Aïmeur, E., Amri, S., & Brassard, G. (2023). Fake news, disinformation and misinformation in social media: a review. Social Network Analysis and Mining, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-023-01028-5 Al Zou'bi, R. M. (2022). The impact of media and information literacy on students’ acquisition of the skills needed to detect fake news. Journal of Media Literacy Education, 14(2), 58–71. https://doi.org/10.23860/JMLE-2022-14-2-5 Ali, S., Dipaola, D., Lee, I., Sindato, V., Kim, G., Blumofe, R., & Breazeal, C. (2021). Children as creators, thinkers and citizens in an AI-driven future. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 2, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2021.100040 Arechar, A. A., Allen, J., Berinsky, A. J., Cole, R., Epstein, Z., Garimella, K., Gully, A., Lu, J. G., Ross, R. M., Stagnaro, M. N., Zhang, Y., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2023). Author correction: Understanding and combatting misinformation across 16 countries on six continents. Nature Human Behaviour, 7(10), 1797. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-023-01676-9 Arguedas, A. R., & Simon, F. M. (2023). Automating democracy: Generative AI, journalism, and the future of democracy. Balliol Interdisciplinary Institute, University of Oxford. Bermes A. (2021). Information overload and fake news sharing: A transactional stress perspective exploring the mitigating role of consumers’ resilience during COVID-19. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 61, Article 102555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102555 Białek, M,. (2023). Why should we study the Foreign Language Effect: Debiasing through affecting metacognition? Journal of Intelligence, 11(103), 103. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence11060103 Białek, M., Domurat, A., Paruzel-Czachura, M., & Muda, R. (2022). Limits of the foreign language effect: Intertemporal choice. Thinking & Reasoning, 28(1), 97–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546783.2021.1934899 Białek, M., Muda, R., Stewart, K., Niszczota, P., & Pieńkosz, D. (2020). Thinking in a foreign language distorts allocation of cognitive effort: Evidence from reasoning. Cognition, 205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104420 Blauth, T. F., Gstrein, O. J., & Zwitter, A. (2022). Artificial intelligence crime: An overview of malicious use and abuse of AI. IEEE Access, 10. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3191790 Bottorf, C., & Wong, B., (2023, May 18). Top social media statistics and trends of 2024. Forbes Advisor. Retrieved June 26, 2024, from https://www.forbes.com/advisor/business/social-media-statistics/#source Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa Bulger, M., & Davison, P. (2018). The promises, challenges and futures of media literacy. Journal of Media Literacy Education, 10(1), 1–21. Butler, A. (2021). Key scholarship in media literacy : David Buckingham (Ser. Brill guides to scholarship in education, volume 5). Brill Sense. Byers-Heinlein, K., Esposito, A. G., Winsler, A., Marian, V., Castro, D. C., & Luk, G. (2019). The case for measuring and reporting bilingualism in developmental research. Collabra: Psychology, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.233 Caldwell-Harris, C. L. (2014). Kill one to save five? mais oui! Scientific American Mind, 25(5), 70–73. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamericanmind0914-70 Caldwell-Harris, C. L. (2015). Emotionality differences between a native and foreign language: Implications for everyday life. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(3), 214–219. https:// doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00437 Caldwell-Harris, C. L., & Ayçiçeği-Dinn, A. (2009). Emotion and lying in a non-native language. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 71(3), 193–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.09.006 Canadian Anti-Fraud Centre. (2021). Annual Report 2021. Government of Canada. https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2022/grc-rcmp/PS61-46-2021-eng.pdf Canadian Anti-Fraud Centre. (n.d.). Canadian Anti-Fraud Centre. Government of Canada. https://www.antifraudcentre-centreantifraude.ca/index-eng.htm Canadian Anti-Fraud Centre (2022, May 17). Frauds affecting individuals. Government of Canada. https://www.antifraudcentre-centreantifraude.ca/scams-fraudes/individual-individuelle-eng.htm Caramancion, K. M. (2022, January). The role of user's native language in mis/disinformation detection: The case of English. In 2022 IEEE 12th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC) (pp. 260–265). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/CCWC54503.2022.9720812 Cardenuto, J. P., Yang, J., Padilha, R., Wan, R., Moreira, D., Li, H., Wang, S., Andaló, F., Marcel, S., & Rocha, A. (2023). The age of synthetic realities: challenges and opportunities. APSIPA Transactions on Signal and Information Processing, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1561/116.00000138 Chen, J. J. (2016). Educating English language learners for success in the 21st Century: Facilitating their acquisition of multiliteracies. In M. N. Yildiz & J. Keengwe (Eds.), Handbook of research on media literacy in the digital age (pp. 75–90). IGI Global. Cherow-O’Leary, R. (2023). Reconceptualizing ledia Literacy for the midtwenty-first century. In De Abreu, B. S. (Ed.), Media literacy, equity, and justice (pp. 257– 280). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003175599 Circi, R., Gatti, D., Russo, V., & Vecchi, T. (2021). The foreign language effect on decision-making: A meta-analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 28(4), 1131–1141. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-020-01871-z Cisek, G. (2021). The triumph of artificial intelligence : How artificial intelligence is changing the way we live together. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-34896-0 Cohen J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Routledge Academic. Competition Bureau Canada (2018). The little black book of scams (2nd ed.). Government of Canada. https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/competition-bureau-canada/en/little-black-book-scams-2nd-edition Concordia University. (n.d.). Admissions. Concordia University. https://www.concordia.ca/academics/graduate/calendar/current/admissions.html Concordia University. (n.d.). English language proficiency. Concordia University – Undergraduate admissions. https://www.concordia.ca/admissions/undergraduate/requirements/english-language-proficiency.html Cook, P. (2023). Beyond “Fake News”: Misinformation studies for a postdigital era. In L. Parker (Ed.0, Education in the age of misinformation: Philosophical and pedagogical explorations (pp. 9–32). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25871-8 Costa, A., Duñabeitia, J. A., & Keysar, B. (2019). Language context and decision-making: Challenges and advances. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 72(1), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747021818789799 Costa, A., Foucart, A., Arnon, I., Aparici, M., & Apesteguia, J. (2013). “Piensa” twice: On the foreign language effect in decision making. Cognition, 130(2), 236–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2013.11.010 Costa, A., Foucart, A., Hayakawa, S., Aparici, M., Apesteguia, J., Heafner, J., & Keysar, B. (2014). Your morals depend on language. Plos One, 9(4), 94842. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0094842 Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2011). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications. de Zengotita, T. (2006). Mediated: How the media shapes your world and the way you live in it. Bloomsbury. Del Maschio, N., Crespi, F., Peressotti, F., Abutalebi, J., & Sulpizio, S. (2022). Decision-making depends on language: A meta-analysis of the Foreign Language Effect. Bilingualism, 25(4), 617-630. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728921001012 Del Vicario, M., Bessi, A., Zollo, F., Petroni, F., Scala, A., Caldarelli, G., Stanley, H. E., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2016). The spreading of misinformation online. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(3), 554–559. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1517441113 Despagne, C. (2010). The difficulties of learning English: Perceptions and attitudes in Mexico. Canadian and International Education, 39(2), 55–74. Diaz-Lago, M., & Matute, H. (2019). Thinking in a foreign language reduces the causality bias. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 72(1), 41–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747021818755326 Dylman, A. S., & Champoux-Larsson, M. F. (2020). It's (not) all Greek to me: Boundaries of the foreign language effect. Cognition, 196, 104148–104148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2019.104148 Dylman, A. S., & Champoux-Larsson, M.-F. (2020). It's (not) all greek to me: Boundaries of the foreign language effect. Cognition, 196, 104148–104148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2019.104148 Fernández-López, M., & Perea, M. (2020). Language does not modulate fake news credibility, but emotion does. Psicológica Journal, 41(2), 84–102. https://doi.org/10.2478/psicolj-2020-0005 Ford, T. W., Yankoski, M., Facciani, M., & Weninger, T. (2023). Online media literacy intervention in Indonesia reduces misinformation sharing intention. Journal of Media Literacy Education, 15(2), 99–123. https://doi.org/10.23860/JMLE-2023-15-2-8 Friedrich, P. (2003). English in Argentina: Attitudes of MBA Students. World Englishes, 22(2), 173–184. Gabielkov, M., Ramachandran, A., Chaintreau, A., & Legout, A. (2016). Social clicks what and who gets read on twitter? ACM Sigmetrics Performance Evaluation Review, 44(1), 179–192. https://doi.org/10.1145/2964791.2901462 Geeng, C., Yee, S., & Roesner, F. (2020, April). Fake news on Facebook and Twitter: Investigating how people (don't) investigate. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems (pp. 1–14). https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376784 González-Rivera, M. (2021). Language attitudes towards Spanish and English in Puerto Rico. Revista de Filología Y Lingüística de La Universidad de Costa Rica, 47(2). https://doi.org/10.15517/rfl.v47i2.47006 Hadjichristidis, C., Geipel, J., & Savadori, L. (2015). The effect of foreign language in judgments of risk and benefit: The role of affect. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Applied, 21(2), 117–29. https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000044 Hanson, R. E. (2022). Mass communication: Living in a media world (8th ed.). SAGE. Hayakawa, S., Costa, A., Foucart, A., & Keysar, B. (2016). Using a foreign language changes our choices. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(11), 791–793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.08.004 Hayakawa, S., Pan, Y., & Marian, V. (2021). Using a foreign language changes medical judgments of preventative care. Brain Sciences, 11(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11101309 Hayakawa, S., Tannenbaum, D., Costa, A., Corey, J. D., & Keysar, B. (2017). Thinking more or feeling less? Explaining the foreign-language effect on moral judgment. Psychological Science, 28(10), 1387–1397. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617720944 Heaven, W. D. (2023, February 8). ChatGPT is everywhere. Here’s where it came from. MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/02/08/1068068/chatgpt-is-everywhere-heres-where-it-came-from/ Higdon, N., & Huff, M. (2022). Let's agree to disagree: A critical thinking guide to communication, conflict management, and critical media literacy. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. Horne, B.D., & Adali, S. (2017). This just in: Fake news packs a lot in title, uses simpler, repetitive content in text body, more similar to satire than real news. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, 11(1), 759-766. https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v11i1.14976 Hu, Z., Suitner, C., & Navarrete, E. (2024). Uncovering the role of foreign language on acquiescence. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1–7. doi:10.1017/S1366728924000178 Hu, Z., Suitner, C., & Navarrete, E. (2024). Uncovering the role of foreign language on acquiescence. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728924000178 Huschens, M., Briesch, M., Sobania, D., Rothlauf, F. (2023). Do You Trust ChatGPT? -- Perceived Credibility of Human and AI-Generated Content. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2309.02524 Hutchens, J. (2024). The language of deception weaponizing next generation AI. Wiley. Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Karaduman, S. (2015). The role of critical media literacy in further development of consciousness of citizenship. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 174, 3039–3043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.1095 Kellner, D., Share, J., & Luke, A. (2019). The critical media literacy guide: Engaging media and transforming education (Ser. Brill guides to scholarship in education, volume 2). Brill Sense. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004404533 Keysar, B., Hayakawa, S. L., & An, S. G. (2012). The foreign-language effect: Thinking in a foreign tongue reduces decision biases. Psychological Science, 23(6), 661–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611432178 Kreps, S., McCain, R. M., & Brundage, M. (2022). All the news that’s fit to fabricate: AI-generated text as a tool of media misinformation. Journal of Experimental Political Science, 9(1), 104–117. https://doi.org/10.1017/XPS.2020.37 Kvale, S. (2007). Conducting an interview. In Doing Interviews (pp. 52-66). SAGE Publications, Ltd, https://doi.org/10.4135/9781849208963 Labajová, L. (2023). The state of AI: Exploring the perceptions, credibility, and trustworthiness of the users towards AI-generated content [Master’s thesis, Malmö University]. DiVA. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1772553&dswid=-6301 Lazer, D. M. J., Baum, M. A., Benkler, Y., Berinsky, A. J., Greenhill, K. M., Menczer, F., Metzger, M. J., Nyhan, B., Pennycook, G., Rothschild, D., Schudson, M., Sloman, S. A., Sunstein, C. R., Thorson, E. A., Watts, D. J., & Zittrain, J. L. (2018). The science of fake news. Science, 359(6380), 1094–1096. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao2998 Lee, J. H., Elfenbein, H. A., & Bottom, W. P. (2024). Foreign language effect in negotiations: Negotiation language and framing effect on contract terms and subjective outcomes. International Journal of Conflict Management, 35(2), 270–286. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCMA-03-2023-0052 Long, Y., Lu, Q., Xiang, R., Li, M., Huang, C.R. (2017). Fake news detection through multi-perspective speaker profiles. Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers), pp. 252– 256. Majerczak, P., & Strzelecki, A. (2022). Trust, media credibility, social ties, and the intention to share towards information verification in an age of fake news. Behavioral Sciences , 12(2), 51. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12020051 McGill University (n.d.). English language proficiency. Future Graduate Students. https://www.mcgill.ca/gradapplicants/how-apply/you-apply-mcgill/proficiency McGill University (n.d.). English language proficiency. Undergraduate Admissions. https://www.mcgill.ca/undergraduate-admissions/apply/english-proficiency McGrew, S., Smith, M., Breakstone, J., Ortega, T., & Wineburg, S. (2019). Improving university students’ web savvy: An intervention study. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 89(3), 485–500. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12279 Milczarski, W., Borkowska, A., Paruzel-Czachura, M., & Białek, M. (2023). Using a foreign language does not make you think more: Null effects of using a foreign language on cognitive reflection and numeracy. International Journal of Bilingualism. https://doi.org/10.1177/13670069231206701 Moore, R. C., & Hancock, J. T. (2022). A digital media literacy intervention for older adults improves resilience to fake news. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 6008–6008. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-08437-0 Muda, R., Pennycook, G., Hamerski, D., & Białek, M. (2023). People are worse at detecting fake news in their foreign language. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Applied, (20230508). https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000475 Murrock, E., Amulya, J., Druckman, M., & Liubyva, T. (2018). Winning the war on state-sponsored propaganda: Results from an impact study of a Ukrainian news media and information literacy program. Journal of Media Literacy Education, 10(2), 53–85. Newman, M. L., Pennebaker, J. W., Berry, D. S., Richards, J. M. (2003). Lying words: Predicting deception from linguistic styles. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(5), pp. 665-675. Nickerson, R. S. (1998). Confirmation bias: A ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises. Review of General Psychology, 2(2), 175–220. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175 Niszczota, P., Pawlak, M., & Białek, M. (2022). Bilinguals are less susceptible to the bias blind spot in their second language. International Journal of Bilingualism, (20220711). https://doi.org/10.1177/13670069221110383 Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic analysis: Striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847 OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (September 24 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/ Pavlenko, A. (2012). Affective processing in bilingual speakers: Disembodied cognition? International Journal of Psychology, 47(6), 405–428. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207594.2012.743665 Pennycook, G. (2023). A framework for understanding reasoning errors: From fake news to climate change and beyond. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 67, 131–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aesp.2022.11.003 Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2021). The psychology of fake news. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 25(5), 388–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2021.02.007 Pennycook, G., Binnendyk, J., Newton, C., & Rand, D. G. (2021). A practical guide to doing behavioral research on fake news and misinformation. Collabra: Psychology, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.25293 Pennycook, G., Cheyne, J. A., Koehler, D. & Fugelsang, J.A. (2020). On the belief that beliefs should change according to evidence: Implications for conspiratorial, moral, paranormal, political, religious, and science beliefs. Judgment and Decision Making, 15, 476–498. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1930297500007439 Pennycook, G., Epstein, Z., Mosleh, M., Arechar, A. A., Eckles, D., & Rand, D. G. (2021). Shifting attention to accuracy can reduce misinformation online. Nature, 592(7855), 590–595. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03344-2 Potter, W. J. (2021). Media literacy. SAGE Publications, Incorporated. Potter, W. J. (2022). Analysis of definitions of media literacy. Journal of Media Literacy Education, 14(2), 27–43. https://doi.org/10.23860/JMLE-2022-14-2-3 Preston, S., Anderson, A., Robertson, D. J., Shephard, M. P., Huhe, N., & Fernández-Berrocal, P. (2021). Detecting fake news on Facebook: the role of emotional intelligence. Plos One, 16(3). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246757 Purpuri, S., Vasta, N., Filippi, R., Wei, L., & Mulatti, C. (2024). Does language shape the way we think? A review of the foreign language effect across domains. International Journal of Bilingualism. https://doi.org/10.1177/13670069231225374 Purpuri, S., Vasta, N., Filippi, R., Wei, L., & Mulatti, C. (2024). The Foreign Language Effect on tolerance of ambiguity. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 27(1), 16–24. doi:10.1017/S1366728923000469 Richards, K. (2009). Interviews. In Heigham, J. & Croker, R. A. (Eds.), Qualitative research in applied linguistics: A practical introduction (pp.182– 199). Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: 10.1057/9780230239517 Rojas, J. & Hernández-Fernández, J. (2018). The importance of English as a Second Language in Latin America. In J. Hernández-Fernández & J. Rojas (Eds.), English public policies in Latin America: Looking for innovation and systemic improvement in quality English language teaching (pp.10– 30). British Council Mexico. Rubin, H. J., & Rubin, I. S. (2012). Structuring the interview. In Qualitative Interviewing: The art of hearing data (2nd ed., pp. 129– 151). SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452226651 Sarrion, E. (2023). Exploring the power of chatgpt: applications, techniques, and implications. Apress. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-9529-8 Sousa, S., & Bates, N. (2021). Factors influencing content credibility in Facebook’s news feed. Human-Intelligent Systems Integration, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42454-021-00029-z Stamboliev, E. (2023). Proposing a postcritical AI literacy: Why we should worry less about algorithmic transparency and more about citizen empowerment. Media Theory Journal, 7(1), 201–232. http://mediatheoryjournal.org/ Stankovic, M., Biedermann, B., & Hamamura, T. (2022). Not all bilinguals are the same: A meta-analysis of the moral foreign language effect. Brain and Language, 227, 105082–105082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2022.105082 Statistics Canada. (2021). Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population. Government of Canada. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E Statistics Canada. (2023). A portrait of educational attainment and occupational outcomes among racialized populations in 2021. Government of Canada. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/as-sa/98-200-X/2021011/98-200-X2021011-eng.cfm Strauss, A. L., & Corbin, J. M. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (2nd ed.). Sage Publications. Teitelbaum Dorfman, F., Kogan, B., Barttfeld, P., & García, A. M. (2024). Bilinguals on the footbridge: The role of foreign-language proficiency in moral decision making. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728924000312 Vanek, N., & Tovalovich, A. (2022). Emotionality ratings and electrodermal responses to university-related expressions in a native and a non-native language. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 25(8), 2817–2833. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2021.1978924 Vives, M.L., Aparici, M., Costa, A., & Sigman, M. (2018). The limits of the foreign language effect on decision-making: The case of the outcome bias and the representativeness heuristic. Plos One, 13(9). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203528 Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online. Science, 359(6380), 1146–1151. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9559 Wu, Y., Mou, Y., Li, Z., & Xu, K. (2020). Investigating American and Chinese subjects’ explicit and implicit perceptions of ai-generated artistic work. Computers in Human Behavior, 104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.106186 Zhou, C., Li, K., & Lu, Y. (2021). Linguistic characteristics and the dissemination of misinformation in social media: the moderating effect of information richness. Information Processing and Management, 58(6). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2021.102679 Zhou, X., & Zafarani, R. (2021). A survey of fake news: Fundamental theories, detection methods, and opportunities. ACM Computing Surveys, 53(5), 109.