References:

Seiler A. The toll of the automobile: Wildlife and roads in Sweden. Dissertation, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden. 2003.

Maehr DS, Land ED, Roelke ME. Mortality patterns of panthers in Southwest Florida. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of Southeastern Association Fish and Wildlife Agencies. 1991; 45:201–207.

Ferreras P, Aldama JJ, Beltran JF, Delibes M. Rates and causes of mortality in a fragmented population of Iberian lynx Felis pardini Temminck, 1824. Biol Conserv. 1992; 61:197–202.

Calvo RN, Silvy NJ. Key deer mortality, U.S.1 in the Florida Keys. In: Evink G, Garrett P, Ziegler D, Berry J, editors. Proceedings of the international conference on wildlife ecology and transportation. Orlando, Florida, USA; 1996. pp. 287–296.

Clarke GB, White PCL, Harris S. Effects of roads on badger Meles meles populations in south-west England. Biol Conserv. 1998; 86:117–124.

McCown JW, Kubilis K, Eason TH, Scheick BK. Effect of traffic volume on American Black Bears in cen- tral Florida, USA. Ursus. 2009; 20:39–46.

Hedlund JH, Curtis PD, Curtis G, Williams AF. Methods to reduce traffic crashes involving deer: what works and what does not. Traffic Inj Prev. 2004; 5:122–131. PMID: 15203947

Knapp KK, Yi X, Oakasa T, Thimm W, Hudson E, Rathmann C. Deer-vehicle crash countermeasure toolbox: a decision and choice resource. Final report. Publication No. DVCIC– 02. Midwest Regional University Transportation Center, Deer—Vehicle Crash Information Clearinghouse, University of Wis- consin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; 2004.

Huijser MP, McGowen PT, Fuller J, Hardy A, Kociolek A, Clevenger AP, et al. Wildlife-vehicle collision reduction study. Report to U.S. Congress. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Admin- istration, Washington DC, USA; 2007.

Glista DJ, De Vault TL, DeWoody JA. A review of mitigation measures for reducing wildlife mortality on roadways. Landsc Urban Plan 2009; 91:1–7.

van der Ree R, Smith D, Grilo C. Handbook of Road Ecology. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons; 2015.

van der Ree R, Gagnon JW, Smith DJ. Fencing: a valuable tool for reducing wildlife-vehicle collisions and funneling fauna to crossing structures. In: van der Ree R, Smith D,

Grilo C, editors. Handbook of Road Ecology. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons; 2015. pp. 159–171.

D’Angelo GJ, van der Ree R. Use of wildlife reflectors and whistles to prevent wildlife-vehicle collisions. In: van der Ree R, Smith D, Grilo C, editors. Handbook of Road Ecology. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons; 2015. pp. 213–218.
Romin LA, Bissonette JA. Deer-vehicle collisions: status of state monitoring activities and mitigation efforts. Wildlife Soc B. 1996; 24:276–283.

Sullivan TL, Messmer TA. Perceptions of deer-vehicle collision management by state wildlife agency and department of transportation administrators. Wildlife Soc B. 2003; 31:163–173.

Huijser MP, Fairbank ER, Camel-Means W, Graham J, Watson V, Basting P, et al. Effectiveness of short sections of wildlife fencing and crossing structures along highways in reducing wildlife—vehicle collisions and providing safe crossing opportunities for large mammals. Biol Conserv. 2016; 197:61– 68.

Clevenger AP, Chruszcz B, Gunson K. Highway mitigation fencing reduces wildlife-vehicle collisions. Wildlife Soc B 2001; 29:646–653.

Bissonette JA, Cramer PC. Evaluation of the use and effectiveness of wildlife crossings. Transportation Research Board. Publication No. 615. Washington, DC, USA; 2008.

Huijser MP, McGowen PT. Reducing wildlife-vehicle collisions. IN: Beckmann JP, Clevenger AP, Huijser MP, Hilty JA, editors. Safe passage: Highways, wildlife, and habitat connectivity. Washington DC: Island Press, USA; 2010. pp. 51–74.

Roedenbeck IA, Fahrig L, Findlay CS, Houlahan JE, Jaeger JAG, Klar N, et al. The Rauischholzhausen agenda for road ecology. Ecology and Society. 2007; 12:11. Available: http://www.ecologyandsociety. org/vol12/iss1/art11/.

van der Grift EA, Findlay S, van der Ree R, Fahrig L, Houlahan J, Jaeger JAG, et al. Evaluating the effectiveness of road mitigation measures. Biodivers Conserv. 2013; 22:425–448.

Rytwinski T, van der Ree R, Cunnington GM, Fahrig L, Findlay CS, Houlahan J, et al. Experimental study designs to improve the evaluation of road mitigation measures for wildlife. J Environ Manage. 2015; 154:48–64. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.01.048 PMID: 25704749

van der Ree R, Jaeger JAG, Rytwinski T, van der Grift E. Good science and experimentation are needed in road ecology. In: van der Ree R, Smith D, Grilo C, editors. Handbook of Road Ecology. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons; 2015. pp. 71–81.

Reeve AF, Anderson SH. Ineffectiveness of Swareflex reflectors at reducing deer-vehicle collisions. Wildlife Soc B. 1993; 21:127–132.

Lehnert ME, Bissonette JA. Effectiveness of highway crosswalk structures at reducing deer-vehicle col- lisions. Wildlife Soc B. 1997; 25:809–818.

Romer J, Mosler-Berger C. Preventing vehicle-wildlife accidents—The animal detection system CAL- STROM. In: Proceedings of the 2003 Infra Eco Network Europe Conference: Habitat Fragmentation Due to Transport Infrastructure and Presentation of the COST 341 Action, Brussels, Belgium; 2003. Available: http://www.iene.info/.

Clevenger AP, Barrueto M. Trans-Canada highway wildlife monitoring and research final report 2014. Part B: Research. Prepared for Parks Canada Agency Radium Hot Springs, British Columbia, Canada; 2014.

van der Ree R, van der Grift EA, Gulle N, Holland K, Mata C, Suarez F. Overcoming the barrier effect of roads: how effective are mitigation strategies? An international review of the use and effectiveness of underpasses and overpasses designed to increase the permeability of roads for wildlife. In: Irwin CL, Nelson D, McDermott KP, editors. Proceedings of the 2007 International Conference on Ecology and Transportation. Center for Transportation and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA; 2007. pp. 423–431.

Clevenger AP, Huijser MP. Wildlife crossing structure handbook, design and evaluation in North Amer- ica. Publication No. FHWA-CFL/TD-11-003. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Adminis- tration, Washington DC, USA; 2011.

Forman RTT, Sperling D, Bissonette JA, Clevenger AP, Cutshall CD, Dale VH, et al. Road ecology: sci- ence and solutions. Washington, DC: Island Press; 2003.

Beckmann JP , Clevenger AP , Huijser MP , Hilty JA, editors. Safe passage: highways, wildlife, and habi- tat connectivity. Washington DC: Island Press; 2010.

Cooper H, Hedges LV, editors. The handbook of research synthesis. New York: Russell Sage Founda- tion; 1994.

Gurevitch J, Hedges LV. Meta analysis: combining the results of independent experiments. Ecology. 2001; 80:1142–1149.

Gurevitch J, Hedges L. Meta-analysis: combining the results of independent experiments. In: Scheiner SM, Gurevitch J, editors. Design and Analysis of Ecological Experiments. New York: Chapman and Hall; 1993. pp. 378–425.
Borenstein M, Hedge LV, Higgins JPT, Rothstein HR. Introduction to meta-analysis. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd; 2009.

Mengersen K, Jennions MD, Schmid CH. Statistical models for the meta-analysis of nonindependent data. In: Koricheva J, Gurevitch J, Mengersen K, editors. Handbook of meta-analysis in ecology and evolution. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 2013. pp. 255–283.

DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-Analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials. 1986; 7:177–188. PMID:3802833

Raudenbush SW. Analyzing effect sizes: random effects models. In: Cooper H, Hedges LV, Valentine JC, editors. The handbook of research synthesis and meta-analysis, 2nd edition. New York: Russell Sage Foundation; 2009. pp. 295–315.

Viechtbauer W. Bias and efficiency of meta-analytic variance estimators in the random-effects model. J Educ Behav Stat. 2005; 30:261–293.
Viechtbauer W. Conducting a meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. J Stat Softw. 2010; 36:1– 48.

R Development Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria; 2014. Available: http://www.R-project.org.

Viechtbauer W. Metaphor: meta-analysis package for R. R Package Version 1.9–4; 2014. Available: http://www.R-project.org.

Vittinghoff E, Glidden DV, Shiboski SC, McCulloch CE. Regression methods in biostatistics. Springer: New York; 2005.

Feldhammer GA, Gates JE, Harman DM, Loranger AJ, Dixon KR. Effects of interstate highway fencing on white-tailed deer activity. J Wildl Manage. 1986; 50:497–503.

Dodd NL, Gagnon J, Boe S, Manzo A, Schweinsburg RE. Evaluation of measures to minimize wildlife- vehicle collisions and maintain permeability across highways: Arizona Route 260. Prepared for Arizona Department of Transportation, Phoenix, Arizona, USA; 2007–2012.

Parker ID, Braden AW, Lopez RR, Silvy NJ, Davis DS, Owen CB. Effects of US 1 project on Florida Key Deer mortality. J Wildl Manage. 2008; 72:354–359.
Be ́ langer-Smith K. Evaluating the effects of wildlife exclusion fencing on road mortality for medium- sized and small mammals along Quebec’s Route 175. Dissertation, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. 2014.

Huijser MP, Kociolek AV, Allen TDH, McGowen P, Cramer PC, Venner M. Construction guidelines for wildlife fencing and associated escape and lateral access control measures. NCHRP Project 25–25, Task 84, National Cooperative Highway Research Program. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington D.C., USA; 2015. Available: http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/ nchrp/docs/NCHRP25-25%2884%29_FR.pdf.

Elliott D. Effects of a purpose-built faunal underpass on activity and traffic-related mortality of wildlife in southern California. Dissertation. California State University, Fullerton, California. 2008.
Van Vuurde MR, van der Grift EA. The effects of landscape attributes on the use of small wildlife under- passes by weasel (Mustela nivalis) and stoat (Mustela ermine). Lutra 2005; 48:91–108.

Goosem M. Effectiveness of rope bridge arboreal overpasses and faunal underpasses in providing connectivity for rainforest fauna. In: Irwin CL, Garrett P, McDermott KP, editors. Proceedings of the 2005 International Conference on Ecology and Transportation. Center for Transportation and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA; 2005. pp. 304–316.

Kelly CA, Diggins CA, Lawrence AJ. Crossing structures reconnect federally endangered flying squirrel populations divided for 20 years by road barrier. Wildlife Soc B. 2013; 37:375–379.

Soanes K, Carmody Lobo M, Vesk PA, McCarthy MA, Moore JL, van der Ree R. Movement re-established but not restored: inferring the effectiveness of road-crossing mitigation for a gliding mammal by monitoring use. Biol Conserv. 2013; 159:434–441.

Sielecki LE. Evaluating the effectiveness of wildlife accident mitigation installations with the Wildlife Accident Reporting System (WARS) in British Columbia. In: Irwin CL, Garret P, McDermott KP, editors. Proceedings of the International Conference on Ecology and Transportation. North Carolina State Uni- versity, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA; 2001. pp. 473–489.

D’Angelo GJ, Valitzski SA, Miller KV, Gallagher GR, DeChicchis AR, Jared DM. Thinking outside the marketplace: a biologically based approach to reducing deer-vehicle collisions. In: Irwin CL, Garrett P, McDermott KP, editors. Proceedings of the International Conference on Ecology and Transportation. Center for Transportation and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Caro- lina, USA; 2005. pp. 662–665.

Ujva ́ ri M, Baagøe HJ, Madsen AB. Effectiveness of wildlife warning reflectors in reducing deer vehicle collisions: a behavioral study. J Wildl Manage. 1998; 62:1094–1099.

Huijser MP, Duffield JW, Clevenger AP, Ament RJ, McGowen PT. Cost—benefit analyses of mitigation measures aimed at reducing collisions with large ungulates in the United States and Canada; a decision support tool. Ecology and Society. 2009; 14. Available: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/viewissue. php?sf=41.

Huijser MP, McGowen PT, Clevenger AP, Ament R. Best practices manual, wildlife-vehicle collision reduction study, Report to U.S. Congress. Federal Highway Administration, McLean, Virginia, USA; 2008.

Lesbarrères D, Fahrig L. Measures to reduce population fragmentation by roads: What has worked and how do we know? Trends Ecol Evol 2012; 27:374–380. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2012.01.015 PMID: 22356922

Fraser LH, Henry HA, Carlyle CN, White SR, Beierkuhnlein C, Cahill JH Jr, et al. Coordinated distributed experiments: an emerging tool for testing global hypotheses in ecology and environmental science. Front Ecol Environ 2013; 11:147–155.