Login | Register

Biodynamic Responses of the Seated Occupants to Multi-Axis Whole-Body Vibration

Title:

Biodynamic Responses of the Seated Occupants to Multi-Axis Whole-Body Vibration

Mandapuram, Santosh Chary (2012) Biodynamic Responses of the Seated Occupants to Multi-Axis Whole-Body Vibration. PhD thesis, Concordia University.

[thumbnail of Mandapuram_PhD_S2013.pdf]
Preview
Text (application/pdf)
Mandapuram_PhD_S2013.pdf - Accepted Version
Available under License Spectrum Terms of Access.
4MB

Abstract

Occupational on-road and off-road vehicle operators are exposed to low frequency whole-body vibration (WBV) of comprehensive magnitudes, and have shown a high prevalence of back disorders. Characterisation of seated body biodynamics response is considered vital for assessing potential injury risks of WBV and for developing effective biomechanical models for integration in the primary and secondary suspension design processes. The seated body biodynamic responses to single axis vibration have been investigated widely under vertical axis and a few under individual horizontal axis. The responses to simultaneous three-axis vibration, as encountered during vehicle driving, however, have been investigated in two recent studies. In this dissertation research, the biodynamic responses of seated body exposed to single as well as multiple axis vibration are characterised in terms of the apparent mass (APMS), vibration power absorbed (VPA) and seat-to-head vibration transmissibility (STHT) responses with both hands and back supports. The APMS responses are characterised considering two-driving-points formed by the buttocks-pan and upper-body backrest interfaces to fully describe the body-seat interactions. This study proposes a method to determine the total seated body APMS response from the forces measured at the two-driving points. Furthermore, it is shown that the commonly used frequency-response-function (H1), would suppress the contributions of the cross-axis responses under uncorrelated simultaneous multi-axis excitations. Consequently an alternative frequency response estimator (Hv) is applied for analyses of responses to uncorrelated multi-axis. The results obtained, clearly revealed the contributions of cross-axis responses, which were not evident in the reported responses derived using H1 function estimator. Further, it is shown that the total response along an axis can be estimated from super position of the direct and cross-axis response components along the same axis.
The seat-to-head vibration (STHT) transmissibility responses are also obtained so as to obtain additional target functions for defining the biodynamic models. The STHT responses also revealed considerable coupling effects of multi-axis vibration, when Hv function estimator is applied. The total VPA of the body under multi-axis is further derived considering the power absorption attributed to cross-axis body responses. A methodology is proposed to derive frequency-weightings similar to those in ISO 2631-1 using the absorbed power responses. Thus derived weightings based on total responses of the seated body under multi-axis uncorrelated vibration, are proposed to better evaluate the vibration exposure risk due to the whole-body multi-axis vibration. The results of the study suggest that the frequency-weightings derived for the back supported postures differ substantially from the current standardised weighting. The current weighting is thus believed to be applicable only for back unsupported sitting conditions.

Divisions:Concordia University > Gina Cody School of Engineering and Computer Science > Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
Item Type:Thesis (PhD)
Authors:Mandapuram, Santosh Chary
Institution:Concordia University
Degree Name:Ph. D.
Program:Mechanical Engineering
Date:29 November 2012
Thesis Supervisor(s):Rakheja, Subhash and Boileau, Paul-Émile
Keywords:Human vibration, biodynamic seated body responses, multi-axis whole-body vibration
ID Code:975115
Deposited By: SANTOSH CHARY MANDAPURAM
Deposited On:17 Jun 2013 19:38
Last Modified:18 Jan 2018 17:39

References:

[1] Bongers PM, Boshuizen, HC (1999) Back disorders and whole-body vibration at work. Thesis: Univ. of Amesterdam, Holland.
[2] Fairley TE and Griffin MJ (1990) The apparent mass of the seated human body in the fore-and-aft and lateral directions. J. of Sound and Vibration, 139, 299-306.
[3] Mandapuram S, Rakheja S, Ma S, Demont R (2005) Influence of back support conditions on the apparent mass of seated occupants under horizontal vibration. Ind. Health,43, 421–35.
[4] Hinz B and Seidel H (1987) The nonlinearity of human body’s dynamic response during sinusoidal whole-body vibration. Journal of Industrial Health, 25, 169-181.
[5] BS 6841, (1987) Guide to measurement and evaluation of human exposure to whole-body mechanical vibration and repeated shock.
[6] ISO-2631-1 (1997) Evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration. Part 1: General requirements. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
[7] International Organization for Standardization (1998) International Standard ISO 13090-1. Mechanical Vibration and Shock – Guidance on Safety Aspects and Experiments with People. Part I: Exposure to Whole-Body Mechanical Vibration and Repeated Shocks.
[8] Boileau P-É, Wu X and Rakheja S (1998) Definition of a range of idealized values to characterize seated body biodynamic response under vertical vibration, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 215(4), 841-862.
[9] Burström L (1990) Absorption of vibration energy in the human hand and arm. Ph.D. Thesis in the department of human work sciences, division of physical environment technology, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden.
[10] Mansfield NJ, Holmlund P, Lundström R (2001) Apparent mass and absorbed power during exposure to whole-body vibration and repeated shocks. J Sound Vib 248 (3), 427-440.
[11] Nawayseh N (2005) Absorbed power at the seat, backrest and feet of subjects exposed to whole-body vertical vibration. Proc. of the 40th UK Conf. on Human Response to Vibration, Liverpool (United Kingdom), 13-15 September.
[12] Wang W, Rakheja S, Boileau P-E (2006), The role of seat geometry and posture on the mechanical energy absorption characteristics of seated occupants under vertical vibration. Int. J Ind Ergon, 36 (2), 171-184.
[13] Lundström R, Holmlund P (1998) Absorption of energy during whole-body vibration exposure. J Sound Vib 215 (4), 789-799.
[14] Wu X, Rakheja S and Boileau -É (1999) Analysis of relationships between biodynamic response functions. J. Sound and Vibr. 226 (3), 595-606.
[15] Bendat JS, Piersol AG (1986) Random data: Analysis and measurement procedures, 2nd edition, John Wiley, New York.
[16] Lee RA, Pradko F (1968) Analytical analysis of human vibration. SAE Transactions 77, Paper No.680091. Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, Michigan, 8-12 January.
[17] Mehta CR, and Tewari VK (2000) Seating Discomfort for Tractor Operators - A Critical Review. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 25 661-674.
[18] Kumar A, Mahajan P, Mohan D and Vargjese M (2001) Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 80(4), 313-328. Tractor vibration severity and driver Health: a study from Rural India.
[19] Paddan GS and Griffin MJ (1988) The transmission of translational seat vibration to the head – I. Vertical seat vibration. J. of Biomechanics, 21, 191-197.
[20] Paddan GS and Griffin MJ (1988) The transmission of translational seat vibration to the head – II. Horizontal seat vibration. J. of Biomechanics, 21, 199-206.
[21] Nawayseh N and Griffin MJ (2004) Tri-axial forces at the seat and backrest during whole-body vertical vibration, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 277, 309-326.
[22] Bovenzi M and Hulshof CTJ (1999) An Updated Review of Epidemiologic Studies on the Relationship between Exposure to Whole-Body Vibration and Low Back Pain (1986-1997). International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 72: 351-365.
[23] Magnusson M, Hansson T, Pope M (1994) The effect of seat back inclination on spine height changes. Applied Ergonomics, 25(5), 294-298.
[24] Zimmermann CL, Cook TM, Goel VK (1993) Effects of seated posture on erector spinae EMG activity during whole body vibration. Ergonomics, 36(6), 667-675.
[25] VIN: Vibration Injury Network (2001) Review of methods for evaluating human exposure to whole-body vibration. Appendix W4A to final report: BMH4-CT98-3291.
[26] Anderson JS, Boughflower RAC (1978) Measurement of the energy dissipated in the hand and arm whilst using vibratory tools. Appl Acou 11, 219–24.
[27] Demić M, Lukić J and Milić Ž (2002) Some Aspects of the Investigation of Random Vibration Influence on Ride Comfort. Journal of Sound and Vibration 253(1), 109-129.
[28] Hinz B, Seidel H, Menzel G and Blüthner R (2002) Effects Related To Random Whole-Body Vibration And Posture On A Suspended Seat With And Without Backrest. Journal of Sound and Vibration 253 (1), 265-282.
[29] Paddan GS and Griffin MJ (2002) Effect of Seating on Exposures to Whole-Body Vibration in Vehicles. Journal of Sound and Vibration 253(1), 215-241.
[30] Paddan GS and Griffin MJ (2002) Evaluation of Whole-Body Vibration in Vehicles. Journal of Sound and Vibration 253(1), 195-213.
[31] Programme for technical risk factors national institute for working life Research Network on Dectection and Prevention of Injuries due to occupational vibration exposures (EU BIOMED 2 concerted Action Programme) October 13, 2003. Centralized European Database for Whole-Body Vibration in the Earth-Moving Vehicles.http://umetech.niwl.se/vibration/WBVHome.html.
[33] Chris A. Marsili, L. Ragni, and G. Vassalini (1998) Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 70, 295–306. Vibration and Noise of a Tracked Forestry Vehicle.
[33] Marsili A, Ragni L, Santoro G, Servadio P and Vassalini G (2002) Innovative Systems to Reduce Vibrations on Agricultural Tractors: Comparative Analysis of Acceleration Transmitted Through the Driving Seat. Biosystems Engineering 81 (1), 35-47.
[34] Donati P (2002) Survey of Technical Preventative Measures to Reduce Whole-Body Effects when Designing Mobile Machinery. Journal of Sound and Vibration 253(1), 169-183.
[35] Scarlett AJ, Price JS and Stayner RM (2002) Whole-Body Vibration: Initial Evaluation of Emissions Originating from Modern Agricultural Tractors. Silsoe Research Institute and RMS Vibration Test Laboratory for the Health and Safety Executive (Contract Research Report 413/2002).
[36] Boileau P-É (1995) A study of secondary suspensions and human driver response to whole-body vehicular vibration and shock, Ph.D. Thesis, (Concordia University).
[37] Wang W, Rakheja S and Boileau P-É (2006) Effect of back support condition on seat to head transmissibilities of seated occupants under vertical vibration. Journal of Low Freq. Noise, Vibration and Active Control, 25(4), 239-259.
[38] Paddan GS and Griffin MJ (1993) The transmission of translational floor vibration to the heads of standing subjects, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 160(3), 503-521.
[39] Pope MH, Broman H, Hansson T (1990) Factors affecting the dynamic response of the seated subject. J. Spinal Disorders, 3, 135-142.
[40] Matsumoto Y and Griffin MJ (2002) Effect of muscle tension on non-linearities in the apparent masses of seated subjects exposed to vertical whole-body vibration. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 253(1), 77-92.
[41] Coermann RR (1962) The mechanical impedance of the human body in sitting and standing position at low frequencies, Human Factors, 4, 227-253.
[42] Kim TH, Kim YT and Yoon YS (2005) Development of a biomechanical model of the human body in a sitting posture with vibration transmissibility in the vertical direction. Int. J. of Industrial Ergonomics, 35, 817-829.
[43] Wu X (1998) Study of driver-seat interactions and enhancement of vehicular ride vibration environment. Ph.D. Thesis, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada.
[44] Matsumoto Y and Griffin MJ (1998) Movement of the upper body of seated subjects exposed to vertical whole-body at the principal resonance frequency, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 215(4), 734-762.
[45] Matsumoto Y and Griffin MJ (2000) Comparison of biodynamic responses in standing and seated human bodies. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 238(4), 691-704.
[46] Mansfield NJ and Griffin MJ (2000) Nonlinearities in apparent mass and transmissibility during exposure to whole-body vertical vibration. J. of Biomechanics, 33, 933-941.
[47] Wang W, Rakheja S and Boileau P-É (2008) Relationship between measured apparent mass and seat-to-head transmissibility responses of seated occupants exposed to vertical vibration. J. of Sound and Vibration, 314, 907–922.
[48] Pranesh AM, Rakheja S and Demont R (2010) Influence of support conditions on vertical whole-body vibration of the seated human body. Industrial Health, 48, 682-697.
[49] Kitazaki S. and Griffin M. J. (1997) A modal analysis of whole-body vertical vibration, using a finite element model of the human body. J. Sound Vib. 200 (1), 83-103.
[50] Stein GJ, Múčka P, Chmúrny R, Hinz B and Blüthner R (2007) Measurement and modelling of x-direction apparent mass of the seated human body–cushioned seat system. Journal of Biomechanics, 40, 1493–1503.
[51] Mansfield N. J. and Maeda S. (2007) The apparent mass of the seated human exposed to single axis and multi-axis whole-body vibration. J. of Biomechanics, 40, 2543-2551.
[52] Hinz B, Blüthner R, Menzel G, Rützel S, Seidel H and Wölfel Horst P (2006) Apparent mass of seated men – Determination with single and multi-axis excitation at different magnitudes, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 298, 788-809.
[53] Hinz B, Menzel G, Blüthner R and Seidel H, (2010) Seat-to-head transfer function of seated men – determination with single and Three-axis excitations at different magnitudes. Industrial Health 48, 565-583.
[54] Edwards RG and Lange KO (1964) A mechanical impedance investigation of human response to vibration. AMRL-TR-64-91, Aerospace Medical Research Lab, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, USA.
[55] Vykukal, HC (1968) Dynamic response of the human body to vibration when combined with various magnitudes of linear acceleration. Aerospace Medicine, 39, 1163-1166.
[56] Vogt HL, Coermann RR and Fust HD (1968) Mechanical impedance of the sitting human under sustained acceleration. Aerospace Medicine, 39, 675-679.
[57] Suggs CW, Abrams CF and Stikeleather LF (1969) Application of a damped spring-mass human vibration simulating vibration testing of vehicle seats. Ergonomics, 12, 79-90.
[58] Miwa T (1975) Mechanical impedance of human body in various postures, Industrial Health, 13, 1-22.
[59] Mertens H (1978) Nonlinear behaviour of sitting humans under increasing gravity. Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine, 49, 287-298.
[60] Sandover J and Dupuis H (1987) A reanalysis of spinal motion during vibration. Ergonomics, 30, 975-985.
[61] Donati PM and Bonthoux C (1983) Biodynamic response of the human body in the sitting position when subjected to vertical vibration, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 90, 423-442.
[62] Fairley TE and Griffin MJ (1986) A test method for the prediction of seat transmissibility. Society of Automotive Engineers International Congress and Exhibition, Paper No. 860046.
[63] Fairley TE and Griffin MJ (1983) Application of mechanical impedance methods to seat transmissibility. Int. Conf. on Noise Control Engineering, Edinburgh, UK, 533-536.
[64] Fairley TE and Griffin MJ (1989) The apparent mass of the seated human body: vertical vibration. Journal of Biomechanics, 22, 81-94.
[65] Mansfield NJ (1994) The apparent mass of the human body in the vertical direction –The effect of vibration magnitude, Proc. of the UK Group Meet on Human Response to Vibration, Gosport, Hants, UK, 19-21 September.
[66] Matsumoto Y and Griffin MJ (1998) Movement of the upper body of seated subjects exposed to vertical whole-body at the principal resonance frequency, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 215(4), 734-762.
[67] Kitazaki S. and Griffin M. J. (1998) Resonance behaviour of the seated human body and effects of posture. J. of Biomechanics, 31(2), 143-149.
[68] Wu X (1998) Study of driver-seat interactions and enhancement of vehicular ride vibration environment. Ph.D. Thesis, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada.
[69] Boileau P-É and Rakheja S (1998) Whole-body vertical biodynamic response characteristics of the seated vehicle driver: Measurement and model development. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 22(6), 449-472.
[70] Holmlund P (1999) Absorbed power and mechanical impedance of the seated human within a real vehicle environment compared with single-axis laboratory data. J. of Low Freq. Noise, Vib. and Active Control, 18(3), 97-110.
[71] Holmlund P, Lundström R and Lindberg L (2000) Mechanical impedance of the human body in vertical direction. Applied Ergonomics, 31(4), 415-422.
[72] Nawayseh N (2001) Non-linear behaviour and two dimensional movement of the human body in response to vertical vibration. Proc. of the 36th UK Conf. on Human Response to Vibration, Farnborough, UK, 12-14 September, 288-296.
[73] Rakheja S, Stiharu I and Boileau, P-É (2002) Seated occupant apparent mass characteristics under automotive postures and vertical vibration, Journal of Sound and Vibration. 253(1), 57-75.
[74] Matsumoto Y and Griffin MJ (2002) Effect of muscle tension on non-linearities in the apparent masses of seated subjects exposed to vertical whole-body vibration. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 253(1), 77-92.
[75] Mansfield NJ and Griffin MJ (2002) Effects of posture and vibration magnitude on apparent mass and pelvis rotation during exposure to whole-body vertical vibration. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 253(1), 93-107.
[76] Hinz B, Seidel H, Menzel G, Gericke L, Blüthner R and Keitel J (2004) Seated occupant apparent mass in automotive posture – examination with groups of subjects characterized by a representative distribution of body mass and body height. FIOSH Document 2004/4 Z.ARB.WISS.
[77] Wang W, Rakheja S and Boileau P-É (2004) Effects of sitting postures on biodynamic response of seated occupants under vertical vibration. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 34(4), 289-306.
[78] Maeda S, Mansfield NJ (2005) Comparison of the apparent mass during exposure to whole-body vertical vibration between Japanese subjects and ISO-5982 standard. Industrial Health, 43, 413-420.
[79] Mansfield NJ and Maeda S (2005) Comparison of the apparent mass of the seated human measured using random and sinusoidal vibration. Industrial Health, 43, 233-240.
[80] Nawayseh N and Griffin MJ (2005) Effect of seat surface angle on forces at the seat surface during whole-body vertical vibration. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 284, 613-634.
[81] Huang Y and Griffin MJ (2006) Effect of voluntary periodic muscular activity on nonlinearity in the apparent mass of the seated human body during vertical random whole-body vibration. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 298, 824-840.
[82] Patra SK, Rakheja S, Nelisse H, Boileau P-É and Boutin J (2008) Determination of reference values of apparent mass responses of seated occupants of different body masses under vertical vibration with and without a back support. Int. J. of Industrial Ergonomics, vol. 38 5-6 p.483-498.
[83] Mansfield NJ, Holmlund P, Lundström R, Lenzuni P and Nataletti P (2006) Effect of vibration magnitude, vibration spectrum and muscle tension on apparent mass and cross-axis transfer functions during whole-body vibration exposure, J. of Biomechanics, 39, 3062-3070.
[84] Holmlund P and Lundström R (1998) Mechanical impedance of the human body in the horizontal direction. J. of Sound and Vibration, 215(4), 801-812.
[85] Mansfield NJ and Lundström R (1999) The apparent mass of the human body exposed to non-orthogonal horizontal vibration, J. of Biomechanics, 32(12), 1269-1278.
[86] Holmlund P and Lundström R (2001) Mechanical impedance of the sitting human body in single-axis compared to multi-axis whole-body vibration exposure. Clinical Biomechanics, 16(Supplement 1), S101-S110.
[87] Nawayseh N and Griffin MJ. (2005) Non-linear dual-axis biodynamic response to fore-and-aft whole-body vibration, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 282, 831-862.
[88] Griffin MJ, Lewis CH, Parsons KC and W
All items in Spectrum are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved. The use of items is governed by Spectrum's terms of access.

Repository Staff Only: item control page

Downloads per month over past year

Research related to the current document (at the CORE website)
- Research related to the current document (at the CORE website)
Back to top Back to top