Dovan, Mai-Linh (2013) Examining the Effects of Anxiety on Running Efficiency in a Cognitive-motor Dual-task. Masters thesis, Concordia University.
Preview |
Text (application/pdf)
2MBDovanML_4167023_MScThesis_A.pdf - Accepted Version |
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Examining the Effects of Anxiety on Running Efficiency in a Cognitive-motor Dual-task
Mai-Linh Dovan
Dual-tasking is commonly defined as performing two tasks simultaneously and is commonplace in simple activities of daily living such as walking across the street while talking on a cell phone. When even simple motor tasks such as standing or walking are coupled with a mental task (cognitive-motor dual-task), performance of one or both tasks decreases because total available attention is limited. Dual-task performance has been shown to be affected by anxiety created by a physically threatening or disturbing environment. This can be explained by the attention-consuming effect of anxiety. Few studies have examined whether “performance anxiety” may have similar effects. This study examined the effects of performance-related anxiety on running when performed concurrently with a math task. Twenty-nine healthy university level students participated voluntarily in this study. Participants ran on a treadmill at a 20% increase from their self-selected pace while simultaneously subtracting 7 continuously from a randomly assigned 3-digit number. Each participant was subjected to the no-anxiety and anxiety conditions. Changes in stride length and stride frequency were analyzed using a Repeated Measures ANOVA with a significance level of = 0.05. Results were inconclusive, as analyses on anxiety showed that it was not successfully induced. Further studies should consider characteristics of the sample in order to create an experimental protocol capable of inducing population-specific anxiety.
| Divisions: | Concordia University > Faculty of Arts and Science > Exercise Science |
|---|---|
| Item Type: | Thesis (Masters) |
| Authors: | Dovan, Mai-Linh |
| Institution: | Concordia University |
| Degree Name: | M. Sc. |
| Program: | Exercise Science |
| Date: | 15 September 2013 |
| Thesis Supervisor(s): | Demont, Richard and Li, Karen |
| ID Code: | 977772 |
| Deposited By: | MAI-LINH DOVAN |
| Deposited On: | 03 Dec 2013 21:36 |
| Last Modified: | 18 Jan 2018 17:45 |
References:
REFERENCES1. Abbud, G., Li, K., & DeMont, R. (2009). Attentional requirements of walking according to the gait phase and onset of auditory stimuli. Gait and Posture, 30(2), 227-232.
2. Abernethy, B., Hanna, A., & Plooy, A. (2002). The attentional demands of preferred and non-preferred gait patterns. Gait and Posture, 15, 256-265.
3. Al-Yahya, E., Dawes, H., Collett, J., Howells, K., Izadi, H., Wade, D., et al. (2009). Gait adaptations to simultaneous cognitive and mechanical constraints. Exp Brain Res, 199, 39-48.
4. Al-Yahya, E., Dawes, H., Smith, L., Dennis, A., Howells, K., & Cockburn, J. (2011). Cognitive motor interference while walking: A systemis review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35, 715-728.
5. Audiffren, M., Tomporowski, P., & Zagrodnik, J. (2009). Acute aerobic exercise and information processing: Modulation of executive control to a Random Number Generation task. Acta Psychologica, 132, 85-95.
6. Beauchet, O., Dubost, V., Hermann, F. R., & Kressig, R. W. (2005). Stride-to-stride variability while backward counting among healthy young adults. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation, 2(26).
7. Bernstein, N. (1967). The coordination and regulation of movements: Oxford:Pergamon Press.
8. Biddle, S. J. (Ed.). (1995). Eurpoean perpectives on exercise and sport psychology. Leeds, UK; Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
9. Borg, G. A. V. (1982). Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 14, 377-381.
10. Boyce, R. W., Jones, G. R., Schendt, K. E., Lloyd, C. L., & Boone, E. L. (2009). Longitudinal Changes in Strength of Police Officers with Gender Comparisons. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(8), 2411-2418.
11. Brisswalter, J., Collardeau, M., & Rene, A. (2002). Effects of Acute Physical Exercise Characteristics on Cognitive Performance. Sports Med, 32(9), 555-566.
12. Brisswalter, J., & Legros, P. (1995). Interactions entre les processus physiologiques et cognitifs: modèles théoriques et approche méthodologique. Science & Sports, 11, 71-80.
13. Brown, L., Shumway-Cook, A., & Woollacott, M. (1999). Attentional Demands and Postural Recovery: The Effects of Aging. Journal of Gerontology, 54A(4), 165-171.
14. Bruya, B. (2010). Effortless attention: a new perspective in the cognitive science of attention and action. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
15. Carroll, D., Turner, R. J., & Hellawell, J. C. (1986). Heart rate and oxygen consumption during active psychological challenge: the effects of level of difficulty. Psychophysiology, 23(2), 174-181.
16. Carroll, D., Turner, R. J., & Prasad, R. (1986). The effects of level of difficulty of mental arithmetic challenge on heart rate and oxygen consumption. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 4, 167-173.
17. Daniels, J. (1985). A physiologist's view of running economy. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 17(3), 332-.
18. Davranche, K., & Audiffren, M. (2004). Facilitating effects of exercise on information processing. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22, 419-428.
19. Decker, L. M., Cignetti, F., Potter, J. F., Studenski, S. A., & Stergiou, N. (2012). Use of motor abundance in young and older adults during dual-task treadmill walking. PLoSONE, 7(7).
20. Dickerson, S. S., & Kemeny, M. E. (2004). Acute stressors and Cortisol Responses: A Theoretical Integration and Synthesis of Laboratory Research. Psychological Bulletin, 130(3), 355-391.
21. Dingwell, J. B., Cusumano, J. P., Cavanagh, P. R., & Sternad, D. (2001). Local dynamic stability versus kinematic variability of continuous overground and treadmill walking. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 123(1), 27-32.
22. Dubost, V., Kressig, R. W., Gonthier, R., Hermann, F. R., Aminian, K., Bijan, N., et al. (2006). Relationships between dual-task related changes in stride velocity and stride time variablility in healthy young adults. Human Movement Science, 25(3), 372-382.
23. Duncan, J. (1979). Divided attention: The whole is more than the sum of its parts. Journal of Experimental Pyschology, 5(2), 216-228.
24. Duncan, J. (1980). The locus of interference in the perception of simultaneous stimuli. Psychological Review, 87(3), 272-300.
25. Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). Mini-mental state. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12(3), 189-198.
26. Fraizer, E., & Mitra, S. (2008). Methodological and interpretive issues in posture-congnition dual-tasking in upright stance. Gait and Posture, 27, 271-279.
27. Gage, W. H., Sleik, R. J., Polych, M. A., McKenzie, N. C., & Brown, L. A. (2003). The allocation of attention during locomotion is altered by anxiety. Exp Brain Res, 150, 385-394.
28. Hancock, P., & Milner, E. (1986). Task performance under water. Applied Ergonomics, 17(2), 143-147.
29. Hancock, P., & Warm, J. (1989). A dynamic model of stress and sustained attention. Human Factors, 31(5), 519-537.
30. Hanin, Y. L. (Ed.). (2000). Emotions in sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
31. Hardy, L., Beattie, S., & Woodman, T. (2007). Anxiety-induced performance catastrophes: Investigating effort required as an asymmetry. British Journal of Psychology, 98, 15-31.
32. Hockey, G. R. J. (1979). Stress and the Cognitive Components of Skilled Performance. In V. Hamilton & D. Warburton (Eds.), Human Stress and Cognition; An Information Processing Approach John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
33. Hockey, G. R. J. (1997). Compensatory control in the regulation of human performance under stress and high workload: A cognitive-energetical framework. Biological Psychology (45), 73-93.
34. Hull, C. L. (Ed.). (1943). Principle of behavior, an introduction to behavior theory. New York, London: Appleton-Century company.
35. Jones, G. (1995). More than just a game: Research developments and issues in competitive anxiety in sport. British Journal of Psychology, 86, 449-478.
36. Jones, G. J., & Hardy, L. (Eds.). (1990). Stress and Performance in Sport. West Sussex, England; New York, NY: J. Wiley.
37. Jordan, K., & Newell, K. (2008). The structure of variability in human walking and running is speed-dependent. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev., 36(4), 200-204.
38. Kahneman, D. (1973). Attention and effort. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
39. Kerr, B., Condon, S. M., & McDonald, L. A. (1985). Cognitive spatial processing and the regulation of posture Journal of Experimental Pyschology: Human Perception and Performance, 11(6), 617-622.
40. Kirschbaum, C., Pirke, K., & Hellhammer, D. H. (1993). The 'Trier Social Stress Test' - A tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting. Neuropsychobiology, 28, 76-81.
41. Kramer, A. F., Colcombe, S. J., McAuley, E., Scalf, P. E., & Erickson, K. I. (2005). Fitness, aging and neurocognitive function. Neurobiology of Aging, 26, 124-127.
42. Lajoie, Y., Teasdale, N., Bard, C., & Fleury, M. (1993). Attentional demands for static and dynamic equilibrium. Experimental Brain Research, 97, 139-144.
43. Lambourne, K., & Tomporowski, P. (2010). The effect of exercise-induced arousal on cognitive performance: a meta-regression analysis. Brain Research, 1341, 12-24.
44. Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (Eds.). (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer Pub Co.
45. Li, K., Abbud, G., Fraser, S., & DeMont, R. (2012). Successful adaptation of gait in healthy older adults during dual-task treadmill walking. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition: A Journal on Normal and Dysfunctional Development, 19(1-2), 150-167.
46. Lohse, K., & Sherwood, D. (2011). Defining the focus of attention: effects ofattention on perceived exertion and fatigue. Front Psychol, 2.
47. Marti, S., Sigman, M., & Dehaene, S. (2012). A shared cortical bottleneck underlying Attentional Blink and Psychological Refractory Period. NeuroImage, 59, 2883-2898.
48. Matthews, G., Roy Davies, D., Westerman, S., & Stammers, R. (2000). Human Performance: Cognition, stress and individual differences: Psychology Press.
49. Melzer, I., Liebermann, D., Krasovsky, T., & Oddsson, L. (2010). Cognitive Load Affects Lower Limb Force–Time Relations During Voluntary Rapid Stepping in Healthy Old and Young Adults. Journal of Gerontology, 65A(4), 400-406.
50. Min-Chi, C., & Mao-Jiun, W. (2007). The effect of gait speed and gender on perceived exertion, muscle activation, joint motion of lower extremity, ground reaction force and heart rate during normal walking. Gait and Posture, 25, 385-392.
51. Nibbeling, N., Daanen, H. A. M., Gerritsma, R. M., Hofland, R. M., & Oudejans, R. R. D. (2012). Effects of anxiety on running with and without an aiming task. Journal of Sports Sciences, 30(1), 11-19.
52. Nieuwenhuys, A., & Oudejans, R. R. D. (2011). Anxiety and perceptual-motor performance: toward an integrated model of concepts, mechanisms, and processes.
53. Nilsson, J., & Thorstensson, A. (1987). Adaptability in frequency and amplitude of leg movements during human locomotion at different speeds. Acta Psychologica Scand., 129(107-114).
54. Pashler, H. (1994). Dual-Task Interference in Simple Tasks: Data and Theory. Psychological Bulletin, 116(2), 220-244.
55. Pashler, H. (1994). Graded capacity-sharing in dual-task interference? Journal of Experimental Pyschology, 20(2), 330-342.
56. Pellechia, G. L. (2005). Dual-Task training reduces impact of cognitive task on postural sway. Journal of Motor Behavior, 37(3), 239-246.
57. Posner, M. (2012). Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention (2nd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.
58. Raymond, J. E., Shapiro, K. L., & Arnell, K. M. (1992). Temporary suppression of visual processing in an RSVP task: an attentional blink? Journal of Experimental Pyschology, 18(3), 849-860.
59. Robazza, C., & Bortoli, L. (1998). Performance-related emotions in skilled athletes: Hedonic tone and funcitonal impact. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 87, 547-564.
60. Robazza, C., Pellizzari, M., Bertollo, M., & Hanin, Y. L. (2008). Functional impact of emotions on athletic performance: Comparing the IZOF model and the directional perception approach. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26(10), 1033-1047.
61. Rousselle, J. G., Blascovich, J., & Kelsey, R. M. (1995). Cardiorespiratory response under combined psychological and exercise stress. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 20, 49-58.
62. Sanders, A. F. (1983). Towards a Model of Stress and Human Performance. Acta Psychologica, 53, 61-97.
63. Schwenkmezger, P., & G, S. (1989). Anxiety and motor performance. In B. Kirkcaldy (Ed.), Normalities and abnormalities in human movement. New York: Karger.
64. Selye, H. (Ed.). (1976). The stress of life. New York, Montreal: McGraw-Hill.
65. Shapiro, K. (2001). The Limits of Attention: Temporal constraints in human information processing. New York: Oxford University Press.
66. Shumway-Cook, A., & Woollacott, M. H. (2001). Motor Control: Theory and Practical Application (2nd ed.). Baltimore, Maryland: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
67. Siu, K., Chou, L., Ulrich, M., van Donkelar, P., & Woollacott, M. H. (2008). Does Inability to Allocate Attention Contribute to Balance Constraints During Gait in Older Adults? Journal of Gerontology, 63A(12), 1364-1369.
68. Smith, A. (1967). The Serial Sevens Subtraction Test. Arch Neurol., 17(1), 78-80.
69. Stroop, R. J. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Pyschology, 18, 643-662.
70. Suinn, R. M. (1980). Psychology in sports: methods and applications. Minneapolis, Minn.: Burgess Pub. Co.
71. Szalma, J., & Hancock, P. (2011). Noise Effects on Human Performance: A Meta-Analytic Synthesis. Psychological Bulletin, 137(4), 682-707.
72. Tombu, M., & Jolicoeur, P. (2003). A Central Capacity Sharing Model of Dual-Task Performance. Journal of Experimental Pyschology, 29(1), 3-18.
73. Tomporowski, P. (2003). Effects of acute bouts of exercise on cognition. Acta Psychologica, 112, 297-324.
74. Van Caekenberghe, I., Segers, V., Willems, P., Gosseye, T., Aerts, P., & DeClerq, D. (2013). Mechanics of overground accelerated running vs running on an accelerated treadmill. Gait and Posture, 38, 125-131.
75. Vehrs, P. R., George, J. D., Fellingham, G. W., Plowman, S. A., & Dustman-Allen, K. (2007). Submaximal Treadmill Exercise Test to Predict VO2 max in Fit Adults. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 11(2), 61-72.
76. Weinberg, R. S. (2011). Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology (5th ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
77. Wendel-Vos, W. G., Schuit, J. A., Saris, W. H., & Kromhout, D. (2003). Reproducibility and relative validity of the Short Questionnaire to Assess Health-enhancing Physical activity. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 56, 1163-1169.
78. Woollacott, M., & Shumway-Cook, A. (2002). Attention and the control of posture and gait: a review of an emerging area of research. Gait and Posture, 16(1), 1-14.
79. Yerkes, R. M., & Dodson, J. D. (1908). The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit-formation. Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, 18, 459-482.
80. Yogev-Seligmann, G., Hausdorff, J., & Giladi, N. (2008). The Role of Executive Function and Attention in Gait. Movement Disorders, 23(3), 329-342.
81. Yogev-Seligmann, G., Rotem-Galili, Y., Mirelman, A., Dickstein, R., Giladi, N., & Hausdorff, J. (2010). How does explicit prioritization alter walking during dual-task performance? Effects of age and sex on gait speed and variability. Physical Therapy, 90(2), 177-186.
All items in Spectrum are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved. The use of items is governed by Spectrum's terms of access.
Repository Staff Only: item control page
Download Statistics
Download Statistics