References:

Arathi H. S. 1990 Proximate causes of embryo abortion in plants with reference to Derrisindica [Lam.] and Syzygium cumini [L.]. Skeels. M.Sc.(Ag.) thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India

———, K. N. Ganeshaiah R. Uma Shaanker S. G. Hegde 1996 Factors affecting embryo abortion in Syzygium cuminii (L.) Skeels (Myrtaceae). International Journal of Plant Sciences 157: 49-52

Augspurger C. K. K. P. Hogan 1983 Wind dispersal of fruits with variable seed number in a tropical tree [Lonchocarpus pentaphyllus; Leguminosae]. American Journal of Botany 70: 1031-1037

Bawa K. S. S. G. Hegde K. N. Ganeshaiah R. Uma Shaanker 1989 Embryo and seed abortion in plants. Nature 342: 625-626

———, andC. J. Webb 1984 Flower, fruit and seed abortion in tropical forest trees: implications for evolution of paternal and maternal reproductive patterns. American Journal of Botany 71: 736-751

Breed M. D. 1981 Individual recognition and learning of queen odors by worker honey bees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 78: 2635-2637

———. 1983 Nestmate recognition in honeybees. Animal Behaviour 31: 86-91

Casper B. B. 1983 The efficiency of pollen transfer and rates of embryo initiation in Cryptantha. Oecologia 59: 262-268

———, andD. Wiens 1981 Fixed rates of random ovule abortion in Cryptantha flava [Boraginaceae] and its possible relation to seed dispersal. Ecology 62: 866-869

Cheliak W. M. J. A. Pitel 1984 Techniques for starch gel electrophoresis of enzymes from forest tree species. Information report PI-X-42, Petawava National Forestry Institute. Canadian Forestry Service, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Cheplick G. P. 1992 Sibling competition in plants. Journal of Ecology 80: 567-575

Chung M. G. J. L. Hamrick S. B. Jones G. S. Derda 1991 Isozyme variations within and among populations of Hosta (Liliaceae) in Korea. Systematic Botany 16: 667-684

Cumaraswamy A. K. S. Bawa 1989 Sex allocation and mating systems in Pigeon pea (Fabaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 168: 59-69

Dolan R. W. 1994 Patterns of isozyme variation in relation to population size, isolation and phytogeographic history in royal catchfly (Silene regia; Caryophyllaceae). American Journal of Botany 81: 965-972

Donnel M. E. K. S. Bawa 1993 Gametic selection and patterns of ovule and seed abortion. Current Science 65: 214-219

Doyle J. J. J. L. Doyle 1987 A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small amounts of fresh leaf tissue. Phytochemistry Bulletin 19: 11-15

Ganeshaiah K. N. R. Uma Shaanker 1988 Seed abortion in wind dispersed pods of Dalbergia sissoo: maternal regulation or sibling rivalry?. Oecologia 77: 135-139

———, and ———. 1991 Seed size optimization in a wind dispersed tree Butea monosperma: a trade-off between seedling establishment and pod dispersal efficiency. Oikos 60: 3-6

———, ———, and N. V. Joshi 1991 Evolution of polyembryony: consequences to the fitness of the mother and the offspring. Journal of Genetics 70: 103-127

———, and ———. 1992 Frequency distribution of seed number per fruit in plants: a consequence of the self-organizing process?. Current Science 62: 359-365

Greenberg L. 1979 Genetic component of bee odour in kin recognition. Science 206: 1095-1097

Gross R. S. P. A. Werner 1983 Relationships among flowering phenology, insect visitors, and seed set of individuals: experimental studies on four co-occuring species of golden rod [Solidago: compositae]. Ecological Monographs 53: 95-117

Guth C. J. S. G. Weller 1986 Pollination, fertilization and ovule abortion in Oxalis magnifica. American Journal of Botany 73: 246-253

Haig D. M. Westoby 1988 Inclusive fitness, seed resources and maternal care. In J. Lovett-Doust and L. Lovett-Doust [eds.], Plant reproductive ecology, 60–79. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA

Hamilton W. D. 1964 The genetical evolution of social behaviour. Journal of Theoretical Biology 7: 1-16

Hedley C. L. M. J. Ambrose 1981 Designing "leafless" plants for improving yields of the dried pea crop. Advances in Agronomy 34: 225-277

Hegde S. G. R. Uma Shaanker K. N. Ganeshaiah 1991a Evolution of seed size in the bird dispersed tree Santalum album: a trade-off between the seedling establishment and pod dispersal efficiency. Evolutionary Trends in Plants 5: 131-135

———, ———, and ———. 1991b Fruit preference criteria by avian frugivores: their implications in the evolution of clutch size in Solanum pubescens. Oikos 60: 3-6

Ho L. C. 1988 Metabolism and compartmentation of imported sugars in sink organs in relation to sink strength. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 39: 355-378

Holmes W. G. P. W. Sherman 1982 The ontogeny of kin recognition in two species of ground squirrels. American Zoologist 22: 491-517

Lee T. D. F. A. Bazzaz 1982 Regulation of fruit and seed production in an annual legume, Cassia fasciculata. Ecology 63: 1363-1373

———, and ———. 1986 Maternal regulation of fecundity: non-random ovule abortion in Cassia fasciculata. Oecologia 68: 439-465

Janzen D. H. 1982 Variation in average seed size and fruit seediness in a fruit crop of a Gunacaste tree (Leguminosae) Enterolobium cyclocarpum. American Journal of Botany 69: 1169-1178

Joshi N. V. 1992 Sibling rivalry between seeds with in a fruit: some population genetic models. Journal of Genetics 71: 105-119

Kress W. J. 1981 Sibling competition and evolution of pollen unit, ovule number and pollen vector in angiosperms. Systematic Botany 6: 101-112

Krishnamurthy K. S. 1995 Mechanisms of seed abortion in Syzygium cuminii (L.) Skeels, and the role of self organised flow of resources to sinks in differential development of seeds in plants. M.Sc.(Ag.) thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India

———, R. Uma Shaanker K. N. Ganeshaiah 1997 Seed abortion in an animal dispersed species, Syzgium cuminii (L.) Skeels (Myrtaceae): the chemical basis. Current Science 73: 869-873

Ludwig J. A. J. F. Reynolds 1988 Statistical ecology: a primer on methods and computing. John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York, USA

Manning E. J. E. K. Wakeland W. K. Potts 1992 Communal nesting patterns in mice implicate MHC gene in kin recognition. Nature 360: 581-584

Meinke D. W. 1982 Embryo-lethal mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana: evidence for gametophytic expression of the mutant genes. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 63: 381-386

Mock D. W. G. A. Parker 1997 The evolution of sibling rivalry. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK

———, and ———. 1998 Siblicide, family conflict and the evolutionary limits of selfishness. Animal Behaviour 56: 1-10

Mogenson H. L. 1975 Ovule abortion in Quercus. American Journal of Botany 62: 160-165

Mohan Raju B. 1993 Embryo abortion in Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.: proximate mechanisms and ultimate causes. M.Sc.(Ag.) thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India

———, R. Uma Shaanker K. N. Ganeshaiah 1995 Differential rates of seed abortion among trees of Dalbergia sissoo: role of post-dispersal sibling competition. Current Science 68: 1114-1118

———, ———, and ———. 1996 Intrafruit seed abortion in a wind dispersed tree, Dalbergia sissoo: proximate mechanisms. Sexual Plant Reproduction 9: 273-278

Nakamura R. R. 1980 Plant kin selection. Evolutionary Theory 5: 113-117

O'Hara R. D. A. R. Blaustein 1981 An investigation of sibling recognition in Rana cascadae tadpoles. Animal Behaviour 29: 1121-1126

Packer C. D. A. Gilbert A. E. Pusey S. J O'Brien 1991 A molecular genetic analysis of kinship and cooperation in African lions. Nature 51: 562-565

Peterson C. J. H. Brown A. Kodric-Brown 1982 An experimental study of floral display and fruit set in Chilopsis linearis. Oecologia 55: 7-11

Reeve H. K. 1992 Queen activation of lazy workers in colonies of the eusocial naked mole rat. Nature 358: 47-149

Ridley H. N. 1930 Dispersal of plants throughout the world. Reeve, Ashford, UK

Rigney L. P. 1995 Postfertilization causes of differential success of pollen donors in Erythronium grandiflorum(liliaceae): non random ovule abortion. American Journal of Botany 82: 578-584

Schemske D. W. L. P. Pautler 1984 The effect of pollen composition on fitness components in a neotropical herb. Oecologia 62: 31-36

Sedgley M. 1981 Early development of the Macadamia ovary. Australian Journal of Botany 29: 185-193

Siegel S. N. J. Castellan 1988 Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences. McGraw-Hill, New York, New York, USA

Snedecor G. W. W. G. Cochran 1994 Satistical methods, 8th ed. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, USA

Snow A. A. 1982 Pollination intensity and potential seed set in Passiflora vitifolia. Oecologia 55: 231-237

Stephenson A. G. 1981 Flower and fruit abortion: proximate causes and ultimate functions. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 12: 253-279

Tonsor S. J. 1989 Relatedness and intraspecific competition in Plantago lanceolata. American Naturalist 134: 897-906

Trivers R. L. 1974 Parent–offspring conflict. American Zoologist 14: 249-264

Troup R. S. 1986 "Dalbergia sissoo.". In Silviculture of Indian trees, vol. 1, 294–318. International Books, Dehradun, India

Uma Shaanker R. K. N. Ganeshaiah 1984 Does pollination efficiency shape pollen grain to ovule ratio?. Current Science 53: 751-752

———, and ———. 1988 Bimodal distribution of seeds per pod in Caesalpinia pulcherrimma—parent offspring conflict?. Evolutionary Trends in Plants 2: 91-98

———, and ———. 1989 Stylar plugging by fertilized ovules in Kleinhovia hospita [Sterculiaceae]—a case of vaginal sealing in plants?. Evolutionary Trends in Plants 3: 59-64

———, and ———. 1990 Pollen grain deposition patterns and stigma strategies in regulating seed number per pod in multiovulated species. In K. S. Bawa and M. Hadley [eds.], Reproductive ecology of tropical forest plants, 165–178. Parthenon Press, Carnforth, Lancashire, UK

———, and ———. 1997 Conflict between parent and offspring in plants: predictions, processes and evolutionary consequences. Current Science 72: 932-939

———, and ———. 1998 Fruit and seed set in tropical trees: evolutionary constraints and proximate mechanisms. In A. K. Mandal and G. L. Gibson [eds.], Forest genetics and tree breeding, 205–216. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK

———, ———, and K. S. Bawa 1988 Parent offspring conflict, sibling rivalry and brood size patterns in plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 19: 177-205

———, ———, and T. R. Radhamani 1990 Association among the modes of pollination and seed dispersal: ecological factors and phylogenetic constraints. Evolutionary Trends in Plants 4: 107-111

Vasudeva R. 1995 Consequences of increased gametophyitc competition on seed development and hybrid vigour in plants with special reference to Hibiscus cannabinus L. and Phaseolus latheroides L. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India

Waldman B. K. Alder 1979 Toad tadpoles associate preferentially with siblings. Nature (London) 282: 611-613

Weigel R. C. K. W. Hughes 1986 In vitro ovule culture of a seedless persimmon. Journal of Heredity 7: 213

Weins D. 1984 Ovule survivorship, brood size, life history, breeding systems and reproductive success in plants. Oecologia 64: 47-53

———, C. I. Calvin C. A. Wilson C. I. Davern D. Frank S. R. Seavey 1987 Reproductive success, spontaneous embryo abortion and genetic load in flowering plants. Oecologia 71: 501-509

Wendel J. N. Weeden 1989 Visualization and interpretation of plant isozymes. In D. Soltis and P. Soltis [eds.], Isozymes in plant biology, 5–45. Dioscorides Press, Portland, Oregon, USA

Williams J. G. K. A. R. Kubelik K. J. Livak J. A. Rafalski 1990 DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers. Nucleic Acids Research 18: 6531-6535

Willson M. F. D. W. Schemske 1980 Pollinator limitation, fruit production and floral display in Pawpaw [Asimina triloba]. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 107: 401-408

Wu H. M. H. W. G. Holmes S. R. Medina G. P. Sackett 1980 Kin preference in infant Macaca nemstrina. Nature 285: 225-227

Wyatt R. 1981 The reproductive biology of Asclepias tuberosa. II. Factors determining fruit set. New Phytologist 88: 375-385

Zimmerman M. G. H. Pyke 1988 Reproduction in Polemonium: assessing factors limiting seed set. American Naturalist 131: 723-738