Login | Register

Conceptual access of compound and pseudocompound “constituents”: Evidence from dichoptic presentation

Title:

Conceptual access of compound and pseudocompound “constituents”: Evidence from dichoptic presentation

Salehi, Kyan (2023) Conceptual access of compound and pseudocompound “constituents”: Evidence from dichoptic presentation. Masters thesis, Concordia University.

[thumbnail of Salehi-MA-S2023.pdf]
Preview
Text (application/pdf)
Salehi-MA-S2023.pdf - Accepted Version
Available under License Spectrum Terms of Access.
770kB

Abstract

How are (pseudo)complex words recognized? The present study investigates the nature of the visual word recognition system by employing a word-picture relatedness task with brief exposure to target stimuli. Participants were dichoptically presented word-picture pairs (133 ms and backward masked) and were instructed to judge whether the stimuli were related to each other. The main manipulation consisted of presenting a target compound (e.g., bedroom, seatbelt) or pseudocompound (e.g., fanfare, shamrock) word and a picture representing either the first or second “constituent” (e.g., BED, BELT, FAN, and ROCK, respectively). If the word recognition system decomposes letter sequences with knowledge of morpho-orthographic regularities but is blind to semantics, we predicted that the “constituents” of both compounds and pseudocompounds would be semantically accessed. On the other hand, if the word recognition system is morpho-semantically informed, only compound constituents would be accessed. Accuracy and response times to relatedness judgements were analyzed using linear mixed effects models. Results revealed that (a) pseudocompound “constituents” were semantically accessed, but to a lesser degree than compounds—with less accurate and longer response times—and (b) both compounds and pseudocompounds produced a first “constituent” advantage in accuracy, but not in RTs. We interpret these results as supporting a semantically blind morpho-orthographic parser that quickly accesses and composes “constituent” meanings, while suppressing morpho- orthographically legal but semantically anomalous compositions.

Divisions:Concordia University > Faculty of Arts and Science > Psychology
Item Type:Thesis (Masters)
Authors:Salehi, Kyan
Institution:Concordia University
Degree Name:M.A.
Program:Psychology
Date:26 July 2023
Thesis Supervisor(s):G. de Almeida, Roberto
Keywords:visual word recognition; semantic processing; word-picture relatedness task; compounds; pseudocompounds
ID Code:992869
Deposited By: Kyan Salehi
Deposited On:17 Nov 2023 14:36
Last Modified:17 Nov 2023 14:36

References:

Allen, M., & Badecker, W. (2002). Inflectional regularity: Probing the nature of lexical representation in a cross-modal priming task. Journal of Memory and Language, 46(4), 705–722.
Amenta, S. & Crepaldi, D. (2012). Morphological processing as we know it: an analytical review of morphological effects in visual word identification. Frontiers in Psychology, 3(232), 1-12.
Amenta, S., Marelli, M., & Crepaldi, D. (2015). The fruitless effort of growing a fruitless tree: Early morpho-orthographic and morpho-semantic effects in sentence reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 41(5), 1587-1596.
Angele, B., & Rayner, K. (2013). Eye movements and parafoveal preview of compound words: Does morpheme order matter? Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 66(3), 505-526.
Baayen, R. H., Dijkstra, T., & Schreuder, R. (1997). Singulars and plurals in Dutch: Evidence for a parallel dual-route model. Journal of memory and language, 37(1), 94-117.
Baayen, R. H., Milin, P., Đurđević, D. F., Hendrix, P., & Marelli, M. (2011). An amorphous model for morphological processing in visual comprehension based on naive discriminative learning. Psychological review, 118(3), 438-481.
Baayen, R. H., Davidson, D. J., Bates, D. M. (2008). Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items. Journal of Memory and Language, 59, 390- 412.
Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1), 1-48.
Bauer, L. (2003). Introducing Linguistic Morphology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Bauer, L. (2008). Les composés exocentriques de l’anglais. In D. Amiot (Ed.), La composition dans une perspective typologique (pp. 35-47). Arras: Artois Presses Université.
Bertram, R., Tønnessen, F. E., Strömqvist, S., Hyönä, J., & Niemi, P. (2015). Cascaded processing in written compound word production. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 9(207), 1-10.
Beyersmann, E., Coltheart, M., & Castles, A. (2012). Parallel processing of whole words and morphemes in visual word recognition. Quarterly journal of experimental psychology, 65(9), 1798-1819.
Beyersmann, E., Grainger, J., & Taft, M. (2020). Evidence for embedded word length effects in complex nonwords. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 35(2), 235-245.
Beyersmann, E., Kezilas, Y., Coltheart, M., Castles, A., Ziegler, J. C., Taft, M., & Grainger, J. (2018). Taking the book from the bookshelf: Masked constituent priming effects from compound words and nonwords. Journal of cognition, 1(1), 1-13.
Beyersmann, E., Ziegler, J. C., Castles, A., Coltheart, M., Kezilas, Y., & Grainger, J. (2016). Morpho-orthographic segmentation without semantics. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23, 533-539.
Bölte, J., Dohmes, P., & Zwitserlood, P. (2013). Interference and facilitation in spoken word production: effects of morphologically and semantically related context stimuli on picture naming. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 42, 255-280.
Brodeur, M. B., Dionne-Dostie, E., Montreuil, T., & Lepage, M. (2010). The Bank of Standardized Stimuli (BOSS), a new set of 480 normative photos of objects to be used as visual stimuli in cognitive research. PloS one, 5(5), 1-13.
Brodeur, M. B., Guérard, K., & Bouras, M. (2014). Bank of standardized stimuli (BOSS) phase II: 930 new normative photos. PloS one, 9(9), 1-10.
Bueno, S., & Frenck-Mestre, C. (2008). The activation of semantic memory: Effects of prime exposure, prime-target relationship, and task demands. Memory & Cognition, 36(4), 882-898.
Burani, C., & Caramazza, A. (1987). Representation and processing of derived words. Language and Cognitive Processes, 2(3-4), 217-227.
Burani, C., Salmaso, D., & Caramazza, A. (1984). Morphological Structures and Lexical Access. Visible Language, 18(4), 342-352.
Caramazza, A., Miceli, G., Silveri, M. C., & Laudanna, A. (1985). Reading mechanisms and the organisation of the lexicon: Evidence from acquired dyslexia. Cognitive neuropsychology, 2(1), 81-114.
Cohen, L., Dehaene, S., Naccache, L., Lehéricy, S., Dehaene- Lambertz, G., Hénaff, M. A., & Michel, F. (2000). The visual word form area: spatial and temporal characterization of an initial stage of reading in normal subjects and posterior split-brain patients. Brain, 123(2), 291-307.
Colé, P., Beauvillain, C., & Segui, J. (1989). On the representation and processing of prefixed and suffixed derived words: A differential frequency effect. Journal of Memory and Language, 28(1), 1-13.
Crepaldi, D., Rastle, K., Coltheart, M., & Nickels, L. (2010). ‘Fell’ primes ‘fall’, but does ‘bell’ prime ‘ball’? Masked priming with irregularly-inflected primes. Journal of Memory and Language, 63(1), 83-99.
Crepaldi, D., Rastle, K., Davis, C. J., & Lupker, S. J. (2013). Seeing stems everywhere: position-independent identification of stem morphemes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 39(2), 510-525.
Davies, M. (2009). The 385+ million word Corpus of Contemporary American English (1990–2008+): Design, architecture, and linguistic insights. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 14(2), 159-190.
Davis, C., Libben, G. & Segalowitz, S. (2019). Compounding matters: Event-related potential evidence for early semantic access to compound words. Cognition, 184, 44- 52.
de Almeida, R. G., Di Nardo, J., Antal, C., & von Grünau, M. W. (2019). Understanding events by eye and ear: Agent and verb drive non-anticipatory eye movements in dynamic scenes. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(2162), 1-20.
de Almeida, R. G., Dumassais, S., & Antal, C. (2020) Morphological parsing by foveal split: Evidence from Anaglyphs. In S. Deninson, M. Mack, Y. Xu, & B. C. Armstrong (Eds.), Proceedings of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 3055-3061). Toronto, ON: Cognitive Science Society.
de Groot, A. M. B. (1990). The locus of the associative-priming ef- fect in the mental lexicon. In D. A. Balota, G. B. Flores d’Arcais, & K. Rayner (Eds.), Comprehension Processes in Reading (pp. 101-123). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Diependaele, K., Grainger, J., & Sandra, D. (2012). Derivational morphology and skilled reading. In M. J. Spivey, K. McRae, & M. F. Joanisse (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Psycholinguistics (pp. 311-332). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Diependaele, K., Morris, J., Serota, R. M., Bertrand, D., & Grainger, J. (2013). Breaking boundaries: Letter transpositions and morphological processing. Language and Cognitive Processes, 28(7), 988-1003.
Diependaele, K., Sandra, D., & Grainger, J. (2009). Semantic transparency and masked morphological priming: The case of prefixed words. Memory & Cognition, 37(6), 895-908.
Dohmes, P., Zwitserlood, P., & Bölte, J. (2004). The impact of semantic transparency of morphologically complex words on picture naming. Brain and Language, 90(1-3), 203-212.
Domínguez, A., Segui, J., & Cuetos, F. (2002). The time-course of inflexional morphological priming. Linguistics, 40(2), 235-259.
Duñabeitia, J. A., Perea, M., & Carreiras, M. (2007). The role of the frequency of constituents in compound words: Evidence from Basque and Spanish. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14(6), 1171-1176.
Dressler, W. U. (2006). Compound types. In G. Libben, & G. Jarema (Eds.), The Representation and Processing of Compound Words. Oxford: Oxford Academic.
El-Bialy, R., Gagné, C. L., & Spalding, T. L. (2013). Processing of English compounds is sensitive to the constituents’ semantic transparency. The Mental Lexicon, 8(1), 75-95.
Feldman, L. B., Barac-Cikoja, D., & Kostić, A. (2002). Semantic aspects of morphological processing: Transparency effects in Serbian. Memory & Cognition, 30(4), 629-636.
Feldman, L. B., Kostić, A., Gvozdenović, V., O’Connor, P. A., & Moscoso del Prado Martín, F. (2012). Semantic similarity influences early morphological priming in Serbian: A challenge to form-then-meaning accounts of word recognition. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 19, 668-676.
Feldman, L. B., O’Connor, P. A., & del Prado Martín, F. M. (2009). Early morphological processing is morphosemantic and not simply morpho-orthographic: A violation of form-then-meaning accounts of word recognition. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16, 684-691.
Feldman, L. B., Milin, P., Cho, K. W., Moscoso del Prado Martín, F., & O’Connor, P. A. (2015). Must analysis of meaning follow analysis of form? A time course analysis. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9(111), 1-19.
Fiorentino, R., & Fund-Reznicek, E. (2009). Masked morphological priming of compound constituents. The Mental Lexicon, 4(2), 159-193.
Fodor, J. A. (1975). The Language of Thought. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Fodor, J. A. (1983). The Modularity of Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Fodor, J. A. (2000). The Mind Doesn’t Work that Way. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Fodor, J. A., & Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1988). Connectionism and cognitive architecture: A critical analysis. Cognition, 28(1-2), 3-71.
Fodor, J. A., & Pylyshyn, Z. W. (2015). Minds without meanings: An essay on the content of concepts. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Forster, K. I. (1985) Special purpose computation: All is not one. Behavior and Brain Sciences, 8(1), 9-11.
Forster, K. I., & Davis, C. (1984). Repetition priming and frequency attenuation in lexical access. Journal of experimental psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 10(4), 680-698.
Foss, D. J. (1988). Experimental psycholinguistics. Annual Review of Psychology, 39(1), 301-348.
Fruchter, J., & Marantz, A. (2015). Decomposition, lookup, and recombination: MEG evidence for the full decomposition model of complex visual word recognition. Brain and Language, 143, 81-96.
Gagné, C. L., & Spalding, T. L. (2016). Effects of morphology and semantic transparency on typing latencies in English compound and pseudocompound words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 42(9), 1489-1495.
Gagné, C. L., Spalding, T. L., Nisbet, K. A., & Armstrong, C. (2018). Pseudo-morphemic structure inhibits, but morphemic structure facilitates, processing of a repeated free morpheme. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 33(10), 1252-1274.
Giraudo, H., & Grainger, J. (2000). Effects of prime word frequency and cumulative root frequency in masked morphological priming. Language and Cognitive Processes, 15(4-5), 421-444.
Giraudo, H., & Grainger, J. (2001). Priming complex words: Evidence for supralexical representation of morphology. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8(1), 127- 131.
Giraudo, H., & Grainger, J. (2003). A supralexical model for French derivational morphology. In E. Assink, & D. Sandra (Eds.), Reading complex words: Cross-language studies (pp. 139-157). New York: Kluwer Academic.
Grainger, J., & Beyersmann, E. (2017). Edge-aligned embedded word activation initiates morpho-orthographic segmentation. Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 67(1), 285-317.
Grainger, J., & Ziegler, J. C. (2011). A dual-route approach to orthographic processing. Frontiers in psychology, 2(54), 1-13.
Guasch, M., Haro, J., & Boada, R. (2017). Clustering words to match conditions: An algorithm for stimuli selection in factorial designs. Psicologica: International Journal of Methodology and Experimental Psychology, 38(1), 111- 131.
Günther, F., & Marelli, M. (2019). Enter sandman: Compound processing and semantic transparency in a compositional perspective. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 45(10), 1872-1882.
Jackendoff, R. (2002). Foundations of knowledge. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jarema, G., Busson, C., Nikolova, R., Tsapkini, K., & Libben, G. (1999). Processing compounds: A cross-linguistic study. Brain and Language, 68(1-2), 362-369.
Kehayia, E., Jarema, G., Tsapkini, K., Perlak, D., Ralli, A., & Kadzielawa, D. (1999). The role of morphological structure in the processing of compounds: The interface between linguistics and psycholinguistics. Brain and Language, 68(1-2), 370-377.
Kim, S. Y., Yap, M. J., & Goh, W. D. (2019). The role of semantic transparency in visual word recognition of compound words: A megastudy approach. Behavior Research Methods, 51, 2722-2732.
Kuperman, V. (2013). Accentuate the positive: Semantic access in English compounds. Frontiers in Psychology, 4(203), 1-10.
Kuperman, V., Bertram, R., & Baayen, R. H. (2010). Processing trade-offs in the reading of Dutch derived words. Journal of Memory and Language, 62(2), 83-97.
Kuperman, V., Schreuder, R., Bertram, R., & Baayen, R. H. (2009). Reading polymorphemic Dutch compounds: toward a multiple route model of lexical processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 35(3), 876.
Lavric, A., Rastle, K., & Clapp, A. (2011). What do fully visible primes and brain potentials reveal about morphological decomposition?. Psychophysiology, 48(5), 676-686.
Lenth, R. V. (2022). emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, aka Least-Squares Means. R package version 1.7.2. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=emmeans
Lieber, R. (2004). Morphology and lexical semantics (Vol. 104). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Libben, G. (1994). How is morphological decomposition achieved?. Language and Cognitive Processes, 9(3), 369-391.
Libben, G. (2003). Morphological parsing and morphological structure. In Reading Complex Words: Cross-Language Studies (pp. 221-239). Boston, MA: Springer US.
Libben, G. (2006). Why study compound processing? An overview of the issues. In G. Libben, & G. Jarema (Eds.), The representation and processing of compound words (pp. 1-22). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Libben, G. (2014). The nature of compounds: A psychocentric perspective. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 31(1-2), 8-25.
Libben, G. & de Almeida, R. G. (2002). Is there a morphological parser? In S. Bendjaballah, W. U. Dressler, O. E. Pfeiffer & M. D. Voeikova (Eds.), Morphology 2000 (pp. 213-225). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Libben, G., Derwing, B. L., & de Almeida, R. G. (1999). Ambiguous novel compounds and models of morphological parsing. Brain and Language, 68(1-2), 378-386.
Libben, G., Gallant, J., & Dressler, W. U. (2021). Textual effects in compound processing: A window on words in the world. Frontiers in Communication, 6(646454), 1-17.
Libben, G., Gibson, M., Yoon, Y. B., & Sandra, D. (2003). Compound fracture: The role of semantic transparency and morphological headedness. Brain and language, 84(1), 50-64.
Libben, G., Goral, M., & Baayen, R. H. (2018). What does constituent priming mean in the investigation of compound processing?. The Mental Lexicon, 13(2), 269-284.
Libben, G., & Weber, S. (2014). Semantic transparency, compounding, and the nature of independent variables. In F. Rainer, U. Wolfgang, F. Gardani, W. U. Dressler, and H. C. Luschützky (Eds.), Morphology and meaning (pp. 205-222). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Lo, S., & Andrews, S. (2015). To transform or not to transform: Using generalized linear mixed models to analyse reaction time data. Frontiers in Psychology, 6(1171), 1-16.
Longtin, C. M., & Meunier, F. (2005). Morphological decomposition in early visual word processing. Journal of Memory and Language, 53(1), 26-41.
Longtin, C. M., Segui, J., & Hallé, P. A. (2003). Morphological priming without morphological relationship. Language and Cognitive Processes, 18(3), 313-334.
Manelis, L., & Tharp, D. A. (1977). The processing of affixed words. Memory & Cognition, 5(6), 690-695.
Manouilidou, C., Nerantzini, M., Chiappetta, B. M., Mesulam, M., & Thompson, C. K. (2021). What language disorders reveal about the mechanisms of morphological processing. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(701802), 1-17.
Marelli, M., Crepaldi, D., & Luzzatti, C. (2009). Head position and the mental representation of nominal compounds: A constituent priming study in Italian. The Mental Lexicon, 4(3), 430-454.
Marelli, M., & Luzzatti, C. (2012). Frequency effects in the processing of Italian nominal compounds: Modulation of headedness and semantic transparency. Journal of Memory and Language, 66(4), 644-664.
Marslen-Wilson, W., Tyler, L. K., Waksler, R., & Older, L. (1994). Morphology and meaning in the English mental lexicon. Psychological Review, 101(1), 3-33.
Marslen-Wilson, W. D., Bozic, M., & Randall, B. (2008). Early decomposition in visual word recognition: Dissociating morphology, form, and meaning. Language and Cognitive Processes, 23(3), 394-421.
Meunier, F., and Segui, J. (1999). Morphological priming effect: the role of surface frequency. Brain and Language. 68(1-2), 54-60.
McClelland, J. L., & Rumelhart, D. E. (1981). An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: I. An account of basic findings. Psychological Review, 88(5), 375-407.
Melvie, T., Taikh, A., Gagné, C. L., & Spalding, T. L. (2022). Constituent processing in compound and pseudocompound words. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale. Advance online publication.
Meunier, F., & Longtin, C. M. (2007). Morphological decomposition and semantic integration in word processing. Journal of Memory and Language, 56(4), 457-471.
Murrell, G. A., & Morton, J. (1974). Word recognition and morphemic structure. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 102(6), 963-968.
Neophytou, K., Manouilidou, C., Stockall, L., & Marantz, A. (2018). Syntactic and semantic restrictions on morphological recomposition: MEG evidence from Greek. Brain and Language, 183, 11-20.
Osborne, J. (2002). Notes on the use of data transformations. Practical assessment, research, and evaluation, 8(6), 1-7.
Osborne, J. W., & Overbay, A. (2004). The power of outliers (and why researchers should always check for them). Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 9(6), 1-8.
Pavlovia (2020). Pavlovia.org
Peirce, J. W., Gray, J. R., Simpson, S., MacAskill, M. R., Höchenberger, R., Sogo, H., Kastman, E., Lindeløv, J. (2019). PsychoPy2: experiments in behavior made easy. Behavior Research Methods.
Pollatsek, A., Drieghe, D., Stockall, L., & De Almeida, R. G. (2010). The interpretation of ambiguous trimorphemic words in sentence context. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 17(1), 88-94.
R Core Team (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https://www.R- project.org/.
Rastle, K., & Davis, M. H. (2008). Morphological decomposition based on the analysis of orthography. Language and Cognitive Processes, 23(7-8), 942-971.
Rastle, K., Davis, M. H., Marslen-Wilson, W. D., & Tyler, L. K. (2000). Morphological and semantic effects in visual word recognition: A time-course study. Language and Cognitive processes, 15(4-5), 507-537.
Rastle, K., & Davis, M. H. (2003). Reading morphologically complex words. In S. Kinoshita & S. J. Lupker (Eds.), Masked priming: The state of the art (pp. 279-305). New York: Psychology Press.
Rastle, K., Davis, M. H., & New, B. (2004). The broth in my brother’s brothel: Morpho-orthographic segmentation in visual word recognition. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 11(6), 1090-1098.
Sahel, S., Nottbusch, G., Grimm, A., & Weingarten, R. (2008). Written production of German compounds: Effects of lexical frequency and semantic transparency. Written Language & Literacy, 11(2), 211-227.
Sandra, D. (1990). On the representation and processing of compound words: Automatic access to constituent morphemes does not occur. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 42(3), 529-567.
Shabani-Jadidi, P. (2016). Compound verb processing in second language speakers of Persian. Iranian Studies, 49(1), 137-158.
Schäfer, M. (2018). The semantic transparency of English compound nouns. Berlin: Language Science Press.
Schmidtke, D., & Kuperman, V. (2019). A paradox of apparent brainless behavior: The time-course of compound word recognition. Cortex, 116, 250-267.
Schmidtke, D., Matsuki, K., & Kuperman, V. (2017). Surviving blind decomposition: A distributional analysis of the time-course of complex word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 43(11), 1793-1820.
Singmann, H., Bolker, B., Westfall, J., Aust, F., & Ben-Shachar, M. S. (2018). afex: Analysis of Factorial Experiments.
Solomyak, O., & Marantz, A. (2010). Evidence for early morphological decomposition in visual word recognition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22(9), 2042-2057.
Stockall, L., & Marantz, A. (2006). A single route, full decomposition model of morphological complexity: MEG evidence. The Mental Lexicon, 1(1), 85-123.
Stockall, L., Manouilidou, C., Gwilliams, L., Neophytou, K., & Marantz, A. (2019). Prefix stripping re-re-revisited: MEG investigations of morphological decomposition and recomposition. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(1964), 1-17.
Taft, M. (1981). Prefix stripping revisited. Journal of verbal learning and verbal behavior, 20(3), 289-297.
Taft, M. (1991). Reading and the mental lexicon. Psychology Press.
Taft, M. (1994). Interactive-activation as a framework for understanding morphological processing. Language and Cognitive Processes, 9(3), 271-294.
Taft, M. (2004). Morphological decomposition and the reverse base frequency effect. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 57(4), 745-765.
Taft, M., & Forster, K. I. (1975). Lexical storage and retrieval of prefixed words. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 14(6), 638-647.
Taft, M., & Forster, K. I. (1976). Lexical storage and retrieval of polymorphemic and polysyllabic words. Journal Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 15(6), 607-620.
ten Hacken, P. (2016). The semantics of compounding. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Van Selst, M., & Jolicoeur, P. (1994). A solution to the effect of sample size on outlier elimination. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 47(3), 631-650.
Wickham, H., Chang, W., & Wickham, M. H. (2016). Package ‘ggplot2’. Create elegant data visualisations using the grammar of graphics. Version, 2(1), 1-189.
Winter, B. (2013). Linear models and linear mixed effects models in R with linguistic applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:1308.5499.
Winter, B. (2019). Statistics for linguists: An introduction using R. Abington, UK: Routledge.
Zwitserlood, P. (1994). The role of semantic transparency in the processing and representation of Dutch compounds. Language and Cognitive Processes, 9(3), 341-368.
Zwitserlood, P., Bölte, J., & Dohmes, P. (2000). Morphological effects on speech production: Evidence from picture naming. Language and Cognitive Processes, 15(4-5), 563-591.
Zwitserlood, P., Bölte, J., & Dohmes, P. (2002). Where and how morphologically complex words interplay with naming pictures. Brain and Language, 81(1-3), 358-367.
All items in Spectrum are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved. The use of items is governed by Spectrum's terms of access.

Repository Staff Only: item control page

Downloads per month over past year

Research related to the current document (at the CORE website)
- Research related to the current document (at the CORE website)
Back to top Back to top