efficiency coaxial to PRGW transition with a fractional bandwidth of 59.22% at 32.25 GHz is designed to feed the system components. For the transmitting part of the imaging system, a moderate gain PRGW differential feeding planar aperture antenna and a wideband rat-race coupler are designed. The antenna, the rat-race, and the coaxial transition are combined to form the transmitting part, then fabricated and measured. The resulted bandwidth is from 25.62 to 34.34 GHz with a return loss better than 10 dB, a maximum gain of 12.28 dBi, and 3-dB gain bandwidth from 25.62 to 33.77 GHz.

For the receiving antenna, a PRGW Butler matrix and its components (directional couplers, 45◦ phase shifters, and crossovers) are designed. A semi-log periodic antenna fed by the PRGW is designed as the radiating element. The PRGW components, the coaxial transition, and the antennas are combined to form the receiving part of the imaging system, which is fabricated and measured. The resulting beam directions are at ±13◦ and ±36◦, at the center frequency (30 GHz). The return loss and the isolations are better than 10 dB over the frequency range from 26.1 to 33.5 GHz.

For the imaging reconstruction algorithm, a synthetic aperture radar algorithm is used. Two tests are carried out, one uses CST simulation results, and the other uses measured data from the Concordia antenna chamber lab. The results show an output resolution of 0.6 λ.

Finally, the whole imaging system is built with the designed differential feeding antenna as the transmitter, the designed Butler matrix as the receiver, and the synthetic aperture algorithm as the image reconstruction algorithm. The performance network analyzer (PNA) is used to collect the data (s-parameters) required to reconstruct the image, and the antenna range controller system (NSI 5913) is used to mechanically scan the imaging area. The imaging system is used to scan a mannequin carrying an object shaped like a pistol and a knife. The results show that the two objects are detected.

Divisions:Concordia University > Gina Cody School of Engineering and Computer Science > Electrical and Computer Engineering
Item Type:Thesis (PhD)
Authors:Afifi, Islam Sayed Hassan Mohammed
Institution:Concordia University
Degree Name:Ph. D.
Program:Electrical and Computer Engineering
Date:24 August 2020
Thesis Supervisor(s):Sebak, Abdel Razik
Keywords:Printed Ridge gap, Millimeter-wave components, Antennas, Beamforming, Imaging system
ID Code:987553
Deposited By: Islam Sayed Hassan Mohammed Afifi
Deposited On:29 Jun 2021 20:47
Last Modified:29 Jun 2021 20:47

References:

[1] D. M. Sheen, D. L. McMakin, and T. E. Hall, “Three-dimensional millimeter-wave imaging for concealed weapon detection,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 49, no. 9, pp. 1581–1592, Sept 2001.
[2] X. Zhuge and A. G. Yarovoy, “A sparse aperture mimo-sar-based uwb imaging system for concealed weapon detection,” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 509–518, 2011.
[3] J. Accardo and M. A. Chaudhry, “Radiation exposure and privacy concerns surrounding full-body scanners in airports,” Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 198 – 200, 2014. [Online]. Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1687850714000168
[4] “https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/health-riskssafety/radiation/everyday-things-emit-radiation/airport-full-bodyscanners.html.”
[5] “https://copublications.greenfacts.org/en/x-ray-full-body-scanners-for-airportsecurity/citizen-summary-securityscanners.pdf.”
[6] “https://www.propublica.org/article/scanning-the-scanners-a-side-by-sidecomparison.”
[7] “https://www.propublica.org/article/tsa-removes-x-ray-body-scanners-frommajor-airports.”
[8] L. Yujiri, M. Shoucri, and P. Moffa, “Passive millimeter wave imaging,” IEEE Microwave Magazine, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 39–50, Sep. 2003.
[9] H. Zamani and M. Fakharzadeh, “1.5-d sparse array for millimeter-wave imaging based on compressive sensing techniques,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 66, no. 4, pp. 2008–2015, April 2018.
[10] P. Chen and A. Babakhani, “3-d radar imaging based on a synthetic array of 30-ghz impulse radiators with on-chip antennas in 130-nm sige bicmos,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 65, no. 11, pp. 4373–4384, Nov 2017.
[11] J. Grzyb, K. Statnikov, N. Sarmah, and U. R. Pfeiffer, “3-d high-resolution imaging at 240 ghz with a single-chip fmcw monostatic radar in sige hbt technology,” in 2016 41st International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz waves (IRMMWTHz), Sep. 2016, pp. 1–2.
[12] A. A. Farsaee, Z. Kavehvash, and M. Shabany, “Efficient millimetre-wave imaging structure for detecting axially rotated objects,” IET Microwaves, Antennas Propagation, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 416–424, 2018.
[13] C. M. Watts, P. Lancaster, A. Pedross-Engel, J. R. Smith, and M. S. Reynolds, “2d and 3d millimeter-wave synthetic aperture radar imaging on a pr2 platform,” in 2016 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), Oct 2016, pp. 4304–4310.
[14] S. S. Ahmed, A. Genghammer, A. Schiessl, and L.-P. Schmidt, “Fully electronic active e-band personnel imager with 2 m2 aperture,” 2012 IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, pp. 1–3, 2012.
[15] A. Pedross-Engel, D. Arnitz, J. N. Gollub, O. Yurduseven, K. P. Trofatter, M. F. Imani, T. Sleasman, M. Boyarsky, X. Fu, D. L. Marks, D. R. Smith, and M. S. Reynolds, “Orthogonal coded active illumination for millimeter wave, massive-mimo computational imaging with metasurface antennas,” IEEE Transactions on Computational Imaging, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 184–193, 2018.
[16] M. T. Ghasr, S. Kharkovsky, R. Bohnert, B. Hirst, and R. Zoughi, “30 ghz linear highresolution and rapid millimeter wave imaging system for nde,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 61, no. 9, pp. 4733–4740, 2013.
[17] Z. Briqech, S. Gupta, A. Beltayib, A. Elboushi, A. R. Sebak, and T. A. Denidni, “57-64 ghz imaging/detection sensor–part i: System setup and experimental evaluations,” IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 20, no. 18, pp. 10 824–10 832, 2020.
[18] C. Zech, A. Hülsmann, I. Kallfass, A. Tessmann, M. Zink, M. Schlechtweg, A. Leuther, and O. Ambacher, “Active millimeter-wave imaging system for material analysis and object detection,” in Millimetre Wave and Terahertz Sensors and Technology IV, K. A. Krapels, N. A. Salmon, and E. Jacobs, Eds., vol. 8188, International Society for Optics and Photonics. SPIE, 2011, pp. 87 – 95. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1117/12.898796
[19] S. Dill, M. Peichl, and H. Süß, “Study of passive MMW personnel imaging with respect to suspicious and common concealed objects for security applications,” in Millimetre Wave and Terahertz Sensors and Technology, K. A. Krapels and N. A. Salmon, Eds., vol. 7117, International Society for Optics and Photonics. SPIE, 2008, pp. 72 – 79. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1117/12.800096
[20] C. Guangbin, Z. Chonghui, W. Haihan, X. Wei, and L. Zhaoyang, “Millimeter wave passive imaging system using reflector antenna,” in IET International Radar Conference 2015, Oct 2015, pp. 1–5.
[21] J.-Y. Son, S. Yeom, J.-H. Chun, V. P. Guschin, and D.-S. Lee, “Characteristics of stereo images from detectors in focal plane array,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 1482–1488, Jul 2011. [Online]. Available: http: //josaa.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=josaa-28-7-1482
[22] J. A. Lovberg, C. Martin, and V. Kolinko, “Video-rate passive millimeter-wave imaging using phased arrays,” in 2007 IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium, June 2007, pp. 1689–1692.
[23] S. S. Ahmed, A. Schiessl, F. Gumbmann, M. Tiebout, S. Methfessel, and L. Schmidt, “Advanced microwave imaging,” IEEE Microwave Magazine, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 26– 43, Sep. 2012.
[24] W. TAN, P. Huang, Z. Huang, Y. Qi, and W. Wang, “Three-dimensional microwave imaging for concealed weapon detection using range stacking technique,” International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, vol. 2017, pp. 1–11, 08 2017.
[25] M. Jones, D. Sheen, and J. Tedeschi, “Wideband archimedean spiral antenna for millimeter-wave imaging array,” in 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, 2017, pp. 845–846.
[26] F. Gumbmann, P. Tran, and L. Schmidt, “Sparse linear array design for a short range imaging radar,” in 2009 European Radar Conference (EuRAD), Sep. 2009, pp. 176–179.
[27] M. Kazemi, Z. Kavehvash, and M. Shabany, “K-space aware multi-static millimeterwave imaging,” IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 3613–3623, July 2019.
[28] J. Gao, Y. Qin, B. Deng, H. Wang, and X. Li, “Novel efficient 3d short-range imaging algorithms for a scanning 1d-mimo array,” IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 27, no. 7, pp. 3631–3643, July 2018.
[29] E. Abbe, “Beitrage zur theorie des mikroskops und der mikroskopischen wahrnehmung,” Archiv für Mikroskopische Anatomie, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 413–418, dec 1873. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf02956173
[30] “Martin ryle – facts. nobelprize.org. nobel media ab 2020. sun. 31 may 2020.” https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1974/ryle/facts/.
[31] “https : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/aperture_synthesis.”
[32] W. Stutzman and G. Thiele, Antenna Theory and Design, ser. Antenna Theory and Design. Wiley, 2012. [Online]. Available: https://books.google.ca/books?id= xhZRA1K57wIC
[33] A. U. Zaman, E. Rajo-Iglesias, E. Alfonso, and P. Kildal, “Design of transition from coaxial line to ridge gap waveguide,” in 2009 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, June 2009, pp. 1–4.
[34] P. Kildal, “Three metamaterial-based gap waveguides between parallel metal plates for mm/submm waves,” in 2009 3rd European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, March 2009, pp. 28–32.
[35] P. Kildal, A. U. Zaman, E. Rajo-Iglesias, E. Alfonso, and A. Valero-Nogueira, “Design and experimental verification of ridge gap waveguide in bed of nails for parallel-plate mode suppression,” IET Microwaves, Antennas Propagation, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 262–270, Feb 2011.
[36] P. Kildal, “Definition of artificially soft and hard surfaces for electromagnetic waves,” Electronics Letters, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 168–170, Feb 1988.
[37] P. Kildal, “The hat feed: A dual-mode rear-radiating waveguide antenna having low cross polarization,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 35, no. 9, pp. 1010–1016, Sep. 1987.
[38] A. Polemi, S. Maci, and P. Kildal, “Dispersion characteristics of a metamaterialbased parallel-plate ridge gap waveguide realized by bed of nails,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 904–913, March 2011.
[39] M. G. Silveirinha, C. A. Fernandes, and J. R. Costa, “Electromagnetic characterization of textured surfaces formed by metallic pins,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 405–415, Feb 2008.
[40] M. Vukomanovic, M. Bosiljevac, and Z. Sipus, “Analysis of arbitrary gapwaveguide structures based on efficient use of a mode-matching technique,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 15, pp. 1844–1847, 2016.
[41] M. Sharifi Sorkherizi and A. A. Kishk, “Transition from microstrip to printed ridge gap waveguide for millimeter-wave application,” in 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, July 2015, pp. 1588–1589.
[42] B. Molaei and A. Khaleghi, “A novel wideband microstrip line to ridge gap waveguide transition using defected ground slot,” IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 91–93, Feb 2015.
[43] M. Sharifi Sorkherizi and A. A. Kishk, “Fully printed gap waveguide with facilitated design properties,” IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 26, no. 9, pp. 657–659, Sep. 2016.
[44] U. Nandi, A. U. Zaman, A. Vosoogh, and J. Yang, “Millimeter wave contactless microstrip-gap waveguide transition suitable for integration of rf mmic with gap waveguide array antenna,” in 2017 11th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP), March 2017, pp. 1682–1684.
[45] N. Bayat-Makou and A. A. Kishk, “Realistic air-filled tem printed parallel-plate waveguide based on ridge gap waveguide,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 66, no. 5, pp. 2128–2140, May 2018.
[46] F. Fan, J. Yang, V. Vassilev, and A. U. Zaman, “Bandwidth investigation on halfheight pin in ridge gap waveguide,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 100–108, Jan 2018.
[47] S. I. Shams and A. A. Kishk, “Wideband coaxial to ridge gap waveguide transition,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 64, no. 12, pp. 4117–4125, Dec 2016.
[48] M. A. Nasr and A. A. Kishk, “Wideband inline coaxial to ridge waveguide transition with tuning capability for ridge gap waveguide,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 66, no. 6, pp. 2757–2766, June 2018.
[49] S. Birgermajer, N. Jankovic´, V. Crnojevic´-Bengin, M. Bozzi, and V. Radonic´, “Forward-wave 0 db directional coupler based on microstrip-ridge gap waveguide technology,” in 2017 13th International Conference on Advanced Technologies, Systems and Services in Telecommunications (TELSIKS), Oct 2017, pp. 154–157.
[50] S. Birgermajer, N. Jankovic´, V. Radonic´, V. Crnojevic´-Bengin, and M. Bozzi, “Microstrip-ridge gap waveguide filter based on cavity resonators with mushroom inclusions,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 136–146, Jan 2018.
[51] F. Ahmadfard and S. A. Razavi, “Bandwidth and gain enhancement of ridge gap waveguide h-plane horn antennas using outer transitions,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 66, no. 8, pp. 4315–4319, Aug 2018.
[52] D. Zarifi, A. Farahbakhsh, A. U. Zaman, and P. Kildal, “Design and fabrication of a high-gain 60-ghz corrugated slot antenna array with ridge gap waveguide distribution layer,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 64, no. 7, pp. 2905–2913, July 2016.
[53] Z. Talepour and A. Khaleghi, “A k-band planar slot array antenna on a single layer ridge gap waveguide,” in 2017 11th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP), March 2017, pp. 1685–1689.
[54] H. Raza, J. Yang, P. Kildal, and E. Alfonso Alós, “Microstrip-ridge gap waveguide–study of losses, bends, and transition to wr-15,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 62, no. 9, pp. 1943–1952, Sep. 2014.
[55] S. Liao, P. Wu, K. M. Shum, and Q. Xue, “Differentially fed planar aperture antenna with high gain and wide bandwidth for millimeter-wave application,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 966–977, 2015.
[56] N. Bayat-Makou and A. A. Kishk, “Millimeter-wave substrate integrated dual level gap waveguide horn antenna,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 65, no. 12, pp. 6847–6855, 2017.
[57] M. M. M. Ali and A. Sebak, “Printed rgw circularly polarized differential feeding antenna array for 5g communications,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 67, no. 5, pp. 3151–3160, 2019.
[58] S. A. Razavi, P. Kildal, L. Xiang, E. Alfonso Alós, and H. Chen, “2× 2-slot element for 60-ghz planar array antenna realized on two doubled-sided pcbs using siw cavity and ebg-type soft surface fed by microstrip-ridge gap waveguide,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 62, no. 9, pp. 4564–4573, 2014.
[59] S. March, “A wideband stripline hybrid ring (correspondence),” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 361–361, June 1968.
[60] M. . Murgulescu, P. Legaud, E. Moisan, E. Penard, M. Goloubkoff, and I. Zaquine, “New small size, wideband 180◦ ring couplers: Theory and experiment,” in 1994 24th European Microwave Conference, vol. 1, Sep. 1994, pp. 670–674.
[61] Chih-Wai Kao and Chun Hsiung Chen, “Novel uniplanar 180◦ hybrid-ring couplers with spiral-type phase inverters,” IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters, vol. 10, no. 10, pp. 412–414, Oct 2000.
[62] C.-Y. Chang and C.-C. Yang, “A novel broad-band chebyshev-response rat-race ring coupler,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 455–462, April 1999.
[63] C.-W. Kao and C. H. Chen, “Miniaturized uniplanar 180◦ hybrid-ring couplers with 0.8 λg and 0.67 λg circumference,” 2000 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference, pp. 217–220, 2000.
[64] Chun-Hsiang Chi and Chi-Yang Chang, “A compact wideband 180◦ hybrid ring coupler using a novel interdigital cps inverter,” in 2007 European Microwave Conference, Oct 2007, pp. 548–551.
[65] J. Sorocki, I. Piekarz, K. Wincza, and S. Gruszczynski, “Bandwidth improvement of rat-race couplers having left-handed transmission-line sections,” Int. J. RF Microw. Comput.-Aided Eng., vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 341–347, May 2014. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mmce.20766
[66] D. Kholodnyak, P. Kapitanova, S. Humbla, R. Perrone, J. Mueller, M. A. Hein, and I. Vendik, “180◦ power dividers using metamaterial transmission lines,” in 2008 14th Conference on Microwave Techniques, April 2008, pp. 1–4.
[67] K. Staszek, J. Kołodziej, K. Wilcza, and S. Gruszczyn´ski, “Compact broadband ratrace coupler in multilayer technology designed with the use of artificial right- and left-handed transmission line,” Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, vol. nr 2, pp. 107–112, 2012.
[68] J. Hou and Y. Wang, “Design of compact 90◦and 180◦ couplers with harmonic suppression using lumped-element bandstop resonators,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 58, no. 11, pp. 2932–2939, Nov 2010.
[69] G. Brzezina and L. Roy, “Miniaturized 180◦ hybrid coupler in ltcc for l-band applications,” IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 336–338, May 2014.
[70] G. Slade, “Reduced-size octave-bandwidth microstrip/lumped-element rat-race coupler,” 2008.
[71] I. Haroun, Y. Hsu, D. Chang, and C. Plett, “A novel reduced-size 60-ghz 180◦ coupler using lg-cpw transmission lines,” in Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference 2011, Dec 2011, pp. 1750–1753.
[72] S. Koziel and P. Kurgan, “On elementary cell selection for miniaturized microstrip rat-race coupler design,” in 2017 International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications (ICEAA), Sep. 2017, pp. 836–839.
[73] K. V. P. Kumar, R. K. Barik, I. S. Krishna, and S. S. Karthikeyan, “Design of compact 180◦ hybrid coupler for unequal power division ratio using slow wave structures,” in 2017 Twenty-third National Conference on Communications (NCC), March 2017, pp. 1–5.
[74] Kian Sen Ang, Yoke Choy Leong, and Chee How Lee, “A new class of multisection 180◦ hybrids based on cascadable hybrid-ring couplers,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 50, no. 9, pp. 2147–2152, Sep. 2002.
[75] W. Che, K. Deng, E. K. N. Yung, and K. Wu, “H-plane 3-db hybrid ring of high isolation in substrate-integrated rectangular waveguide (sirw),” Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 502–505, 2006. [Online]. Available: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/mop.21392
[76] R. Dehdasht-Heydari, K. Forooraghi, and M. Naser-Moghadasi, “Efficient and accurate analysis of a substrate integrated waveguide (siw) rat-race coupler excited by four u-shape slot-coupled transitions.” Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Journal, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 42 – 49, 2015. [Online]. Available: https://lib-ezproxy.concordia.ca/login?url=http://search.ebscohost. com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=101606532&site=eds-live
[77] X. Zou, C. Tong, C. Li, and W. Pang, “Wideband hybrid ring coupler based on halfmode substrate integrated waveguide,” IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 24, no. 9, pp. 596–598, Sep. 2014.
[78] Yan Ding and K. Wu, “Miniaturized hybrid ring circuits using t-type folded substrate integrated waveguide (tfsiw),” in 2009 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, June 2009, pp. 705–708.
[79] A. A. M. Ali, H. B. El-Shaarawy, and H. Aubert, “Miniaturized hybrid ring coupler using electromagnetic bandgap loaded ridge substrate integrated waveguide,” IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 21, no. 9, pp. 471–473, Sep. 2011.
[80] J. Yang and H. Raza, “Empirical formulas for designing gap-waveguide hybrid ring coupler,” Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 55, no. 8, pp. 1917–1920, 2013. [Online]. Available: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/mop.27714
[81] S. Mosca, F. Bilotti, A. Toscano, and L. Vegni, “A novel design method for blass matrix beam-forming networks,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 225–232, Feb 2002.
[82] J. Ruze, “Wide-angle metal-plate optics,” Proceedings of the IRE, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 53–59, Jan 1950.
[83] W. Rotman and R. Turner, “Wide-angle microwave lens for line source applications,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 623–632, November 1963.
[84] M. Maddahali, Z. H. Firouzeh, and A. Hosseini Kishani, “Design of rotman lens antenna at ku-band based on substrate integrated technology,” Journal of Communication Engineering, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 33–44, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://jce.shahed.ac.ir/article_313.html
[85] J. Blass, “Multidirectional antenna - a new approach to stacked beams,” in 1958 IRE International Convention Record, vol. 8, March 1960, pp. 48–50.
[86] F. Casini, R. V. Gatti, L. Marcaccioli, and R. Sorrentino, “A novel design method for blass matrix beam-forming networks,” in 2007 European Radar Conference, Oct 2007, pp. 232–235.
[87] J. Butler, “Beam-forming matrix simplifies design of electronically scanned antennas,” Electron. Des., vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 170–173, 1961.
[88] P. I. Balanis, Constantine A.; Ioannides, Introduction to Smart Antennas. Morgan & Claypool, 2007.
[89] G. Boumediene, M. S. Mouhamed, F. Bendimerad, H. Salem, and A. Bekr, “Study of a planar topology butler matrix for printed multibeam antenna,” IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 184–193, November 2012.
[90] H. Moody, “The systematic design of the butler matrix,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 786–788, November 1964.
[91] W. M. Dyab, A. A. Sakr, and K. Wu, “Dually-polarized butler matrix for base stations with polarization diversity,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 66, no. 12, pp. 5543–5553, Dec 2018.
[92] I. M. Mohamed and A. Sebak, “60 ghz 2-d scanning multibeam cavity-backed patch array fed by compact siw beamforming network for 5g applications,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 2320–2331, April 2019.
[93] M. M. M. Ali and A. Sebak, “2-d scanning magnetoelectric dipole antenna array fed by rgw butler matrix,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 66, no. 11, pp. 6313–6321, Nov 2018.
[94] K. Ding and A. A. Kishk, “2-d butler matrix and phase-shifter group,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 66, no. 12, pp. 5554–5562, Dec 2018.
[95] C. Chen and T. Chu, “Design of a 60-ghz substrate integrated waveguide butler matrix—a systematic approach,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 58, no. 7, pp. 1724–1733, July 2010.
[96] C. Lee, M. K. Khattak, and S. Kahng, “Wideband 5g beamforming printed array clutched by lte-a 4 × 4-multiple-input–multiple-output antennas with high isolation,” IET Microwaves, Antennas Propagation, vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 1407–1413, 2018.
[97] J. Lian, Y. Ban, Q. Yang, B. Fu, Z. Yu, and L. Sun, “Planar millimeter-wave 2-d beamscanning multibeam array antenna fed by compact siw beam-forming network,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 1299–1310, March 2018.
[98] F. Huang, W. Chen, and M. Rao, “Switched-beam antenna array based on butler matrix for 5g wireless communication,” in 2016 IEEE International Workshop on Electromagnetics: Applications and Student Innovation Competition (iWEM), May 2016, pp. 1–3.
[99] C. Tseng, C. Chen, and T. Chu, “A low-cost 60-ghz switched-beam patch antenna array with butler matrix network,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 7, pp. 432–435, 2008.
[100] Y. Wang, K. Ma, and Z. Jian, “A low-loss butler matrix using patch element and honeycomb concept on sisl platform,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 66, no. 8, pp. 3622–3631, Aug 2018.
[101] M. Kishihara, A. Yamaguchi, Y. Utsumi, and I. Ohta, “Fabrication of waveguide butler matrix for short millimeter-wave using x-ray lithography,” in 2017 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS), June 2017, pp. 568–571.
[102] A. Algaba-Brazalez and E. Rajo-Iglesias, “Design of a butler matrix at 60ghz in inverted microstrip gap waveguide technology,” in 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, July 2015, pp. 2125–2126.
[103] S. Gruszczynski, K. Wincza, and K. Sachse, “Broadband 4 × 4 butler matrices utilizing tapered-coupled-line directional couplers,” in 2011 MICROWAVES, RADAR AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, Aug 2011, pp. 77–81.
[104] C. Tseng, J. Huang, and C. Tseng, “Design of planar 8-by-16 butler matrix for 16-element switch-beam antenna array,” in 2018 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC), Nov 2018, pp. 1534–1536.
[105] T. H. Jang, H. Y. Kim, and C. S. Park, “A 60 ghz wideband switched-beam dipolearray-fed hybrid horn antenna,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 17, no. 7, pp. 1344–1348, July 2018.
[106] S. Trinh-Van, J. M. Lee, Y. Yang, K. Lee, and K. C. Hwang, “A sidelobe-reduced, four-beam array antenna fed by a modified 4 × 4 butler matrix for 5g applications,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 67, no. 7, pp. 4528–4536, 2019.
[107] K. Wincza, A. Rydosz, I. Slomian, and S. Gruszczynski, “Reduced sidelobe multibeam antenna array with broadside beam fed by 4 × 8 butler matrix,” 2015 International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (ISAP), pp. 1–3, 2015.
[108] H. N. Chu and T. Ma, “An extended 4 × 4 butler matrix with enhanced beam controllability and widened spatial coverage,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 1301–1311, March 2018.
[109] D. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, Fourth Edition Wiley E-Text Reg Card. John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2013. [Online]. Available: https://books.google.ca/books? id=N9W-kQEACAAJ
[110] Z. Qamar, S. Zheng, W. Chan, and D. Ho, “Coupling coefficient range extension technique for broadband branch-line coupler,” Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 92–112, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1080/09205071.2017.1369906
[111] S. Jung, R. Negra, and F. M. Ghannouchi, “A miniaturized double-stage 3db broadband branch-line hybrid coupler using distributed capacitors,” in 2009 Asia Pacific Microwave Conference, Dec 2009, pp. 1323–1326.
[112] S. Lee and Y. Lee, “Wideband branch-line couplers with single-section quarterwave transformers for arbitrary coupling levels,” IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 19–21, Jan 2012.
[113] W. A. Arriola, J. Y. Lee, and I. S. Kim, “Wideband 3 db branch line coupler based on λ/4 open circuited coupled lines,” IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 21, no. 9, pp. 486–488, 2011.
[114] M. A. Ashra, A. R. Sebak, Z. O. Al-Hekail, and M. A. Alkanhal, “B4. analysis and design of single section and three-section ultra-wideband quadrature hybrid couplers,” in 2012 29th National Radio Science Conference (NRSC), April 2012, pp. 37–44.
[115] M. Farahani, T. A. Denidni, and M. Nedi, “Design of a low output-phase error ridge-gap coupler for antenna arrays applications,” in 2018 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, July 2018, pp. 1099–1100.
[116] M. Farahani, M. Akbari, M. Nedil, T. A. Denidni, and A. R. Sebak, “A novel lowloss millimeter-wave 3-db 90◦ ridge-gap coupler using large aperture progressive phase compensation,” IEEE Access, vol. 5, pp. 9610–9618, 2017.
[117] A. T. Hassan and A. A. Kishk, “Microstrip ridge gap waveguide hybrid coupler at 60 ghz,” in 2018 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, July 2018, pp. 427–428.
[118] S. I. Shams and A. A. Kishk, “Design of 3-db hybrid coupler based on rgw technology,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 65, no. 10, pp. 3849–3855, 2017.
[119] M. M. M. Ali, S. I. Shams, and A. Sebak, “Printed ridge gap waveguide 3-db coupler: Analysis and design procedure,” IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 8501–8509, 2018.
[120] Y. Wang, A. M. Abbosh, and B. Henin, “Broadband microwave crossover using combination of ring resonator and circular microstrip patch,” IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology, vol. 3, no. 10, pp. 1771–1777, Oct 2013.
[121] S. Y. Zheng and X. F. Ye, “Ultra-compact wideband millimeter-wave crossover using slotted siw structure,” in 2016 IEEE International Workshop on Electromagnetics: Applications and Student Innovation Competition (iWEM), May 2016, pp. 1–2.
[122] A. B. Guntupalli, T. Djerafi, and K. Wu, “Ultra-compact millimeter-wave substrate integrated waveguide crossover structure utilizing simultaneous electric and magnetic coupling,” in 2012 IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, June 2012, pp. 1–3.
[123] K. Murai, H. Ikeuchi, T. Kawai, M. Kishihara, and I. Ohta, “Broadband design method of siw directional couplers,” in 2011 China-Japan Joint Microwave Conference, April 2011, pp. 1–4.
[124] M. M. M. Ali and A. Sebak, “Compact printed ridge gap waveguide crossover for future 5g wireless communication system,” IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 549–551, July 2018.
[125] N. J. G. Fonseca, “Printed s-band 4 × 4 nolen matrix for multiple beam antenna applications,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 1673– 1678, June 2009.
[126] B. Yang, Z. Yu, R. Zhang, J. Zhou, and W. Hong, “Local oscillator phase shifting and harmonic mixing-based high-precision phased array for 5g millimeter-wave communications,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 67, no. 7, pp. 3162–3173, 2019.
[127] Y. Yin, F. Wu, Y. Chen, J. Zhou, and J. Zhai, “Design of a cascaded full 360◦ reflection-type phase shifter with 90◦ hybrid coupler,” in 2018 IEEE MTT-S International Wireless Symposium (IWS), May 2018, pp. 1–3.
[128] N. Somjit, G. Stemme, and J. Oberhammer, “Deep-reactive-ion-etched wafer-scaletransferred all-silicon dielectric-block millimeter-wave mems phase shifters,” Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 120–128, Feb 2010.
[129] Z. Briqech, A. Sebak, and T. A. Denidni, “Low-cost wideband mm-wave phased array using the piezoelectric transducer for 5g applications,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 65, no. 12, pp. 6403–6412, Dec 2017.
[130] T.-Y. Yun and K. Chang, “A low-loss time-delay phase shifter controlled by piezoelectric transducer to perturb microstrip line,” IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 96–98, March 2000.
[131] K. Sellal, L. Talbi, T. Denidni, and J. Lebel, “A new substrate integrated waveguide phase shifter,” in 2006 European Microwave Conference, Sep. 2006, pp. 72–75.
[132] B. Khorasani and F. Geran, “New wideband fixed phase shifter with air holes integrated in substrate,” in 2014 Third Conference on Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Technologies (MMWATT), Dec 2014, pp. 1–4.
[133] M. A. Abdelaal, S. I. Shams, and A. A. Kishk, “Compact rgw differential phase shifter for millimeter-wave applications,” in 2018 18th International Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetics (ANTEM), Aug 2018, pp. 1–2.
[134] Y. Kou, X. Wang, C. Liu, and H. Gao, “Design of a uwb planar quasi yagi-uda antenna on s-c band,” in IET International Radar Conference 2015, 2015, pp. 1–4.
[135] H. Kumar and G. Kumar, “Compact planar log-periodic dipole array based yagiuda antenna,” in 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, 2017, pp. 2157–2158.
[136] H. Kumar and G. Kumar, “Compact planar yagi-uda antenna with improved characteristics,” in 2017 11th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP), 2017, pp. 2008–2012.
[137] A. Elboushi, D. Joanes, M. Derbas, S. Khaled, A. Zafar, S. Attabibi, and A. R. Sebak, “Design of uwb antenna array for through-wall detection system,” in 2013 IEEE Symposium on Wireless Technology Applications (ISWTA), 2013, pp. 349–354.
[138] R. A. Alhalabi and G. M. Rebeiz, “High-gain yagi-uda antennas for millimeterwave switched-beam systems,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 57, no. 11, pp. 3672–3676, 2009.
[139] O. M. Haraz, S. A. Alshebeili, and A. Sebak, “Low-cost high gain printed logperiodic dipole array antenna with dielectric lenses for v-band applications,” IET Microwaves, Antennas Propagation, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 541–552, 2015.
[140] C. Yu, W. Hong, L. Chiu, G. Zhai, C. Yu, W. Qin, and Z. Kuai, “Ultrawideband printed log-periodic dipole antenna with multiple notched bands,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 725–732, 2011.
[141] G. H. Zhai, W. Hong, K. Wu, and Z. Q. Kuai, “Wideband substrate integrated printed log-periodic dipole array antenna,” IET Microwaves, Antennas Propagation, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 899–905, 2010.
[142] N. Ashraf, A. Sebak, and A. A. Kishk, “End-launch horn antenna array for ka-band 5g applications,” in 2018 18th International Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetics (ANTEM), 2018, pp. 1–2.
[143] B. M. Schiffman, “A new class of broad-band microwave 90-degree phase shifters,” IRE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 232–237, April 1958.
[144] N. H. Farhat and W. R. Guard, “Millimeter wave holographic imaging of concealed weapons,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 59, no. 9, pp. 1383–1384, 1971.
[145] T. E. H. H. D. Collins, D. L. McMakin and R. P. Gribble, “Real-time holographic surveillance system,” U.S. Patent 5 455 590, Oct. 3, 1995.
[146] M. Kawulok, P. Benecki, S. Piechaczek, K. Hrynczenko, D. Kostrzewa, and J. Nalepa, “Deep learning for multiple-image super-resolution,” IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 1062–1066, 2020.
[J1] I. Afifi, M. M. M. Ali and A. Sebak, "Analysis and Design of a Wideband Coaxial Transition to Metal and Printed Ridge Gap Waveguide," in IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 70698-70706, 2018, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2881732.
[J2] I. Afifi and A. R. Sebak, "Wideband Printed Ridge Gap Rat-Race Coupler for Differential Feeding Antenna," in IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 78228-78235, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2990169.
[J3] I. Afifi and A. Sebak, "Wideband 4 × 4 Butler Matrix in The Printed Ridge Gap Waveguide Technology for Millimeter Wave Applications," in IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, doi: 10.1109/TAP.2020.2981716.
[J4] M. Asaadi, I. Afifi and A. Sebak, "High Gain and Wideband High Dense Dielectric Patch Antenna Using FSS Superstrate for Millimeter-Wave Applications," in IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 38243-38250, 2018, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2854225.
[J5] A. Beltayib, I. Afifi and A. Sebak, "4 ×4 -Element Cavity Slot Antenna DifferentiallyFed by Odd Mode Ridge Gap Waveguide," in IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 48185-48195, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2910254.
[J6] E. H. Mujammami, I. Afifi and A. B. Sebak, "Optimum Wideband High Gain Analog Beamforming Network for 5G Applications," in IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 5222652237, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2912119.
[J7] M. M. M. Ali, I. Afifi and A. Sebak, "A Dual Polarized Magneto-Electric Dipole Antenna Based on Printed Ridge Gap Waveguide Technology," in IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, doi: 10.1109/TAP.2020.2980357.
[J8] M. Alzidani, I. Afifi, M. Asaadi and A. Sebak, "Ultra-Wideband Differential Fed Hybrid Antenna With High-Cross Polarization Discrimination for Millimeter Wave Applications," in IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 80673-80683, 2020, doi: 10.1109/AC- CESS.2020.2988000.
[C1] I. Afifi, M. M. M. Ali and A. Sebak, "Wideband Printed Ridge Gap Semi-Log Periodic Structure Antenna for Millimeter Wave Applications," 2018 18th International Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetics (ANTEM), Waterloo, ON, 2018, pp. 1-2, doi: 10.1109/ANTEM.2018.8572877.
[C2] I. Afifi, M. Alzidani and A. Sebak, "Wideband printed ridge gap waveguide differential feeding aperture antenna for millimeter wave applications," 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting, Atlanta, GA, USA, 2019, pp. 267-268, doi: 10.1109 /APUSNCURSINRSM.2019. 8888584.
[C3] I. Afifi, M. M. M. Ali and A. R. Sebak, "Analysis and design of a 30 GHz printed ridge gap Ring-crossover," 2019 USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting (Joint with APS Symposium), Atlanta, GA, USA, 2019, pp. 65-66, doi: 10.1109/USNC-URSI.2019 .8861872.
[C4] M. M. M. Ali, I. Afifi and A. R. Sebak, "Design of Printed RGW Crossover for Millimeter Wave Beam Switching Network," 2019 USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting (Joint with AP-S Symposium), Atlanta, GA, USA, 2019, pp. 63-64, doi:10.1109/USNC - URSI.2019.8861853.
[C5] Afifi I., Beltayib A., Sebak A.R. (2020) Ultra-Wideband Compact T-Junction with Optimized V Cut for Millimeter Wave Applications. In: Farouk M., Hassanein M. (eds) Recent Advances in Engineering Mathematics and Physics. Springer, Cham. http://doi-org-443.webvpn.fjmu.edu.cn/10.1007/978-3-030-39847-7_16
[C6] Beltayib A., Afifi I., Sebak A.R. (2020) Excitation of the First High-Order Mode in Ridge Gap Waveguide. In: Farouk M., Hassanein M. (eds) Recent Advances in Engineering Mathematics and Physics. Springer, Cham. http://doi-org-443.webvpn.fjmu.edu.cn/10.1007/978-3-030-39847-7_17
All items in Spectrum are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved. The use of items is governed by Spectrum's terms of access.

Repository Staff Only: item control page

Downloads per month over past year

Research related to the current document (at the CORE website)
- Research related to the current document (at the CORE website)
Back to top Back to top