1 See www.mddep.gouv.qc.ca for Quebec Action Plan on Climate Change (QAPCC), Government of Quebec (2008).

2 G. L. Wick and W. R. Schmitt, “Prospects for renewable energy from the sea,” Mar. Technol. Soc. J. 11, 16–21 (1977).

3 J. W. Post et al., “Salinity-gradient power: Evaluation of pressure-retarded osmosis and reverse electrodialysis,”
J. Membr. Sci. 288, 218–230 (2007).

4 G. Alstot et al., “Hydrocratic generator,” U.S. patent 0,116,689 (22 May 2008).

5 R. J. Seymour and P. Lowrey, “State of the art in other energy sources,” in Ocean Energy Recovery: The State of the Art, edited by R. J. Seymour (ASCE, 1997), pp. 258–275.
6S. Loab, “Method and apparatus for generating power utilizing pressure-retarded-osmosis,” U.S. patent 3,906,250 (28 June 1971).

7 S. Loeb, “Effect of porous support fabric on osmosis through a Loeb-Sourirajan type asymmetric membrane,” J. Membr. Sci. 129, 243–249 (1997).

8 S. Loeb, “Energy production at the Dead Sea by pressure-retarded osmosis: Challenge or chimera?,” Desalination 120,
247–262 (1998).

9 S. Loeb, “One hundred and thirty benign and renewable megawatts from Great Salt Lake? The possibilities of hydroelectric power by pressure-retarded osmosis,” Desalination 141, 85–91 (2001).

10 S. E. Skilhagen, J. E. Dugstadand, and R. J. Aaberg, “Osmotic power production based on the osmotic pressure difference between waters with varying salt gradients,” Desalination 220, 1–3 (2008).

11 T. Thorsen and T. Holt, “Semi-permeable membrane, method for providing electric power and device,” International patent (PCT) 02/13955 (15 August 2001).

12 T. Thorsen and T. Holt, “A method and a system for performing maintenance on a membrane used for pressure retarded osmosis,” International patent (PCT) WO 073207 (13 September 2001).

13 See www.statkraft.com for StatKraft Annual Report (2009).

14 J. Veerman et al., “Reducing power losses caused by ionic shortcut currents in reverse electrodialysis stacks by a validated model,” J. Membr. Sci. 310, 418–430 (2008).

15 P. Długołecki et al., “Current status of ion exchange membranes for power generation from salinity gradients,” J. Membr. Sci. 319, 214–222 (2008).

16 P. Długołecki et al., “Transport limitations in ion exchange membranes at low salt concentrations,” J. Membr. Sci. 346, 163–171 (2010).

17 P. Długołecki et al., “On the resistances of membrane, diffusion boundary layer and double layer in ion exchange membrane transport,” J. Membr. Sci. 349, 369–379 (2010).
053113-18 Y. Berrouche and P. Pillay J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 4, 053113 (2012)

18 Y. Berrouche, L’Electro-Osmose Dans Les Milieux Poreux: Th�eorie, Mod�elisation, Conception et Application au Refroidissement Passif des Composants de Puissance (EUP, 2010), pp. 20–25.

19 J. Veerman et al., “Electrical power from sea and river water by reverse electrodialysis: A first step from the laboratory to a real power plant,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 44, 9207–9212 (2010). 

20 See www.wetsus.nl for Wetsus website.

21 See www.mddep.gouv.qc.ca for Ministe`re du D�eveloppement durable de l’Environnement, des Parcs de Quebec.

22 U.S. Department of Energy, Handbooks of Methods for the Analysis of the Various Parameters of the Carbon Dioxide
System in Seawater, Version 2 (US DOE, 1994), Chap. 5.

23 F. J. Millero and W. H. Leung, “The thermodynamics of seawater at one atmosphere,” Am. J. Sci. 276, 1035–1077
(1976).

24 A. Einstein, “€Uber die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der W€arme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Fl€ussigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen,” Ann. Phys. 322(8), 549–560 (1905).

25 T. Thorsen and T. Holt, “Semi-permeable membrane, method for providing electric power and device,” International patent WO 02/13955 A1 (2002), pp. 29.

26 T. Thorson and T. Holt, “The potential for power production from salinity gradients by pressure retarded osmosis,” J. Membr. Sci. 335, 103–110 (2009).

27 A. Achillia, T. Y. Cathb, and E. Amy, “Power generation with pressure retarded osmosis: An experimental and theoretical investigation,” J. Membr. Sci. 343, 42–52 (2009).

28 See www.hydroquebec.com for Hydro-Quebec, 2009 rapport annuel: l’energie de notre avenir.