Abstract

Logs capture valuable information throughout the execution of software systems. The rich knowledge conveyed in logs is leveraged by researchers and practitioners in performing various tasks, both in software development and its operation. Log-related issues, such as missing or having outdated information, may have a large impact on the users who depend on these logs. In this paper, we first perform an empirical study on log-related issues in two large-scale, open-source software systems. We found that the files with log-related issues have undergone statistically significantly more frequent prior changes, and bug fixes. We also found that developers fixing these log-related issues are often not the ones who introduced the logging statement nor the owner of the method containing the logging statement. Maintaining logs is more challenging without experts. Finally, we found that most of the defective logging statements remain unreported for a long period (median 320 days). Once reported, the issues are fixed quickly (median five days). Our empirical findings suggest the need for automated tools that can detect log-related issues promptly. We conducted a manual study and identified seven root-causes of the log-related issues. Based on these root causes, we developed an automated tool that detects four types of log-related issues. Our tool can detect 78 existing inappropriate logging statements reported in 40 log-related issues. We also reported new issues found by our tool to developers and 38 previously unknown issues in the latest release of the subject systems were accepted by developers.