Aiken, L. H., Clarke, S. P., Sloane, D. M., & Sochalski, D. M. (2001). Nurses’ reports on hospital care in five countries. Health Affairs, 20, 43-53.

Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. O. (2009). Exploratory structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 16, 397-438.

Asparouhov, T., Muthén, B., & Morin, A. J. S. (2015). Bayesian structural equation modeling with crossloadings and residual covariances. Journal of Management, 41, 1561-1577.

Becker, T. E. (1992). Foci and bases of commitment: Are they distinctions worth making? Academy of Management Journal, 35, 232-244.

Becker, T. E. (2009). Interpersonal commitments. In H. J. Klein, T. E. Becker, & J. P. Meyer (Eds.), Commitment in organizations. Accumulated wisdom and new directions (pp. 137-178). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.

Becker, T. E., & Billings, R. S. (1993). Profiles of commitment: An empirical test summary. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14, 177-190.

Becker, T. E., & Kernan, M. C. (2003). Matching commitment to supervisors and organizations to in-role and extra-role performance. Human Performance, 16, 327-348.

Bergman, M. E., & Jean, V. (2016). Individual differences as causes of the development of commitment. In J.P. Meyer (Ed.), Handbook of employee commitment (pp. 263-274). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.

Bishop, J. W., Scott, K. D., & Burroughs, S. M. (2000). Support, commitment, and employee outcomes in a team environment. Journal of Management, 26, 1113-1132.

Blau, G. J. (1985). The measurement and prediction of career commitment. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 58, 277-288.

Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York, NY: Wiley.

Bolino, M. C. (1999). Citizenship and impression management: Good soldiers or good actors? Academy of Management Review, 24, 82-98.

Boudrias, J.-S., & Savoie, A. (2006). Les manifestations comportementales de l’habilitation du travail: Développement d’un cadre conceptuel et d’un instrument de mesure [The behavioral expression of work empowerment: Development of a conceptual framework and a measurement instrument]. Psychologie du Travail et des Organisations, 12, 119-138.

Boudrias, J.-S., Gaudreau, P., Savoie, A., & Morin, A. J. S. (2009). Employee empowerment: From managerial practices to employees’ behavioral empowerment. Leadership & Organizational Development Journal, 30, 625-638.

Bowler, W. M., & Brass, D. J. (2006). Relational correlates of interpersonal citizenship behavior: A social network perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 70-82.

Brown, A., Finney, S., & France, M. (2011). Using the bifactor model to assess the dimensionality of the Hong Psychological Reactance Scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 71, 170-185.

Browne, M. W. (2001). An overview of analytic rotation in exploratory factor analysis. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 36, 111-150.

Caesens, G., Stinglhamber, F., & Luypaert, G. (2014). The impact of work engagement and workaholism on well-being: The role of work-related social support. Career Development International, 19, 813-835

Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement. Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 464-504.

Cheng, B.-S., Jiang, D.-Y., & Riley, J. H. (2003). Organizational commitment, supervisory commitment, and employee outcomes in the Chinese context: Proximal hypothesis or global hypothesis? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, 313-334.

Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 233-255.

Cohen, A. (1999). Relationships among five forms of commitment: An empirical assessment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20, 285-308

Cohen, A. (2003). Multiple commitments in the workplace. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Cook, J., & Wall, T. (1980). New work attitude measure of trust, organizational commitment and personal need non-fulfilment. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 53, 39-52.

Coyle-Shapiro, J. A. M., Kessler, I., & Purcell, J. (2004). Exploring organizationally directed citizenship behavior: Reciprocity or “it’s my job”? Journal of Management Studies, 41, 85-106.

Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M. S. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31, 874-900.

Cross, D., & Swart, J., (2017). Pulled in different directions: Conflicts in client commitment. Paper presented at the 2017 Commitment Conference, Columbus, Ohio.

de Winter, J. C. F., Dodou, D., & Wieringa, P. A. (2009). Explorarory factor analysis with mall sample sizes.Multivariate Behavioral Resrearch, 44, 147-181.

Dunn, T., Baguley, T., & Brunsden, V. (2014). From alpha to omega: A practical solution to the pervasive problem of internal consistency. British Journal of Psychology, 105, 399-412.

Enders, C. K. (2010). Applied missing data analysis. New York, NY: Guilford. Finney, S. J., & DiStefano, C. (2013). Non-normal and categorical data in structural equation modeling. In G. R. Hancock, & R. O. Mueller (Eds.), Structural equation modeling: A second course (2nd ed., pp. 439-492). Charlotte, NC: Information Age.

Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Gagné, M., & Deci, E. L. (2005). Self-determination theory and work motivation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 331-362.

Gellatly, I. R., Meyer, J. P., & Luchak, A. A. (2006). Combined effects of the three commitment components on focal and discretionary behaviors: A test of Meyer and Herscovitch’s proposition. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 69, 331-345.

Gignac, G. E. (2016). The higher-order model imposes a proportionality constraint: That is why the bifactor model tends to fit better. Intelligence, 55, 57-68.

Graham, J. W. (2009). Missing data analysis: Making it work in the real world. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 549-576.

Herscovitch, L., & Meyer, J. P. (2002). Commitment to organizational change: Extension of a threecomponent model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 474-487.

Howard, J. L., Gagné, M., Morin, A. J. S., & Forest, J. (2017). Using bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling to test for a continuum structure of motivation. Journal of Management. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1177/0149206316645653

Hu, L.-T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.

Hunt, S. D., & Morgan, R. M. (1994). Organizational commitment: One of many commitments or key mediating construct? Academy of Management Journal, 37, 1568-1587.


Kam, C., Morin, A. J. S., Meyer, J. P., & Topolnytsky, L. (2016). Are commitment profiles stable and predictable? A latent transition analysis. Journal of Management, 42, 1462-1490.

Klein, H. J., Molloy, J., & Brinsfield, C. (2012). Reconceptualizing workplace commitment to redress a stretched construct. Academy of Management Review, 37, 130-151.

Klein, H. J., Solinger, O., & Duflot, V. (2017). Commitment system theory. Paper presented at the 2017 Commitment Conference, Columbus, Ohio.

Lance, C. E., Butts, M. M., & Michels, L. C. (2006). The sources of four commonly reported cutoff criteria: What did they really say? Organizational Research Methods, 9, 202-220.

Lapointe, É., Vandenberghe, C., Mignonac, K., Panaccio, A., Richebé, N., & Roussel, P. (2017). Commitment to organizational career: Definition, discriminant and predictive validity, and boundary conditions. Paper presented at the 2017 Commitment Conference, Columbus, Ohio.

Lavelle, J. J., Rupp, D. E., & Brockner, J. (2007). Taking a multifoci approach to the study of justice, social exchange, and citizenship behavior: The target similarity model. Journal of Management, 33, 841-866.

Lavelle, J. J., Brockner, J., Konovsky, M. A., Price, K. H., Henley, A. B., Taneja, A., & Vinekar, V. (2009). Commitment, procedural fairness, and organizational citizenship behavior: A multifoci analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30, 337-357.

Lee, K., & Allen, N. J. (2002). Organizational citizenship behavior and workplace deviance: The role of affect and cognitions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 131-142.

Lodahl, T. M., & Kejner, M. (1965). The definition and measurement of job involvement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 49, 24-33.

Maïano, C., Morin, A. J. S., Ninot, G., Monthuy-Blanc, J., Stéphan, Y., Florent, J.-F., & Vallée, P. (2008). A short and very short form of the physical self-inventory for adolescents: Development and factor validity. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9, 830-847.

Marsh, H. W., Abduljabbar, A. S., Abu-Hilal, M., Morin, A. J. S., Abdelfattah, F., Leung, K. C., Xu, M. K., Nagengast, B., & Parker, P. (2013). Factor structure, discriminant and convergent validity of TIMSS math and science motivation measures: A comparison of USA and Saudi Arabia. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105, 108-128.

Marsh, H. W., Ellis, L., Parada, R., Richards, G., & Heubeck, B. (2005). A short version of the Self-Description Questionnaire II: Operationalizing criteria for short-form with new applications of confirmatory factor analyses. Psychological Assessment, 17, 81-102.

Marsh, H. W., & Hau, K. T. (2007). Applications of latent-variable models in educational psychology: The need for methodological-substantive synergies. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 32, 151-170.

Marsh, H. W., Hau, K.-T., & Grayson, D. (2005). Goodness of fit evaluation in structural equation modeling. In A. Maydeu-Olivares, & J. McArdle (Eds.), Contemporary psychometrics. A Festschrift for Roderick P. McDonald (pp. 275-340). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Marsh, H. W., Hau, K. T., & Wen, Z. (2004). In search of golden rules: Comment on hypothesis-testing approaches to cutoff values for fit indexes and dangers in overgeneralizing Hu & Bentler’s (1999) findings. Structural Equation Modeling, 11, 320-341.

Marsh, H. W., Lüdtke, O., Muthén, B., Asparouhov, T., Morin, A. J. S., Trautwein, U., & Nagengast, B. (2010). A new look at the big five factor structure through exploratory structural equation modeling.Psychological Assessment, 22, 471-491.

Marsh, H. W., Morin, A. J. S., Parker, P. D., & Kaur, G. (2014). Exploratory structural equation modeling: An integration of the best features of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10, 85-110.

Marsh, H. W., Muthén, B., Asparouhov, T., Lüdtke, O., Robitzsch, A., Morin, A. J. S., & Trautwein, U. (2009). Exploratory structural equation modeling, integrating CFA and EFA: Application to students' evaluations of university teaching. Structural Equation Modeling, 16, 439-476.

Marsh, H. W., Scalas, L. F., & Nagengast, B. (2010). Longitudinal tests of competing factor structures for the Rosenberg self-esteem scale: Traits, ephemeral artifacts, and stable response styles. Psychological Assessment, 22, 366-381.

Mathieu, J. E., & Zajac, D. M. (1990). A review and meta-analysis of the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of organizational commitment. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 171-194.

McDonald, R. P. (1970). Theoretical foundations of principal factor analysis, canonical factor analysis, and alpha factor analysis. British Journal of Mathematical & Statistical Psychology, 23, 1-21.

McElroy, J. C., Morrow, P. C., & Laczniak, R. N. (2001). External organization commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 11, 237-256.

McNeish, D. (2017). Thanks coefficient alpha, we’ll take it from here. Psychological Methods. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1037/met0000144

Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1, 61-89.

Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1997). Commitment in the workplace: Theory, research, and application. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Meyer, J. P., Allen, N. J., & Smith, C. A. (1993). Commitment to organizations and occupations: Extension and test of a three-component concept. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 538-551.

Meyer, J. P., Becker, T. E., & Vandenberghe, C. (2004). Employee commitment and motivation: A conceptual analysis and integrative model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 991-1007.

Meyer, J. P., Becker, T. E., Van Dick, R. (2006). Social identities and commitments at work: Toward an integrative model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, 665-683.

Meyer, J. P., & Herscovitch, L. (2001). Commitment in the workplace: Toward a general model. Human Resource Management Review, 11, 299-326.

Meyer, J. P., & Morin, A. J. S. (2016). A person-centered approach to commitment research: Theory, research, and methodology. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37, 584-612.

Meyer, J. P., Stanley, D. J., Herscovitch, L., & Topolnytsky, L. (2002). Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: A meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61, 20-52.

Millsap, R. (2011). Statistical approaches to measurement invariance. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.

Morin, A. J. S., Arens, A., & Marsh, H. (2016). A bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling framework for the identification of distinct sources of construct-relevant psychometric  multidimensionality. Structural Equation Modeling, 23, 116-139.

Morin, A. J. S., Arens, K., Tran, A., & Caci, H. (2016). Exploring sources of construct-relevant multidimensionality in psychiatric measurement: A tutorial and illustration using the Composite Scale of Morningness. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 25, 277-288.

Morin, A. J. S., Boudrias, J.-S., Marsh, H. W., Madore, I., & Desrumaux, P. (2016). Further reflections on disentangling shape and level effects in person-centered analyses: An illustration aimed at exploring the dimensionality of psychological health. Structural Equation Modeling, 23, 438-454.

Morin, A. J. S., Boudrias, J.-S., Marsh, H. W., McInerney, D. M., Dagenais-Desmarais, V., Madore, I., & Litalien, D. (2017). Complementary variable- and person-centered approaches to exploring the dimensionality of psychometric constructs: Application to psychological wellbeing at work. Journal of Business and Psychology, 32, 395-419.

Morin, A. J. S., Madore, I., Morizot, J., Boudrias, J.-S., & Tremblay, M. (2009). The Workplace Affective Commitment Multidimensional Questionnaire. Factor structure and measurement invariance. International Journal of Psychology Research, 4 (3/4), 307-344.

Morin, A. J. S., Marsh, H. W., & Nagengast, B. (2013). Exploratory structural equation modeling. In G. R. Hancock, & R. O. Mueller (Eds.), Structural equation modeling: A second course (2nd ed., pp. 395-436). Charlotte, NC: Information Age.

Morin, A. J. S., Meyer, J. P., Bélanger, É., Boudrias, J.-S., Gagné, M., & Parker, P. D. (2016). Longitudinal associations between employees’ perceptions of the quality of the change management process, affective commitment to change and psychological empowerment. Human Relations, 69, 839-867.

Morin, A. J. S., Morizot, J., Boudrias, J.-S., & Madore, I., (2011). A multifoci person-centered perspective on workplace affective commitment: A latent profile/factor mixture analysis. Organizational Research Methods, 14, 58-90.

Morin, A. J. S., Myers, N. D., & Lee, S. (2017, in press). Modern factor analytic techniques: Bifactor models, exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) and bifactor-ESEM. In G. Tenenbaum, & Eklund, R.C. (Eds.), Handbook of Sport Psychology (4th ed.). New York, NY: Wiley.

Morin, A.J.S., Vandenberghe, C., Turmel, M., Madore, I., & Maïano, C. (2013). Probing into commitment's nonlinear relationships to work outcomes. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 28, 202-223.

Morin, A. J. S., Vandenberghe, C., Boudrias, J. S., Madore, I., Morizot, J., & Tremblay, M. (2011). Affective commitment and citizenship behaviors across multiple foci. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 26, 716-738.

Morrow, P. C. (1993). The theory and measurement of work commitment. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. 

Mowday, R. T., Porter, L. W., & Steers, R. M. (1982). Employee-organization linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. New York, NY: Academic Press.

Murray, A., & Johnson, W. (2013). The limitations of model fit in comparing the bifactor versus higher-order models of cognitive ability structure. Intelligence, 41, 407-422.

Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. (2016). Mplus user’s guide. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.

Neininger, A., Lehmann-Willenbrock, N., Kauffeld, S., & Henschel, A. (2010). Effects of team and organizational commitment – A longitudinal study. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 76, 567-579.

Neubert, M. J., & Cady, S. H. (2001). Program commitment: A multi-study longitudinal field investigation of its impact and antecedents. Personnel Psychology, 54, 421-448.

Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational citizenship behaviors: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington, MA:Lexington.

Penner, L., Midili, A., & Kegelmeyer, J. (1997). Beyond job attitudes: A personality and social psychology perspective on the causes of organizational citizenship behavior. Human Performance, 10, 111-131.

Polsky, H. W. (1978). From claques to factions: Subgroups in organizations. Social Work, 23, 94-98.

Randall, D. M., & Cote, J. A. (1991). Interrelationships of work commitment constructs. Work and Occupations, 18, 194-211.

Reichers, A. E. (1985). A review and reconceptualization of organizational commitment. Academy of Management Review, 10, 465-476.

Reise, S. P. (2012). The rediscovery of bifactor measurement models. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 47, 667-696.

Reise, S. P., Moore, T. M., & Maydeu-Olivares, A. (2011). Targeted bifactor rotations and assessing the impact of model violations on the parameters of unidimensional and bifactor models. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 71, 684-711.

Rhemtulla, M., Brosseau-Liard, P. É., & Savalei, V. (2012). When can categorical variables be treated as continuous? A comparison of robust continuous and categorical SEM estimation methods under suboptimal conditions. Psychological methods, 17, 354.

Riketta, M. (2002). Attitudinal organizational commitment and job performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 257-266.

Rodriguez, A., Reise, S. P., & Haviland, M. G. (2016). Evaluating bifactor models: Calculating and interpreting statistical indices. Psychological Methods, 21, 137-150.

Roethlisberger, F., & Dickson, W. J. (1939/1967). Management and the worker. Boston, MA: Harvard.

Rupp, D.E., & Cropanzano, R. (2002). The mediating effects of social exchange relationships in predicting workplace outcomes from multifoci organizational justice. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 89, 925-946.

Sánchez-Oliva, D., Morin, A. J. S., Teixeira, P. J., Carraça, E. V., Palmeira, A. L., & Silva, M. N. (2017). A bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling representation of the structure of the basic psychological needs at work scale. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 98, 173-187.

Shavelson, R. J., Hubner, J. J., & Stanton, G. C. (1976). Self-concept: Validation of construct interpretations. Review of Educational Research, 46, 407-441.

Siders, M., George, G., & Dharwadkar, R. (2001). The relationship of internal and external commitment foci to objective measures. Academy of Management Journal, 44, 580-590.

Sijtsma, K. (2009). On the use, misuse, and the very limited usefulness of Cronbach’s alpha. Psychometrika, 74, 107-120.

Smith, G., McCarthy, D., & Anderson, K. (2000). On the sins of short-form development. Psychological Assessment, 12, 102–111.

Snape, E., Chan, A. W., & Redman, T. (2006). Multiple commitments in the Chinese context: Testing compatibility, cultural, and moderating hypotheses. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 69, 302-314.

Solinger, O. N., van Olffen, W., & Roe, R. A. (2008). Beyond the three-component model of organizational commitment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 70-83.

Somers, M. J. (2010). Patterns of attachment to organizations: Commitment profiles and work outcomes. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83, 443-453.

Stinglhamber, F., Bentein, K., & Vandenberghe, C. (2002). Extension of the three-component model of commitment to five foci: Development of measures and substantive test. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 18, 123-138.

Streiner, D. L. (2003). Starting at the beginning: An introduction to coefficient alpha and internal consistency. Journal of Personality Assessment, 80, 99-103.

Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1985). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel, & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (2nd ed., pp. 7-24). Chicago, IL: Nelson Hall.

Vandenberghe, C., & Bentein, K. (2009). A closer look at the relationship between affective commitment to supervisors and organizations and turnover. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82, 331-348.

Vandenberghe, C., Bentein, K., Michon, R., Chebat, J.-C., Tremblay, M., & Fils, J.-F. (2007). An examination of the role of perceived support and employee commitment in employee-customer encounters. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1177-1187.

Vallerand, R.J. (1997). Toward a hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. In M.P. Zanna (Ed), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 271-360). New York, NY: Academic Press.

Vandenberghe, C., Bentein, K., & Stinglhamber, F. (2004). Affective commitment to the organization, supervisor, and work group: Antecedents and outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 64, 7-71.

van Rossenberg, Y. G. T., Breitsohl, H., Cross, D., Lapointe, É., & de Aguiar Rodriguez, A. C. (2017). Commitment and the changing nature of work. Panel discussion at the 2017 Commitment Conference, Columbus, Ohio.

Wasti, S. A., Hollensbe, E., Morin, A. J. S., & Solinger, O. (2017). Increasing our analytic sophistication. Panel discussion at the 2017 Commitment Conference, Columbus, Ohio.

Williams, L. J., & Anderson, S. E. (1991). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as predictors of organizational citizenship and in-role behaviours. Journal of Management, 17, 601-617.

Yoon, J., Baker, M. R., & Ko, J. W. (1994). Interpersonal attachment and organizational commitment:Subgroup hypothesis revisited. Human Relations, 47, 329-351.

Yuan, K. H., & Bentler, P. M. (2000). Three likelihood‐based methods for mean and covariance structure analysis with nonnormal missing data. Sociological methodology, 30, 165-200.

Zellars, K. L., & Tepper, B. J. (2003). Beyond social exchange: New directions for organizational citizenship behavior theory and research. Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management, 22, 395-424.