Venter, Oscar, Brodeur, Nathalie N., Nemiroff, Leah, Belland, Brenna, Dolinsek, Ivan J. and Grant, James W.A. (2006) Threats to Endangered Species in Canada. BioScience, 56 (11). pp. 903-910. ISSN 0006-3568
Preview |
Text (application/pdf)
3MBGrant_BioScience2006.pdf - Published Version |
Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2006)56[903:TT...
Abstract
We quantified the threats facing 488 species in Canada, categorized by COSEWIC (Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada) as extinct, extirpated, endangered, threatened, or of special concern. Habitat loss is the most prevalent threat (84%), followed by overexploitation (32%), native species interactions (31%), natural causes (27%), pollution (26%), and introduced species (22%). Agriculture (46%) and urbanization (44%) are the most common human activities causing habitat loss and pollution. For extant species, the number of threats per species increases with the level of endangerment. The prevalence of threat types varies among major habitats, with overexploitation being particularly important, and introduced species particularly unimportant, for marine species. Introduced species are a much less important threat in Canada than in the United States, but the causes of endangerment are broadly similar for Canadian and globally endangered species.
| Divisions: | Concordia University > Faculty of Arts and Science > Biology |
|---|---|
| Item Type: | Article |
| Refereed: | Yes |
| Authors: | Venter, Oscar and Brodeur, Nathalie N. and Nemiroff, Leah and Belland, Brenna and Dolinsek, Ivan J. and Grant, James W.A. |
| Journal or Publication: | BioScience |
| Date: | November 2006 |
| Digital Object Identifier (DOI): | 10.1641/0006-3568(2006)56[903:TTESIC]2.0.CO;2 |
| Keywords: | endangered species, threats, habitat loss, introduced species, pollution |
| ID Code: | 7540 |
| Deposited By: | Danielle Dennie |
| Deposited On: | 10 May 2011 20:04 |
| Last Modified: | 18 Jan 2018 17:30 |
References:
Argus, G. W., K. M. Pryer, D. J. White, and C. J. Keddy. 1987. Atlas of the Rare Vascular Plants of Ontario. Ottawa (Canada) National Museum of Natural Sciences.Baille, J. E. M., C. Hilton-Taylor, and S. N. Stuart, editors. eds. 2004. 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: A Global Species Assessment. Cambridge (United Kingdom) IUCN.
Balmford, A., N. Leader-Williams, and M. J. B. Green. 1995. Parks or arks: Where to conserve large threatened mammals? . Biodiversity and Conservation 4:595–607.
Balmford, A., P. Gravestock, N. Hockley, C. J. McClean, and C. M. Roberts. 2004. The worldwide costs of marine protected areas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101:9694–9697.
Banfield, M. W. F. 1987. The Mammals of Canada. Toronto University of Toronto Press.
Barla, P., J. A. Doucet, and J. D. M. S. Green. 2000. Protecting habitats of endangered species on private lands: Analysis of the instruments and Canadian policy. Canadian Public Policy 26:95–110.
Behler, J. L. and F. W. King. 1998. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. New York Knopf.
Blackburn, T. M. and R. P. Duncan. 2001. Determinants of the establishment success of introduced birds. Nature 414:195–197.
Bodmer, R. E., J. F. Eisenberg, and K. H. Redford. 1997. Hunting and the likelihood of extinction of Amazonian mammals. Conservation Biology 11:460–466.
Brashares, J. S., P. Arcese, M. K. Sam, P. B. Coppolillo, A. R. E. Sinclair, and A. Balmford. 2004. Bushmeat hunting, wildlife declines, and fish supply in West Africa. Science 306:1180–1183.
Bunnell, F. L., R. W. Campbell, and K. A. Squires. 2004. Conservation priorities for peripheral species: The example of British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34:2240–2247.
Channell, R. and M. V. Lomolino. 2000. Trajectories to extinction: Spatial dynamics of the contraction of geographic ranges. Journal of Biogeography 27:169–179.
Clavero, M. and E. García-Berthou. 2005. Invasive species are a leading cause of animal extinctions. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20:110.
[COSEWIC] Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada2006. Database of species assessed by COSEWIC. (21 September 2006; www.cosewic.gc.ca/eng/sct1/searchform_e.cfm).
[CWS] Canadian Wildlife Service.2006. Species at risk. (11 September 2006; www.speciesatrisk.gc.ca).
Czech, B. and P. R. Krausman. 1997. Distribution and causation of species endangerment in the United States. Science 277:1116–1117.
Czech, B., P. R. Krausman, and P. K. Devers. 2000. Economic associations among causes of endangerment in the United States. BioScience 50:593–601.
Davis, M. A. 2003. Biotic globalization: Does competition from introduced species threaten biodiversity? . BioScience 53:481–489.
Flather, C. H., M. S. Knowles, and I. A. Kendal. 1998. Threatened and endangered species geography. BioScience 48:365–376.
Gleason, H. A. and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. 2nd ed New York New York Botanical Garden.
Godfrey, W. E. 1986. The Birds of Canada. Ottawa (Canada) National Museum of Natural Sciences.
Hoffman, A. A. and M. W. Blows. 1994. Species borders: Ecological and evolutionary perspectives. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 9:223–227.
Kerr, J. T. and J. Cihlar. 2004. Patterns and causes of species endangerment in Canada. Ecological Applications 14:743–753.
Laliberte, A. S. and W. J. Ripple. 2004. Range contractions of North American carnivores and ungulates. BioScience 54:123–138.
May, R. M. and K. Tregonning. 1998. Global conservation and UK government policy. Pages 287–301. in Mace, G. M., A. Balmford, and J. R. Ginsberg, editors. eds. Conservation in a Changing World. Cambridge (United Kingdom) Cambridge University Press.
Meir, E., S. Andelman, and H. P. Possingham. 2004. Does conservation planning matter in a dynamic and uncertain world? . Ecology Letters 7:615–622.
Myers, J. H., D. Simberloff, A. M. Kuris, and J. R. Carey. 2000. Eradication revisited: Dealing with exotic species. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15:316–320.
Myers, N., R. A. Mittermeier, C. G. Mittermeier, G. A. B. Fonseca, and J. Kent. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403:853–858.
Pimentel, D., L. Lach, R. Zuniga, and D. Morrison. 2000. Environmental and economic costs of nonindigenous species in the United States. BioScience 50:53–64.
Pimm, S. L., G. J. Russell, J. L. Gittleman, and T. M. Brooks. 1995. The future of biodiversity. Science 269:347–350.
Polasky, S., H. Doremus, and B. Rettig. 1997. Endangered species conservation on private land. Contemporary Economic Policy 15:66–76.
Richter, B. D., D. P. Braun, M. A. Mendelson, and L. L. Master. 1997. Threats to imperilled freshwater fauna. Conservation Biology 11:1081–1093.
Roberts, C. M., et al 2002. Marine biodiversity hotspots and conservation priorities for tropical reefs. Science 295:1280–1284.
Rodrigues, A. S. L., et al 2004a. Global gap analysis: Priority regions for expanding the global protected-area network. BioScience 54:1092–1100.
Rodrigues, A. S. L., et al 2004b. Effectiveness of the global protected area network in representing species diversity. Nature 428:640–643.
Rosser, A. M. and S. A. Mainka. 2002. Overexploitation and species extinctions. Conservation Biology 16:584–586.
[SARA] Species at Risk Act2006. Public registry. (11 September 2006; www.sararegistry.gc.ca).
Scott, W. B. and E. J. Crossman. 1973. Freshwater Fishes of Canada. Ottawa (Canada) Fisheries Research Board of Canada.
Scudder, G. G. E. 1999. Endangered species protection in Canada. Conservation Biology 13:963–965.
SPSS1997. SPSS Base 7.5 for Windows User's Guide. Chicago SPSS.
Straley, G. B., R. L. Taylor, and G. W. Douglas. 1985. The Rare Vascular Plants of British Columbia. Ottawa (Canada) National Museums of Canada.
Stuart, S. N., J. S. Chanson, N. A. Cox, B. E. Young, A. S. L. Rodrigues, D. L. Fischman, and R. W. Waller. 2004. Status and trends of amphibian declines and extinctions worldwide. Science 306:1783–1785.
Warman, L. D., D. M. Forsyth, A. R. E. Sinclair, K. Freemark, H. D. Moore, T. W. Barrett, R. L. Pressey, and D. White. 2004. Species distributions, surrogacy, and important conservation regions in Canada. Ecology Letters 7:374–379.
Wheeter, A. 1975. Fishes of the World. New York Macmillan. Wilcove, D. S., D. Rothstein, J. Dubow, A. Phillips, and E. Losos. 1998. Quantifying threats to imperiled species in the United States. BioScience 48:607–615.
Wilson, E. O. 1992. The Diversity of Life. Cambridge (MA) Harvard University Press. Wright, A. H. and A. A. Wright. 1957. Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada, vol. 1. Ithaca (NY) Comstock.
Yiming, L. and D. S. Wilcove. 2005. Threats to vertebrate species in China and the United States. BioScience 55:147–153.
All items in Spectrum are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved. The use of items is governed by Spectrum's terms of access.
Repository Staff Only: item control page
Download Statistics
Download Statistics