Alam, S.L., Sun, J., Payne, M., Welch, B.D., Blake, B.K., Davis, D.R., Meyer, H.H., ... and Sundquist, W.I. (2004) Ubiquitin interactions of NZF zinc fingers. EMBO J. 23, 1411-1421. doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600114 Albuquerque, P.C., Nakayasu, E.S., Rodrigues, M.L., Frases, S., Casadeavll, A., Zancope-Oliveira, R.M., Almeida, I.C., and Nosanchuk, J.D. (2008) Vesicular transport in Histoplasma capsulatum: an effective mechanism for trans-cell wall transfer of proteins and lipids in ascomycetes. Cellular Microbiology. 10(8), 1-16. doi: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2008.01160.x Anderson, J., Mihalik, R., and Soll, D.R. (1990) Ultrastructure and antigenicity of the unique cell wall pimple of the Candida opaque phenotype. J Bacteriol. 172(1), 224-235. doi:10.1128/jb.172.1.224-235.1990 Asai, H., Ikezu, S., Tsunoda, S., Medalla, M., Luebke, J., Haydar, T., Wolozin, B., ... and Ikezu, T. (2015) Depletion of microglia and inhibition of exosome synthesis halt tau propagation. Nature neuroscience. 18(11), 1584-1593. doi: 10.1038/nn.4132 Babst, M., Katzmann, D.J., Estepa-Sabal, E.J., Meerloo, T., and Emr S.D. (2002) Escrt-III: an endosome-associated heterooligomeric protein complex required for mvb sorting. Dev Cell. 3, 271-282. doi: 10.1016/s1534-5807(02)00220-4 Bacon, K., Blain, A., Burroughs, M., McArthur, N., Rao, B.M., and Menegatti, S. (2020) Isolation of Chemically Cyclized Peptide Binders Using Yeast Surface Display. American Chemical Society Combinatorial Science. 22(10), 519-532. doi: 10.1021/acscombsci.0c00076 Baietti, M.F., Zhang, Z., Mortier, E., Melchior, A., Degeest, G., Geeraerts, A., Ivarsson, Y., ... David, G. (2012) Syndecan-syntenin-ALIX regulates the biogenesis of exosomes. Nat Cell Biol. 14, 677-685. doi:10.1038/ncb2502 Baltazar, L.M., Zamith-Miranda, D., Burnet, M.C., Choi, H., Nimrichter, L., Nakayasu, E.S., and Nosanchuk, J.D. (2018) Concentration-dependent protein loading of extracellular vesicles released by Histoplasma capsulatum after antibody treatment and its modulatory action upon macrophages. Scientific Reports. 8 (8065), 1-10. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-25665-5 Bewicke-Copley, F., Mulcahy, L.A., Jacobs, L.A., Samuel, P., Akbar, N., Pink, R.C., and Carter, D.R.F. (2017) Extracellular vesicles released following heat stress induce bystander effect in unstressed populations. Journal of Extracellular Vesicles. 6(1340746), 1-10. doi: 10.1080/20013078.2017.1340746 Bielska, E., Birch, P.R.J., Buck, A.H., Abreu-Goodger, C., Innes, R.W., Jin.H., Pfaffl, M.W., … Weiberg, A. (2018) Highlights of the mini-symposium on extracellular vesicles in inter-organismal communication. Journal of Extracellular Vesicles. (8)1 1-8. doi: 10.1080/20013078.2019.1590116 Brett, C.L., Plemel, R.L., Lobinger, B.T., Vignali, M., Fields, S., and Merz, A.J. (2008) Efficient termination of vacuolar Rab GTPase signaling requires coordinated action by a GAP and a protein kinase. Journal of Cell Biology. 182(6), 1141-1151. doi: 10.1083/jcb.200801001 Brown, L., Wolf, J.M., Prados-Rosales, R., and Casadevall, A. (2015) Through the wall: extracellular vesicles in Gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria and fungi. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 1-11. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro3480 Buysse, D., Pfitzner, A.K., West, M,.Roux. A., and Odorizzi, G. (2020) The ubiquitin hydrolase Doa4 directly binds Snf7 to inhibit recruitment of ESCRT-III remodeling factors in S. cerevisiae. J Cell Sci. 133, 1-12. doi:10.1242/jcs.241455 Casadevall, A., Nosanchuk, J.D., Williamson, P., and Rodrigues, M.L. (2009) Vesicular transport across the fungal cell wall. Trends in Microbiology. 17, 158-162. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2008.12.005 Cervenakova, L., Saa, P., Yakovleva, O., Vasilyeva, I., de Castro, J., Brown, P., and Dodd, R. (2016) Are prions transported by plasma exosomes?. Transfusion and Apheresis Science. 55, 70–83. doi: 10.1016/j.transci.2016.07.013 Chang, Y.C., & Kwon-Chung, K.J. (1998) Isolation of the third capsule-associated gene, CAP60, required for virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect. Immun. 66, 2230–2236. Chang, Y.C., and Kwon-Chung, K.J. (1999) Isolation, characterization, and localization of a capsule-associated gene, CAP10, of Cryptococcus neoformans. J. Bacteriol. 181, 5636–5643. Chargaff, E., & West, R. (1946). The Biological Significance of the Thromboplastic protein of blood. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 166, 189-197. Chernoff, Y.O., Newman, G.P., Kumar, J., Allen, K., & Zink, A.D. (1999) Evidence for a protein mutator in yeast: role of the Hsp70-related chaperone ssb in formation, stability, and toxicity of the [PSI] prion. Molecular and cellular biology. 19(12), 8103-8112. doi: 10.1128/mcb.19.12.8103 Choi, D.S., Kim, K.D., Kim, Y-.K., and Gho, Y.S. (2014) Proteomics of extracellular vesicles: Exosomes and ectosomes. Mass Spectrometry Reviews. 34, 474-490. doi: 10.1002/mas.21420 Coelho, C., & Casadevall, A. (2019) Answers to naysayers regarding microbial extracellular vesicles. Biochemical Society Transactions. 47, 1005-1012. doi: 10.1042/BST20180252 Colombo, M., Moita, C., van Niel, G., Kowal, J., Vigneron, J., Benaroch, P., Manel, N., ... Raposo, G. (2013) Analysis of ESCRT functions in exosome biogenesis, composition and secretion highlights the heterogeneity of extracellular vesicles. J Cell Sci. 126, 5553-5565. doi:10.1242/jcs.128868 Cordero, R.J.B., Camacho, E., and Casadevall, A. (2020) Melanization in Cryptococcus neoformans requires complex regulation. mBio. 11, 1-4. doi: 10.1128/mBio.03313-19 De Maio, A., and Vazquez, D. (2013) Extracellular heat shock proteins: A new location, a new function. Shock. 40(4), 239-246. doi: 10.1097/SHK.0b013e3182a185ab Delenclos, M., Trendafilova, T., Mahesh, D., Baine, A.M., Moussaud, S., Yan, I.K., Patel, T., and McLean, P.J. (2017) Investigation of Endocytic Pathways for the Internalization of Exosome-Associated Oligomeric Alpha-Synuclein. Front Neurosci. 11(172), 1-10. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00172 Di Liegro, C.M., Schiera, G., and Di Liegro, I. (2017) Extracellular Vesicle-Associated RNA as a Carrier of Epigenetic Information. Genes. 8(10), 1-23. doi: 10.3390/genes8100240 Didiasova, M., Schaefer, L., and Wygrecka, M. (2019) When Place Matters: Shuttling of Enolase-1 Across Cellular Compartments. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 7(61), 1-11. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00061 Dozio, V., and Sanchez, J.C. (2017) Characterisation of extracellular vesicle-subsets derived from brain endothelial cells and analysis of their protein cargo modulation after TNF exposure. Journal of Extracellular Vesicles. 6(1), 1-14. doi: 10.1080/20013078.2017.1302705 Feyder, S., De Craene, J., Bar, S., Bertazzi, D.L., and Friant, S. (2015) Membrane Trafficking in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Model. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 16, 1509-1525. doi: 10.3390/ijms16011509 Freitas, M.S., Bonato, V.L.D., Pessoni, A.M., Rodrigues, M.L., Casadevall, A., and Almeida, F. (2019) Fungal Extracellular Vesicles as Potential Targets for Immune Interventions. mSphere. 4(6), 1-9. doi: 10.1128/mSphere.00747-19 Fulda, S., Gorman, A.M., Hori, O., and Samali, A. (2009) Cellular Stress Responses: Cell Survival and Cell Death. International Journal of Cell Biology. 2010, 1-23. doi: 10.1155/2010/214074 Gatti, J.L., Métayer, S., Belghazi, M., Dacheux, F., and Dacheux, J.L. (2005) Identification, Proteomic Profiling, and Origin of Ram Epididymal Fluid Exosome-Like Vesicles. Biology of Reproduction. 72, 1452-1465. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.104.036426 Giardina, B.J., Stein, K., and Chiang, H. (2014) The endocytosis gene END3 is essential for the glucose-induced rapid decline of small vesicles in the extracellular fraction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Journal of Extracellular Vesicles. 3, 1-11. doi: 10.3402/jev.v3.23497 Giri, P.K., and Schorey, J.S. (2008) Exosomes Derived from M. Bovis BCG Infected Macrophages Activate Antigen-Specific CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells In Vitro and In Vivo. Plos One. 3(6), 1-10. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002461 Harmati, M., Gyukity-Sebestyen, E., Dobra, G., Janovak, L., Dekany, I., Saydam, O., Hunyadi-Gulyas, E., … Buzas, K. (2019) Small extracellular vesicles convey the stress-induced adaptive responses of melanoma cells. Scientific Reports. 9(15329), 1-20. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-51778-6 Hessvik, N.P., and Llorente, A. (2018) Current knowledge on exosome biogenesis and release. Cell Mol Life Sci. 75, 193-208. doi:10.1007/s00018-017-2595-9 Huang, S.H., Wu, C.H., Chang, Y.C (2012) Cryptococcus neoformans-derived microvesicles enhance the pathogenesis of fungal brain infection. PLoS One. 7, 1-12. doi: 10.1371/ journal.pone.0048570 Huh, W.K., Falvo, J.V., Gerke, L.C., Carroll, A.S., Howson, R.W., Weissman J.S., and O’Shea, E.K. (2003) Global analysis of protein localization in budding yeast. Nature. 425, 686-691. doi: 10.1038/nature 02026 Hurley, J.H., and Hanson, P.I. (2010) Membrane budding and scission by the ESCRT machinery: it's all in the neck. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 11, 556-566. doi:10.1038/nrm2937 Johansson, H.J., Vallhov, H., Holm, T., Gehrmann, U., Andersson A., Johansson, C., Blom, H., Carroni, M., … Scheynius, A. (2018) Extracellular nanovesicles released from the commensal yeast Malassezia sympodialis are enriched in allergens and interact with cells in human skin. Scientific Reports. 8(9182), 1-11. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-27451-9 Johnson, N., West, M., and Odorizzi, G. (2017) Regulation of yeast ESCRT-III membrane scission activity by the Doa4 ubiquitin hydrolase. Mol Biol Cell. 28, 661-672. doi:10.1091/mbc.E16-11-0761 Johnston, G. C., Singer, R. A., and McFarlane, S. E. (1977) Growth and cell division during nitrogen starvation of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Journal of Bacteriology. 132(2), 723-730. Kabani, M., and Melki, R. (2015) More than just trash bins? Potential roles for extracellular vesicles in the vertical and horizontal transmission of yeast prions. Current Genetics. 62, 265-270. doi: 10.1007/s00294-015-0534-6 Kapila, N., Sharma, A., Kishore, A., Sodhi, M., Tripathi, P.K., Mohanty, A.K., and Munesh, M (2016) Impact of Heat Stress on Cellular and Transcriptional Adaptation of Mammary Epithelial Cells in Riverine Buffalo (Bubalus Bubalis). PLoS One. 11(9), 1-28. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157237 Karim, M.A., Samyn, D.R., Mattie, S., and Brett, C.L. (2018) Distinct features of multivesicular body-lysosome fusion revealed by a new cell-free content-mixing assay. Traffic. 19(2), 138-149. doi: 10.1111/tra.12543 Katzmann, D.J., Babstm M., and Emr, S.D. (2001) Ubiquitin-dependent sorting into the multivesicular body pathway requires the function of a conserved endosomal protein sorting complex, ESCRT-I. Cell. 106, 145-155. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00434-2 Klohn, P., Castro-Seoane, R., and Collinge, J. (2013) Exosome release from infected dendritic cells: a clue for a fast spread of prions in the periphery?. The Journal of infection. 67(5), 359-368. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2013.07.024 Knight, R.S.G and Will, R.G. (2004) Prion Diseases. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 75, 36-42. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2004.036137 Konoshenko, M.Y., Lekchnov, E.A., Vlassov, A.V., and Laktionov, P.P. (2018) Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles: General Methodologies and Latest Trends. Hindawi. 1-27. doi: 10.1155/2018/8545347 Kostelansky, M.S., Schluter, C., Tam, Y.Y., Lee, S., Ghirlando, R., Beach, B., Conibear, E., and Hurley, J.H. (2007) Molecular architecture and functional model of the complete yeast ESCRT-I heterotetramer. Cell. 129, 485-498. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.03.016 Kutralam-Muniasamy,G., Flores-Cotera, L.B., and Perez-Guevara,F. (2015) Potential of yeast secretory vesicles in biodelivery systems. Drug Discovery Today. 20(6), 659-666. doi: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.03.014 Lauwers, E., Wang, Y., Gallardo, R., Van der Kant, R., Michiels, E., Swerts, J., Baatsen, P., ... Verstreken, P. (2018) Hsp90 Mediates Membrane Deformation and Exosome Release. Cell Press. 71, 689-702. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.07.016 Lindquist, S., Craig, E.A. (1988) The Heat-Shock Proteins. Annual Review of Genetics. 22, 631-677. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ge.22.120188.003215 Li,S., Lin, Z., Jiang, X., and Yu, X. (2018) Exosomal cargo-loading and synthetic exosome mimics as potential therapeutic tools. Acta Pharmologica Sinica. 39, 542-551. doi: 10.1038/aps.2017.178 Liu, S., Hossinger, A., Hofmann, J.P., Denner, P., and Vorberg, I.M. (2016) Horizontal Transmission of Cytosolic Sup35 Prions by Extracellular Vesicles. MBio. 7(4), 1-12. doi 10.1128/mBio.00915-16. Liu, S., Hossinger, A., Gobbels, S., and Vorberg, I.M. (2017) Prions on the run: How extracellular vesicles serve as delivery vehicles for self-templating protein aggregates. Prion. 11, 98–112. doi: 10.1080/19336896.2017.1306162 Lysangela, A.R., da Silva, R.P., Sanchez, D.A., Zamith-Miranda, D., Rodrigues, M.L., Goldenberg, S., Puccia, R., and Nosanchuk, J.D. (2019) Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated RNA Release in Histoplasma capsulatum. mSphere. 4(2), 1-17. doi: 10.1128/mSphere.00176-19 Maas, S.L.N., Breakefield, X.O., ans Weaver, A.M. (2018) Extracellular Vesicles: Unique Intercellular Delivery Vehicles. Trends Cell Bio. 27(3), 172-188. doi: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.11.003 McNally, E.K., and Brett, C.L. (2017) ILF and vReD pathways cooperate to control lysosomal transporter protein lifetimes. eLife. 1-34. doi: 10.1101/20439 McNally, E.K., and Brett, C.L. (2018) The intralumenal fragment pathway mediates ESCRT-independent surface transporter down-regulation. Nature communications, 1-15. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-07734-5 Mears, R., Craven, R.A., Hanrahan, S., Totty, N., Upton, C., Young, S.L., Patel, P., ... Banks, R.E. (2004) Proteomic analysis of melanoma-derived exosomes by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Proteomics. 4, 4019-4031. doi: 10.1002/pmic.200400876 Morano, K.A., Grant, C.M., and Moye-Rowley, W.S. (2012) The response to heat shock and oxidative stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics. 190(4), 1157-1195. doi: 10.1534/genetics.111.128033. Morishita, M., Takahashi, Y., Nishikawa, M., and Takakura, Y. (2017) Pharmacokinetics of Exosomes-An Important Factor for Elucidating the Biological Roles of Exosomes and for the Development of Exosome-Based Therapeutics. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 106, 2265-2269. doi: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.02.030 Monari, C., Pericolini, E., Bistoni, G., Casadevall, A., Kozel, T.R., and Vecchiarelli, A. (2005) Cryptococcus neoformans Capsular Glucuroxylommanan Induces Expression of Fas Ligand in Macrophages. The Journal of Immunology. 174(6) 3461-3468. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.6.3461 Nimrichter, L., and Rodrigues, M.L. (2011) Fungal glucosylceramides: from structural components to biologically active targets of new antimicrobials. Front Microbiol. 2(212), 1-7. doi: 10. 3389/fmicb.2011.00212 Nimrichter, L., de Souza, M.M., Del Poeta, M., Nosanchuk, J.D., Joffe, L., Tavares, P.M., and Rodrigues, M.L. (2016) Extracellular Vesicle-Associated Transitory Cell Wall Components and Their Impact on the Interaction of Fungi with Host Cells. Frontiers in Microbiology. 7 (1034), 1-11. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01034 Oliveira, D.L., Nakayasu, E.S., Joffe, L.S., Guimaraes, A.J., Sobreira, T.J.P, Nosanchuk, J.D, Cordero, R.J.B., … Rodrigues, M.L. (2010) Characterization of Yeast Extracellular Vesicles: Evidence for the Participation of Different Pathways of Cellular Traffic in Vesicle Biogenesis. Plos One. 5(6), 1-13. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011113 Oliveira, D.L., Nakayasu, E.S., Joffe, L.S., Guimaraes, A.J., Sobreira, T.J.P, Nosanchuk, J.D, Cordero, R.J.B., … Rodrigues, M.L. (2010) Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles in yeast: many questions with few answers. Communicative & Integrative Biology. 3(6), 533-535. doi: 01371/journal.pone.0011113 Oliveira, D.B.L., Nimrichter, L., Miranda, K., Frases, S., Faull, K.F., Casadevall, A., and Rodrigues, M.L. (2009) Cryptococcus neoformans cryoultramicrotomy and vesicle fractionation reveals an intimate association between membrane lipids and glucuronoxylomannan. Fungal Genet. Biol. 46, 956–963. doi: 10.1016/j.fgb.2009.09.001 Oliveira, D.L., Friere-de-Lima, C.G., Nosanchuk, J.D., Csadevall, A., Rodrigues, M.L., and Nimrichter, L. (2010) Extracellular Vesicles from Cryptococcus neoformans Modulate Macrophage Functions. Infection and Immunity. 1601-1609. doi: 10.1128/IAI.01171-09 Oliveira, D.L., Rizzo, J., Joffe, L.S., Godinho, R.M., and Rodrigues. M.L. (2013) Where do they come from and where do they go: candidates for regulating extracellular vesicle formation in fungi. Int J Mol Sci. 14, 9581-9603. doi:10.3390/ijms14059581 Pan, B., and Johnstone, R.M. (1983) Fate of the Transferrin Receptor during Maturation of Sheep Reticulocytes In Vitro: Selective Externalization of the Receptor. Cell. 33, 967-977. doi: 1016/0092-8674(83)90040-510 Panepinto, J., Komperda, K., Frases, S., Park, Y., Djordjevic, J.T., Casadevall, A., and Williamson, P.R. (2009) Sec6-dependent sorting of fungal extracellular exosomes and laccase of Cryptococcus neoformans. Mol Microbiol. 71, 1165-1176. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06588.x de Souza Pereira, R., and Geibel, J. (1999) Direct observation of oxidative stress on the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains with atomic force microscopy. Molecular and cellular biochemistry. 201 (2), 17-24. doi: 10.1023/a:1007007704657 Perfect, J.R., and Bicanic, T. (2014) Cryptococcosis Diagnosis and Treatment: What Do We Know Now. Fungal Genetic Bio. 78, 49-54. doi: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.10.003 Pillet, F., Lemonier, S., Schiavone, M., Formosa. C., Martin-Yken, H., Francois, J.M., and Dague, E. (2014) Uncovering by Atomic Force Microscopy of an original circular structure at the yeast cell surface in response to heat shock. BMC Biology. 12(6), 1-11. doi: 10.1186/1741-7007-12-6 Reddy, V.S., Madala, S.K., Trinath, S., and Reddy, G.B. (2018) Extracellular small heat shock proteins: exosomal biogenesis and function. Cell Stress and Chaperones. 23, 441-454. doi: 10.1007/s12192-017-0856-z Reis, F.C.G., Borges, B.S., Jozefowicz, L.J., Sena, B.A.G., Garcia, A.W.A., Medeiros, L.C., Martins, S.T., ...Rodrigues, M.L. (2019) A Novel Protocol for the Isolation of Fungal Extracellular Vesicles Reveals the Participation of a Putative Scramblase in Polysaccharide Export and Capsule Construction in Cryptococcus gattii. mSphere. 4(2), 1-15. doi: 10.1128/mSphere.00080-19 Retini, C., Kozel, T. R., Pietrella, D., Monari, C., Bistoni, F., and Vecchiarelli, A. (2001) Interdependency of Interleukin-10 and Interleukin-12 in Regulation of T-Cell Differentiation and Effector Function of Monocytes in Response to Stimulation with Cryptococcus neoformans. Infection and Immunity, 69(10), 6064–6073. doi:10.1128/iai.69.10.6064-6073.2001 Rice, G.E., Scholz-Romero, K., Sweeney, E., Peiris, H., Kobayashi, M., Duncombe, G., Mitchell, M.D., and Salomon, C. (2015) The Effect of Glucose on the Release and Bioactivity of Exosomes From First Trimester Trophoblast Cells. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 100(10), 1280-1288. doi: 10.1210/jc.2015-2270 Rider, M.A., Hurwitz, S.N., and Meckes, D.G. (2016) ExtraPEG: A Polyethylene Glycol-Based Method for Enrichment of Extracellular Vesicles. Scientific Reports. 6, 1-14. doi: 10.1038/srep23978 (2016) Rittershaus, P. C., Kechichian, T. B., Allegood, J. C., Merrill, A. H., Jr, Hennig, M., Luberto, C., and Del Poeta, M. (2006) Glucosylceramide synthase is an essential regulator of pathogenicity of Cryptococcus neoformans. The Journal of clinical investigation, 116(6), 1651–1659. doi: 10.1172/JCI27890 Rodrigues, M.L., Nimrichter, L., Oliveira, D.L., Nosanchuk, J.D., and Casadevall, A. (2008) Vesicular Trans-Cell Wall Transport in Fungi: A Mechanism for the Delivery of Virulence- Associated Macromolecules? Lipid Insights. 2, 27-40. doi: 10.4137/lpi.s1000 Rodrigues, M.L., Nakayasu, E.S., Oliveira, D.L., Nimrichter, L., Nosanchuk, J.D., Almeida, I.C., and Casadevall, A. (2007) Extracellular Vesicles Produced by Cryptococcus neoformans Contain Protein Components Associated with Virulence. Eukaryotic Cell. 7(1), 58-67. doi: 10.1128/EC.00370-07 Saa, P., Yakovleva, O., de Castro, J., Vasilyeva, I., De Paoli, S.H., Simak, J., and Cervenakova, L. (2014) First Demonstration of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy-associated Prion Protein (PrPTSE) in Extracellular Vesicles from Plasma of Mice Infected with Mouse-adapted Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease by in Vitro Amplification. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 289(42), 29247- 29260. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M114.589564 Sharma, S., LeClaire, M., and Gimzewski, J.K. (2018) Ascent of atomic force microscopy as a nanoanalytical tool for exosomes and other extracellular vesicles. Nanotechnology. 29(13), 1-14. doi: 10.1088/1361-6528/aaab06 da Silva, T.A., Roque-Barreira, M.C., Casadevall, A., and Almeida, F. (2016) Extracellular vesicles from Paracoccidioides brasiliensis induced M1 polarization. Scientific Reports. 6(35867), 1-10. doi: 10.1038/srep35867 Skliar, M., and Chernyshev, V.S. (2019) Imaging of Extracellular Vesicles by Atomic Force Microscopy. Journal of Visualized Experiments. 151, 1-13. doi: 10.379159254 Sork, H., Corso, G., Krjutskov, K., Johansson, H.J., Nordin, J.Z., Wiklander, O.P.B., Lee, Y.X.F., ... Andaloussi, S.E. (2018) Heterogeneity and interplay of the extracellular vesicle small RNA transcriptome and proteome. Scientific Reports. 8(10813), 1-12. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-28485-9 Subra, C., Laulagnier, K., Perret, B., and Record, M. (2007) Exosome lipidomics unravel lipid sorting at the level of multivesicular bodies. Biochimie. 89, 205-212. doi: 10.1016/j.biochi.2006.10.014 Takahashi, A., Okada, R., Nagao, K., Kawamata, Y., Hanyu, A., Yoshimoto, S., Takasugi, M., … Hara, E. (2017) Exosomes maintain cellular homeostasis by excreting harmful DNA from cells. Nature Communications. 8(15287), 1-14. doi: 10.1038/ncomms15287 Takeo, K., Uesaka, I., Nishiura, M. (1974) The Wall Particle of the Genus Cryptococcus: Large Size and Characteristic Distribution. Journal of General Microbiology. 84, 223-225. doi: 10.1099/00221287-84-1-223 Teis, D., Saksena, S., and Emr, S.D. (2008) Ordered assembly of the ESCRT-III complex on endosomes is required to sequester cargo during MVB formation. Dev Cell. 15, 578-589. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2008.08.013 Théry, C., Witwer, K.W., Aikawa, E., Alcaraz, M.J., Anderson, J.D., Andriantsitohaina, R., Antoniou, A., ... Zuba-Surma, E.K. (2018) Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines. Journal of Extracellular Vesicles. 7(1), 1-43. doi: 10.1080/20013078.2018.1535750 Torralba, D., Baixauli, F., and Villarroya-Beltri. (2018) Priming of dendritic cells by DNA-containing extracellular vesicles from activated T cells through antigen-driven contacts. Nat Commun 9, 1-17. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-05077-9 Toribio V., Morales, S., Lopez-Martin, S., Cardenas, B., Cabanas, C., and Yanez-Mo, M. (2019) Development of a quantitative method to measure EV uptake. Scientific Reports. 9, 1-14. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-47023-9 de Toledo Martins, S., Szwarc, P., Goldenberg, S., and Alves, L.R. (2019) Extracellular Vesicles in Fungi: Composition and Functions. Current Topics in Microbiology Immunology. 422, 45-59. doi: 10.1007/82_2018_141 Valadi,H., Ekstrom, K., Bossios, A., Sjostrand, M., Lee, J.J., and Lotvall, J.O. (2007) Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells. Nature Cell Biology. 9(6), 654-659. doi: 10.1038/ncb1596 Vallejo, M. C., Nakayasu, E. S., Matsuo, A. L., Sobreira, T. J. P., Longo, L. V. G., Ganiko, L., … Puccia, R. (2012) Vesicle and Vesicle-Free Extracellular Proteome of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: Comparative Analysis with Other Pathogenic Fungi. Journal of Proteome Research. 11(3), 1676–1685. doi:10.1021/pr200872s Vargas, G., Rocha, J.D.B., Oliveira, D.L., Albuquerque, P.C., Frases, S., Santos, S.S., and Nosanchuk, J.D. (2015) Compositional and immunobiological analyses of extracellular vesicles released by Candida albicans. Cellular Microbiology. 17(3), 389–407. doi: 10.1111/cmi.12374 Verghese, J., Abrams, J., Wang, Y., and Morano, K.A. (2012) Biology of the Heat Shock Response and Protein Chaperones: Budding Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as a Model System. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 76(2), 115-158. doi: 10.1128/MMBR.05018-11 Wang, S., Kojima, K., Mobley, J.A., and West, A.B. (2019) Proteomic analysis of urinary extracellular vesicles reveal biomarkers for neurologic disease. E Bio Medicine. 45, 351-361. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.06.021 Wemmer, M., Azmi, I., West, M., Davies, B., Katzmann, D., and Odorizzi, G. (2011) Bro1 binding to Snf7 regulates ESCRT-III membrane scission activity in yeast. J Cell Biol.192, 295-306. doi: 10.1083/jcb.201007018 Wickner, R.B. (2016) Yeast and Fungal Prions. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. 8, 1-15. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a023531 Williams, C., Pazos, R., Royo, F., Gonzalez, E., Roura-Ferrer, M., Martinez, A., Gamiz, J., ... Falcon-Perez, J.M. (2019) Assessing the role of surface glycans of extracellular vesicles on cellular uptake. Scientific Reports. 9, 1-14. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-48499-1 Wolf, P. (1967) The Nature and Significance of Platelet Products in Human Plasma. British Journal of Haemotology. 13(3), 269-288. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1967.tb08741.x Wollert, T., and Hurley, J.H. (2010) Molecular mechanism of multivesicular body biogenesis by ESCRT complexes. Nature. 464, 864-869. doi:10.1038/nature08849 Wollert, T., Wunder, C., Lippincott-Schwartz, J., Hurley, J.H. (2009) Membrane scission by the ESCRT-III complex. Nature. 458, 172-177. doi:10.1038/nature07836 Wubbolts, R., Leckie, R.S., Veenhuizen, P.T.M., Schwarzmann, G., Mobius, W., Hoernschemeyer, J., Slot, J., ... Stoorvogel,W. (2003) Proteomic and biochemical analyses of human B cell-derived exosomes. Potential implications for their function and multivesicular body formation. J Biol Chem. 278(13), 10963-10972. doi:10.1074/jbc.M207550200 Wu, K., Xing, F., Wu, S.Y., and Watabe, K. (2017) Extracellular vesicles as emerging targets in cancer: recent development from bench to bedside. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1868(2), 538-563. doi: 10.1016éj.bbcan.2017.10.001 Wyciszkiewicz, A., Kalinowska-Łyszczarz, A., Nowakowski, B., Kaźmierczak, K., Osztynowicz, K., and Sławomir Michalak. (2019) Expression of small heat shock proteins in exosomes from patients with gynecologic cancers. Scientific Reports. 9(9817). doi : 10.1038/s41598-019-46221-9 Yang, Y., Boza-Serrano, A., Dunning, C.J.R., Clausen, B.H., Lambertsen, K.L., and Deierborg, T. (2018) Inflammation leads to distinct populations of extracellular vesicles from microglia. Journal of Neuroinflammation. 15, 1-19. doi: 10.1186/s12974-018-1204-7 Yang, C., Guo, W.B., Zhang, W.S., Bian, J., Yang, J.K., Zhou, Q.Z., Chen, M.K., ... C.D, Liu. (2017) Comprehensive proteomics analysis of exosomes derived from human seminal plasma. Andrology. 5, 1007-1015. doi:10.1111/andr.12412 Yoneda, A., and Doering, T.L. (2006) A eukaryotic capsular polysaccharide is synthesized intracellularly and secreted via exocytosis. Mol. Biol. Cell. 17, 5131–5140. doi: 10.1091/mbc.E06-08-0701 Zarnowski, R., Sanchez, H., Covelli, A.S., Dominguez, E., Jaromin, A., Bernhardt, J., Mitchell, K.F., … Andes, D.R. (2018) Candida albicans biofilm-induced vesicles confer drug resistance through matrix biogenesis. PLoS Biol. 16(10), 1-18. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2006872 Zhang, Y., Jin, X., Liang, J., Guo, Y., Sun, G., Zeng, X., and Yin, H. (2019) Extracellular vesicles derived from ODN-stimulatedmacrophages transfer and activate Cdc42 in recipient cells and thereby increase cellular permissiveness to EV uptake. Cell Biology. 5, 1-10. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aav1564 Zhao, K., Bleackley,M., Chisanga, D., Gangoda, L., Fonseka, P., Liem, M., Kalra, H., … Mathivanan, S. (2019) Extracellular vesicles secreted by Saccharomyces cerevisiae are involved in cell wall remodelling. Communications Biology. 2(305), 1-13. doi: 10.1038/s42003-019-0538-8