APA. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edn. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. Barakat, M., Doyon, J., Debas, K., Vandewalle, G., Morin, A., Poirier, G., et al. (2011). Fast and slow spindle involvement in the consolidation of a new motor sequence. Behav. Brain Res. 217, 117–121. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2010.10.019 Bastien, C. H., St-Jean, G., Turcotte, I., Morin, C. M., Lavallee, M., and Carrier, J. (2009). Sleep spindles in chronic psychophysiological insomnia. J. Psychosom. Res. 66, 59–65. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.05.013 Bastien, C. H., Vallieres, A., and Morin, C. M. (2001). Validation of the insomnia severity index as an outcome measure for insomnia research. Sleep Med. 2, 297–307. doi:10.1016/S1389-9457(00)00065-4 Bastien, C. H., Vallieres, A., and Morin, C. M. (2004). Precipitating factors of insomnia. Behav. Sleep Med. 2, 50–62. doi:10.1207/s15402010bsm0201_5 Bergmann, T. O., Molle, M., Diedrichs, J., Born, J., and Siebner, H. R. (2012). Sleep spindle-related reactivation of category-specific cortical regions after learning face-scene associations. Neuroimage 59, 2733–2742. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.10.036 Berthomier, C., Drouot, X., Herman-Stoica, M., Berthomier, P., Prado, J., Bokar-Thire, D., et al. (2007). Automatic analysis of single-channel sleep EEG: validation in healthy individuals. Sleep 30, 1587–1595. Bodizs, R., Kis, T., Lazar, A. S., Havran, L., Rigo, P., Clemens, Z., et al. (2005). Prediction of general mental ability based on neural oscillation measures of sleep. J. Sleep Res. 14, 285–292. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2005.00472.x Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F. III, Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., and Kupfer, D. J. (1989). The Pittsburgh sleep quality index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 28, 193–213. doi:10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4 Cote, K. A., Epps, T. M., and Campbell, K. B. (2000). The role of the spindle in human information processing of high-intensity stimuli during sleep. J. Sleep Res. 9, 19–26. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.2000.00188.x Dang-Vu, T. T., Bonjean, M., Schabus, M., Boly, M., Darsaud, A., Desseilles, M., et al. (2011). Interplay between spontaneous and induced brain activity during human non-rapid eye movement sleep. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108, 15438–15443. doi:10.1073/pnas.1112503108 Dang-Vu, T. T., McKinney, S. M., Buxton, O. M., Solet, J. M., and Ellenbogen, J. M. (2010). Spontaneous brain rhythms predict sleep stability in the face of noise. Curr. Biol. 20, R626–R627. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2010.06.032 De Gennaro, L., and Ferrara, M. (2003). Sleep spindles: an overview. Sleep Med. Rev. 7, 423–440. doi:10.1053/smrv.2002.0252 De Gennaro, L., Ferrara, M., and Bertini, M. (2000). Topographical distribution of spindles: variations between and within NREM sleep cycles. Sleep Res. Online 3, 155–160. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.2000.00193.x De Gennaro, L., Ferrara, M., Vecchio, F., Curcio, G., and Bertini, M. (2005). An electroencephalographic fingerprint of human sleep. Neuroimage 26, 114–122. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.01.020 Drake, C., Richardson, G., Roehrs, T., Scofield, H., and Roth, T. (2004). Vulnerability to stress-related sleep disturbance and hyperarousal. Sleep 27, 285–291. Drake, C. L., Jefferson, C., Roehrs, T., and Roth, T. (2006). Stress-related sleep disturbance and polysomnographic response to caffeine. Sleep Med. 7, 567–572. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2006.03.019 Drake, C. L., Pillai, V., and Roth, T. (2014). Stress and sleep reactivity: a prospective investigation of the stress-diathesis model of insomnia. Sleep 37, 1295–1304. doi:10.5665/sleep.3916 Feinberg, I., and Floyd, T. C. (1979). Systematic trends across the night in human sleep cycles. Psychophysiology 16, 283–291. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb02991.x Fernandez-Mendoza, J., Shaffer, M. L., Olavarrieta-Bernardino, S., Vgontzas, A. N., Calhoun, S. L., Bixler, E. O., et al. (2014). Cognitive-emotional hyperarousal in the offspring of parents vulnerable to insomnia: a nuclear family study. J. Sleep Res. 23, 489–498. doi:10.1111/jsr.12168 Fernandez-Mendoza, J., Vela-Bueno, A., Vgontzas, A. N., Ramos-Platon, M. J., Olavarrieta-Bernardino, S., Bixler, E. O., et al. (2010). Cognitive-emotional hyperarousal as a premorbid characteristic of individuals vulnerable to insomnia. Psychosom. Med. 72, 397–403. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181d75319 Fernandez-Mendoza, J., Vgontzas, A. N., Bixler, E. O., Singareddy, R., Shaffer, M. L., Calhoun, S. L., et al. (2012). Clinical and polysomnographic predictors of the natural history of poor sleep in the general population. Sleep 35, 689–697. doi:10.5665/sleep.1832 Fogel, S. M., Nader, R., Cote, K. A., and Smith, C. T. (2007). Sleep spindles and learning potential. Behav. Neurosci. 121, 1–10. doi:10.1037/0735-7044.121.1.1 Fogel, S. M., and Smith, C. T. (2011). The function of the sleep spindle: a physiological index of intelligence and a mechanism for sleep-dependent memory consolidation. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 35, 1154–1165. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.12.003 Gaillard, J. M., and Blois, R. (1981). Spindle density in sleep of normal subjects. Sleep 4, 385–391. Gais, S., Molle, M., Helms, K., and Born, J. (2002). Learning-dependent increases in sleep spindle density. J. Neurosci. 22, 6830–6834. Harvey, C. J., Gehrman, P., and Espie, C. A. (2014). Who is predisposed to insomnia: a review of familial aggregation, stress-reactivity, personality and coping style. Sleep Med. Rev. 18, 237–247. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2013.11.004 Hasson, D., Theorell, T., Bergquist, J., and Canlon, B. (2013). Acute stress induces hyperacusis in women with high levels of emotional exhaustion. PLoS ONE 8:e52945. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052945 Iber, C., Ancoli-Israel, S., Chesson, A. L., and Quan, S. F. (2007). The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events. Westchester, NY: American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Jarrin, D. C., Chen, I. Y., Ivers, H., and Morin, C. M. (2014). The role of vulnerability in stress-related insomnia, social support and coping styles on incidence and persistence of insomnia. J. Sleep Res. 23, 681–688. doi:10.1111/jsr.12172 Jernelov, S., Hoglund, C. O., Axelsson, J., Axen, J., Gronneberg, R., Grunewald, J., et al. (2009). Effects of examination stress on psychological responses, sleep and allergic symptoms in atopic and non-atopic students. Int. J. Behav. Med. 16, 305–310. doi:10.1007/s12529-008-9020-6 LeBlanc, M., Merette, C., Savard, J., Ivers, H., Baillargeon, L., and Morin, C. M. (2009). Incidence and risk factors of insomnia in a population-based sample. Sleep 32, 1027–1037. Lopez, J., Hoffmann, R., and Armitage, R. (2010). Reduced sleep spindle activity in early-onset and elevated risk for depression. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 49, 934–943. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.014 Lovibond, P. F., and Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the beck depression and anxiety inventories. Behav. Res. Ther. 33, 335–343. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U Lund, H. G., Reider, B. D., Whiting, A. B., and Prichard, J. R. (2010). Sleep patterns and predictors of disturbed sleep in a large population of college students. J. Adolesc. Health 46, 124–132. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.06.016 Martin, N., Lafortune, M., Godbout, J., Barakat, M., Robillard, R., Poirier, G., et al. (2013). Topography of age-related changes in sleep spindles. Neurobiol. Aging 34, 468–476. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.05.020 McKinney, S. M., Dang-Vu, T. T., Buxton, O. M., Solet, J. M., and Ellenbogen, J. M. (2011). Covert waking brain activity reveals instantaneous sleep depth. PLoS ONE 6:e17351. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017351 Morin, A., Doyon, J., Dostie, V., Barakat, M., Hadj Tahar, A., Korman, M., et al. (2008). Motor sequence learning increases sleep spindles and fast frequencies in post-training sleep. Sleep 31, 1149–1156. Riemann, D., Spiegelhalder, K., Feige, B., Voderholzer, U., Berger, M., Perlis, M., et al. (2010). The hyperarousal model of insomnia: a review of the concept and its evidence. Sleep Med. Rev. 14, 19–31. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2009.04.002 Schabus, M., Dang-Vu, T. T., Albouy, G., Balteau, E., Boly, M., Carrier, J., et al. (2007). Hemodynamic cerebral correlates of sleep spindles during human non-rapid eye movement sleep. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 13164–13169. doi:10.1073/pnas.0703084104 Schabus, M., Dang-Vu, T. T., Heib, D. P., Boly, M., Desseilles, M., Vandewalle, G., et al. (2012). The fate of incoming stimuli during NREM sleep is determined by spindles and the phase of the slow oscillation. Front. Neurol. 3:40. doi:10.3389/fneur.2012.00040 Schabus, M., Gruber, G., Parapatics, S., Sauter, C., Klosch, G., Anderer, P., et al. (2004). Sleep spindles and their significance for declarative memory consolidation. Sleep 27, 1479–1485. Schabus, M., Hodlmoser, K., Gruber, G., Sauter, C., Anderer, P., Klosch, G., et al. (2006). Sleep spindle-related activity in the human EEG and its relation to general cognitive and learning abilities. Eur. J. Neurosci. 23, 1738–1746. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04694.x Spielman, A. J. (1986). Assessment of insomnia. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 6, 11–25. doi:10.1016/0272-7358(86)90015-2 Steriade, M., and McCarley, R. W. (2005). Brain Control of Wakefulness and Sleep. New York, NY: Springer. Tamaki, M., Matsuoka, T., Nittono, H., and Hori, T. (2008). Fast sleep spindle (13-15 Hz) activity correlates with sleep-dependent improvement in visuomotor performance. Sleep 31, 204–211. Vgontzas, A. N., Bixler, E. O., Kales, A., Manfredi, R. L., and Tyson, K. (1994). Validity and clinical utility of sleep laboratory criteria for insomnia. Int. J. Neurosci. 77, 11–21. doi:10.3109/00207459408986015 Vgontzas, A. N., Fernandez-Mendoza, J., Liao, D., and Bixler, E. O. (2013). Insomnia with objective short sleep duration: the most biologically severe phenotype of the disorder. Sleep Med. Rev. 17, 241–254. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2012.09.005