Mahmoud, Sherif Ahmed Ibrahim (2017) Integrated Sustainability Assessment and Rehabilitation Framework for Existing Buildings. PhD thesis, Concordia University.
Preview |
Text (application/pdf)
24MBMahmoud_PhD_S2017.pdf - Accepted Version |
Abstract
Public and private sectors are concerned with controlling the undesirable environmental impact of the new construction and the renovation of buildings. The building industry accounts for 32% of global energy consumption, 19% of energy-related CO₂ emissions, 25% of global water, and 40% of global resources depletion. The operational and maintenance phase of buildings accounts for 70% to 90% of the overall impact on environment. The literature review revealed many rating systems that were developed during the last few decades to assess the sustainability of buildings based on economic, social and environmental criteria. However, they represented local industries and none of them proposed a tool to select the best economic rehabilitation alternatives to upgrade building sustainability. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to establish an integrated sustainability rating and rehabilitation selection tool for buildings to fulfil the following objectives: 1) identify and study sustainability assessment attributes, 2) develop a sustainability assessment model for buildings, 3) build a sustainability scale and 4) establish a sustainability-based rehabilitation model for existing buildings. The research utilized several modelling techniques, such as fuzzy TOPSIS technique to determine the weight of each assessment attribute, simulation to determine the energy consumption, BIM-based model to assess building sustainability and the artificial immune system (AIS) to develop the sustainability-based rehabilitation model. Several types of data were collected and used to develop the aforementioned models utilizing questionnaires, case studies and interviews with facility managers from Canada and Egypt.
The results showed the significant influence of the regional variations on both the weights of the sustainability attributes and the total sustainability assessment. By using a scale from zero to one, Canada showed the highest weights in energy, indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and building management criteria with values of 0.220, 0.167, and 0.156, respectively, whereas in Egypt, energy, site and water use criteria possessed the highest weights with values 0.2, 0.191 and 0.169, respectively. The sustainability-based rehabilitation model was implemented with a case study in Canada in which the results showed the capability of the developed optimization model to determine several optimal or near optimal alternatives to upgrade the sustainability with minimal life cycle cost (LCC). The developed tool was validated by experts through an interview and questionnaires showing the potential application of the tool to existing buildings. The assessment model was also validated through a comparative analysis between the proposed model and other well-known sustainability rating tools, which showed good potential. Sensitivity analysis was conducted showing the impact of the weight variation on the sustainability assessment. The research concluded the importance of introducing a multi-level weighting scheme in the assessment to reflect regional variations.
The main contribution of the present research is to provide decision-makers with a two-tier tool that 1) determines the current sustainability of buildings and highlights the weak areas that require more attention, and 2) proposes various rehabilitation alternatives that upgrades the sustainability of the building with minimal LCC utilizing multi-objective optimization. The research also contributes to the body of knowledge by developing an integrated sustainability assessment and rehabilitation framework as a step towards establishing a comprehensive global sustainability-assessment tool.
| Divisions: | Concordia University > Gina Cody School of Engineering and Computer Science > Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering |
|---|---|
| Item Type: | Thesis (PhD) |
| Authors: | Mahmoud, Sherif Ahmed Ibrahim |
| Institution: | Concordia University |
| Degree Name: | Ph. D. |
| Program: | Building Engineering |
| Date: | 10 August 2017 |
| Thesis Supervisor(s): | Zayed, Tarek |
| ID Code: | 982747 |
| Deposited By: | SHERIF AHMED IB MAHMOUD |
| Deposited On: | 08 Nov 2017 20:30 |
| Last Modified: | 18 Jan 2018 17:55 |
References:
Abdallah, M., El-Rayes, K., and Liu, L. (2015). "Minimizing Upgrade Cost to Achieve LEED Certification for Existing Buildings." Journal of Construction Engineering Management, 142(2), 1-12.Abdallah, M., El-Rayes, K., and Liu, L. (2014). "Optimal selection of sustainability measures to minimize building operational costs." Proceeding of Construction Research Congress 2014: Construction in a Global Network, ASCE, Atlanta, Georgia, May 19-21, 2205-2213.
Adams, W. M. (2009). Green Development: Environment and Sustainability in a Developing World, 3rd Edition, Routledge, New York.
Al-Geelawe, E. K., and Mohsin, A. H. (2015). "Implementing Sustainability Strategies in the Design of Buildings." Applied Research Journal, 1(10), 478-489.
Ali, H. H., and Al Nsairat, S. F. (2009). "Developing a green building assessment tool for developing countries – Case of Jordan." Journal of Building and Environment, 44, 1053–1064.
Al-Waer, H., and Sibley, M. (2005). " Building Sustainability assessment methods: indicators, applications, limitations, and development trends." Proceeding of Conference on Sustainable Building South East Asia, iiSBE, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, April 11-13, 530-543.
Alyami, S. H., and Rezgui, Y. (2012). "Sustainable building assessment tool development approach." Journal of Sustainable Cities and Society, 5, 52-62.
Arora, J. S. (2012). Introduction to Optimum Design. Elsevier Inc., Third edition, Waltham, USA.
ASHRAE. (2007). ASHRAE Standard: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta.
Baechler, M., and Farley, J. (2011). A Guide to Building Commissioning. U.S. Department of Energy, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington.
Baharetha, S. M., Al-Hammad, A. A., and Alshuwaikhat, H. M. (2012). "Towards a Unified Set of Sustainable Building Materials Criteria." Proceeding of the International Conference on Sustainable Design, Engineering, and Construction, ASCE, Fort Worth, Texas, November 7-9, 732-740.
Banani, R., Vahdati, M., and Elmualim, A. (2013). "Demonstrating the Importance of Criteria and Sub-criteria in Building Assessment Methods." Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning VI, 173, 443-453.
BCA. (2012b). BCA Green Mark for Existing Non-Residential Buildings. Building and Construction Authority, Singapore.
BCA. (2012a). BCA Green Mark Certification Standard for New Buildings. Building and Construction Authority, Singapore.
BCA. (2004). Guidelines on Envelope Thermal Transfer Value for Buildings. Version 1.01, Building and construction Authority, Singapore.
BCA. (1986). Handbook on Energy Conservation in Buildings and Building Services. Building and Construction Authority, Singapore.
Berardi, U. (2012). "Sustainability Assessment in the Construction Sector: Rating Systems and Rated Buildings." Journal of Sustainable Development, 20, 411-424.
Bichiou, Y., and Krarti, M. (2011). "Optimization of envelope and HVAC systems selection for residential buildings." Journal of Energy and Buildings, 43, 3373-3382.
BOMA Canada. (2013). BOMA BESt Assessment Overview: BOMA Building Environmental Standards (Office Module). Canada.
Bragança, L., Mateus, R., and and Koukkari, H. (2010). "Building Sustainability Assessment." Journal of Sustainability, 2, 2010-2023.
BRE. (2015). BREEAM In-Use International: Technical Manual. BRE Global Ltd, Hertfordshire.
Bunz, K. R., Henze, G. P., and Tiller, D. K. (2006). "Survey of Sustainable Building Design Practices in North America, Europe, and Asia." Journal of Architecture Engineering, 12(1), 33-62.
Byun, H. S., and Lee, K. H., (2005). "A Decision Support System for the Selection of a Rapid Prototyping Process Using the Modified TOPSIS Method." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 26, 1338–1347.
Canmet Energy. (2008). Building Operation Optimization: Recommissioning Guide for Buildings Owners and Managers. National Resources Canada, Canada.
Chan, A. L. S. (2008). "Lumen Method Calculation." <http://personal.cityu.edu.hk/ ~bsapplec/lumen.htm> (Mar. 12, 2016).
Chandratilake, S. R., and Dias, W. P. S. (2013). "Sustainability rating systems for buildings: Comparisons and correlations." Journal of Energy, 59, 22-28.
Chiong, R., 2009. Nature-Inspired Algorithms for Optimisation. Berlin: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Chu, T., and LIN, Y. (2003). "A Fuzzy TOPSIS Method for Robot Selection." The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 21, 284–290.
CIB & UNEP-IETC. (2002). Agenda 21 for Sustainable Construction in Developing Countries. CSIR Building and Construction Technology, South Africa.
CIBSE. (2006). Environmental design-CIBSE Guide A. Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, London.
CIPEC. (2011). Energy Saving Tool Box-An Energy Audit Manual and Toolbox. National Resources Canada, Canada.
Coello, C. C. A., and Cortes, N. C. (2005). "Solving Multiobjective Optimization Problems Using an Artificial Immune System." Journal of Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines, 6, 163-190.
Cole, R. J. (2005). "Building Environmental Assessment Methods: Redefining Intentions and Roles." Journal of Building Research and Information, 35(5), 455-467.
Cole, R. J. (1999). "Building environmental assessment methods: clarifying intentions." Building Research and Information, 27(4/5), 230-246.
Concordia. (2017). "Molson Building Features." <https://www.concordia.ca/maps/buildings/mb/highlights-features.html> (Jan. 13, 2017)
Crawley, D., and Aho, I., (1999). "Building environmental assessment methods: application and development trends." Journal of Building Research and Information, 27(4/5), 300-308.
Cronbach, L. J. (2004). "My current thoughts on coefficient alpha and successor procedures." Journal of Educational and Psychological Measurement, 64(3), 391-418.
Cronbach, L. J. (1951). "Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests." Journal of Psychometrika, 16(3), 297-334.
De Castro, L. N., and Von Zuben, F. J. (2002). "Learning and Optimization Using the Clonal Selection Principle." Journal of Transactions on Evolutionary Computation IEEE, 6(3), 239-251.
De Castro, L. N., and Von Zuben, F. J. (1999). "Artificial Immune System: Part I-Basic Theory and Applications." Department of Computer Engineering and Industrial Automation/School of Electrical and Computer Engineering/ University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
Ding, G. K. C. (2008). "Sustainable construction—The role of environmental assessment tools." Journal of Environmental Management., 86, 451-464.
Dixon, T., Colantonio, A., Shiers, D., Reed, R., Wilkinson, S., and Gallimore, P. (2008). "A Green Profession? A Global Survey of RICS Members and Their Engagement with the Sustainability Agenda." Journal of Property Investment and Finance, 26(6), 460-481.
Ertuğrul, İ., and Karakaşoğlu, N. (2008). "Comparison of Fuzzy AHP and Fuzzy TOPSIS Methods for Facility Location Selection." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 39, 783–795.
EWEA. (2009). The Economics of Wind Turbines. The European Wind Energy Association, Brussels.
Eweda, A. (2012). "An Integrated Condition Assessment Model for Educational Buildings Using BIM." Ph.D. Thesis, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 266 pages.
Fenner, R. A., and Ryce, T. (2008). "A comparative analysis of two building rating systems-Part 1: Evaluation." Journal of Engineering Sustainability, 161, 55-63.
Fowler, M., and Rauch, M. (2006). Sustainable Building Rating Systems Summary. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington.
GBC Indonesia. (2012). Greenship New Buildings: Summary of Criteria and Bench Mark. Green Building Council Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
GBC Indonesia. (2011). Greenship Existing Building for Existing Building: Benchmark Summary. Green Building Council Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
GBI. (2016). "Green Building Index." http://new.greenbuildingindex.org/how/classification (May 7, 2016).
GBI. (2011). GBI Assessment Criteria for Non-Residential Existing Buildings. Green Building Index, Version 1.1, Kuala Lumpur, Indonesia.
Gething, B., and Bordass, B. (2006). "Rapid assessment checklist for sustainable buildings." Building Research and Information, 34(4), 416-426.
GSA. (2016). "2003 Facilities Standards."< https://www.gsa.gov/portal/content/101308 > (Mar. 18, 2017).
Haapio, A., and Viitaniemi, P. (2008). "A critical review of building environmental assessment tools." Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 28, 469-482.
Hastings, R., and Wall, M. (2007). Sustainable Solar Housing, Vol. 1 – Strategies and Solutions. Earthscan, London.
HK GBC. (2012). BEAM Plus: Existing Buildings. BEAM Society Limited, version 1.2, Hong Kong.
Hong Kong Institute of Architects. (2012). "Energy and Use of Energy: Calculation and Application of OTTV and U-value." Hong Kong Institute of Architects, Hong Kong.
Hong, L., and Ji, Z. (2010). "An Adaptive Multi-Objective Clonal Selection Algorithm." 2010 International Symposium on Computer, Communication, Control and Automation (3CA), IEEE, Tainan, China, 1-5 May, 233-236.
Humbert, S., Abeck, H., Bali, N., and Horvath, A. (2007). "Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED). A critical evaluation by LCA and recommendations for improvement." International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 12(1), 46-57.
Hwang Hutcheon, N. B., and Handegord, G. O. P. (1995). NRC: Building Science for a Cold Climate. Institute for Research in Construction, Canada.
IEA. (2012). "Issues Paper for Policy Pathway for Windows and Other Glazed Areas." International Energy Agency.
IIASA. (2012). Global Energy Assessment: Toward a Sustainable Future. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
IPCC. (2014). Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York.
IPCC. (2007). Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
JaGBC. (2008). CASBEE for New Construction: Comprehensive Assessment System for Building Environmental Efficiency Technical Manual. 2008 Edition, Japan Green Building Council, Institute for Building Environment and Energy Conservation (IBEC), Japan.
John, N., R, M., and Rajappan, S. C. (2013). "Energy Saving Mechanism Using Variable Frequency Drives." International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, 3(3), 784-790.
Juan, Y., Gao, P., and Wang, J. (2010). "A hybrid decision support system for sustainable office building renovation and energy performance improvement." Journal of Energy and Buildings, 42, 290-297.
Jump, D. (2008). Guidelines for Verifying Existing Building Commissioning Project Savings. California Commissioning Collaborative, California.
Junior, F. R. L., Osiro, L., and Carpinetti, L. C. R. (2014). "A comparison between Fuzzy AHP and FuzzyTOPSIS methods to supplier selection." Journal of Applied Soft Computing, 21, 194-209.
Kahraman, C., Kaya, I., Çevik, S., Ates, N. Y., and Gülbay, M. (2008). Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision Making: Theory and Applications with Recent Developments. Springer Science and Business Media, LLC, Istanbul, Turkey.
Kates, R. W., Parris, T. M., and Leiserowitz, A. A. (2005). "What is Sustainable Development? Goals, Indicators, Values, and Practice." Journal of Environment, 47(3), 8-21.
Kelcroft. (2016). "BEAMPlus" <http://www.kelcroftasia.com/services/beamplus.html#.Vy2g1IQrJhF > (Apr.15, 2016).
Kline, P. (2000). “Reliability of tests”. The handbook of psychological testing, 2nd Edition, Routledge, London, 7-17.
Kohler, N., (1999). "The relevance of Green Building Challenge: an observer’s perspective." Building Research and Information, 27(4/5), 309-320.
Krejcie, R. V., and Morgan, D. W. (1970). "Determining Sample Size for Research Activities." Journal of Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607-610.
Larsson, N. K., and Cole, R. J. (1998). "GBC ’98: context, history and structure." Proceeding of Green Building Challenge ’98 an international conference on the performance assessment of buildings, Natural Resources Canada (NRC), Vancouver, Canada, October 17-24,15-25.
Lee, W. L., and Burnett, J. (2008). "Benchmarking energy use assessment of HK-BEAM, BREEAM and LEED." Journal of Building and Environment, 43, 1882–1891.
Lee, W. L., Chau,C.K., Yik, F.W.H., Burnett, J., and Tse, M. S. (2002). "On the study of credit-weighting scale in a building environmental assessment scheme." Journal of Building and Environment, 37, 1385-1396.
Lee, Y. S., and Guerin, D. A. (2009). "Indoor Environmental Quality Related to Occupant Satisfaction and Performance in LEED-certified Buildings." Indoor and Built Environment, 18(4), 293-300.
Lu, X., Ding, Y., and Hao, K. (2008). "Adaptive Design Optimization of Wireless Sensor Networks Using Artificial Immune Algorithms." 2008 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence), IEEE, Hong Kong, China, 1-6 June, 788-792.
Magnier, L., and Haghighat, F. (2010). "Multiobjective optimization of building design using TRNSYS simulations, genetic algorithm, and Artificial Neural Network." Journal of Building and Environment, 45, 739-746.
Malmqvist, T., Glaumann, M., Svenfelt, Å., Carlson, P., Erlandsson, M., Andersson, J., Wintzell, H., Finnveden, G., Lindholm, T., and Malmström, T. (2011). "A Swedish environmental rating tool for buildings." Journal of Energy, 36, 1893-1899.
Marzouk, M. M., Abdelhamid, M. S., and Elsheikh, M. T. (2011). "Selecting Building Materials using System Dynamics and Ant Colony Optimization." Proceeding of Integrating Sustainability Practices in the Construction Industry Conference, Construction Institute of ASCE, Kansas City, Missouri, March 23-25, 577-584.
McArthur, J., Herrera, N., and Mantha, P. (2014). International sustainability systems comparison-Key International Sustainability Systems: Energy and Water Conservation Requirements. Ove Arup & Partners Ltd., New York.
Mckinsey. (2009). Averting next energy crisis: The demand challenge. Mckinsey Global Institute.
Moody, D. L., Sindre, G., Brasethvik, T., and and Sølvberg, A. (2003). "Evaluating the quality of information models: empirical testing of a conceptual model quality framework." Proceedings of the 25th international conference on Software engineering, Portland, USA, May 3-10, 295-305.
Nguyen, B. K., and Altan, H. (2011). "Comparative Review of Five Sustainable Rating Systems." Journal of Procedia Engineering, 21, 376-386.
NRC. (2009). Variable Frequency Drives Energy Efficiency Reference Guide. Natural Resources Canada, CEATI International, Ontario.
NSERC. (2016). Building Integrated Combined Solar Thermal and Electric Generation Demonstration Project at Concordia University. NSERC Solar Buildings Research Network; National Sciences and Engineering Research Councils, Montreal.
NSW. (2014). Energy Saver: Energy Efficient Lighting Technical Report. State of NSW and the Office of Environment and Heritage, Australia.
J. O’Connor, and Bowick, M., (2016). "Advancing Sustainable Design with Life Cycle Assessment." <http://www.sabmagazine.com/blog/2014/09/23/ceu-article/> (Apr. 16, 2016).
Panigrahi, B. K., Yadav, S. R., Agrawal, S., and Tiwari, M. K. (2007). "A clonal algorithm to solve economic load dispatch." Journal of Electric Power Systems Research, 77, 1381-1389.
Perez-Lombard, L., Ortiz, J., and Pout, C. (2008). "A Review on Buildings Energy Consumption Information." Journal of Energy and Buildings, 40, 394-398.
Pison, G., and Van Aelst, S. (2004). "Diagnostic plots for robust multivariate methods." Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, 13(2), 310-329.
Pramanik, D., Haldar, A., Mondal, S. C., Naskar, S. K., and Ray, A., (2016). "Resilient supplier selection using AHP-TOPSIS-QFD under a fuzzy environment." International Journal of Management Science and Engineering Management,12(1) 1-10.
Rao, B. S., and Vaisakh, K. (2013). "Multi-objective adaptive Clonal selection algorithm for solving environmental/economic dispatch and OPF problems with load uncertainty." Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, 53, 390-408.
Reed, R., Bilos, A., Wilkinson, S., and Schulte, K. (2009). "International Comparison of Sustainable Rating Tools." Journal of Sustainable Real Estate, 1(1), 1-22.
Reed, R., Wilkinson, S., Bilos, A., and Schulte, K. (2011). "A Comparison of International Sustainable Building Tools – An Update." The Proceeding of the 17th Annual Pacific Rim Real Estate Society Conference, Gold Coast, Australia, January 16-19.
Research Advisors. (2006). "Sample size table." <http://research-advisors.com/tools/SampleSize.htm > (July 31, 2017).
Schwartz, Y., and Raslan, R. (2013). "Variations in Results of Building Energy Simulation Tools, and their Impact on BREEAM and LEED Ratings: A Case Study." Journal of Energy and Building, 62, 350-359.
Seo, S., Tucker, S., Ambrose, M., Mitchell, P., and Wang, C. H. (2005). Technical Evaluation of Environmental Assessment Rating Tools. Project No. PN05.1019, Technical Evaluation of Environmental Assessment Rating Tools, Australia.
Seppo, J. (2004). "An Environmental Impact of an Office Building throughout its Life Cycle." Ph.D. Thesis, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo Finland.
Sev, A. (2009). "How Can the Construction Industry Contribute to Sustainable Development? A Conceptual Framework." Journal of Sustainable Development, 17, 161-173.
Simmons, B., Tan, M. H. Y., Wu, C. F. J., Yu, Y., and Augenbroe, G. (2013). "Finding the Cost-Optimal mix of building energy technologies that satisfies a set operational energy reduction targets." Proceedings of BS2013:13th Conference of International Building Performance Simulation Association, Chambéry, France, August 26-28, 1852-1859.
Singapore Government. (2016). "Building and Construction Authority." <https://bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/green_mark_criteria.html> (May 7, 2016).
Singh, R. K., Murty, H. R., Gupt, S. K., and Dikshit, A. K. (2012). "An overview of sustainability assessment methodologies." Journal of Ecological Indicators, 15, 281-299.
Smiciklas, J. (2016). BOMA BEST Portfolio Program: Continuous Certification Program for: Offices, Enclosed Shopping Centers, Open Air Retail, Light Industrial, Multi-Unit Residential Buildings. BOMA Canada, Toronto.
Todd, J. A., and Geissler, S. (1999). "Regional and Cultural Issues in Environmental Performance Assessment for Buildings." Journal of Building Research and Information, 27(4-5), 247-256.
UN. (2015). Paris Agreement. Frame work Convention on Climate Change, United Nations, FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1.
UN. (1992). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change." United Nations, Rep. No. GE.05-62220 (E) 200705.
UN. (1982). Report of The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment. United Nations publication, Switzerland.
UNEP. (2016). "United Nations Environment Programme." <http://www.unep.org/sbci/ AboutSBCI/Background.asp> (Apr. 8, 2016).
UNEP. (2011). Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication - A Synthesis for Policy Makers. United Nations Environment Programme, France.
UNEP. (2009). Buildings and Climate Change: Summary for Decision Makers. United Nations Environmental Programme, Paris.
UNEP. (2010). Guidelines on education policy for sustainable built environments. United Nations Environmental Programme. Paris.
Ürge-Vorsatz, D., Harvey, L. D. D., Mirasgedis, S., and Levine, M. D. (2007). "Mitigating CO2 emissions from energy use in the world's buildings." Journal of Building Research and Information, 35(4), 379-398.
USGBC. (2009). LEED Reference Guide for Green Building Operations and Maintenance for the Operations and Maintenance of Commercial and Institutional Buildings. Version 3.0, U.S. Green Building Council, Washington, DC.
Vairamuthu, M., Porselvi, S., Balaji, A. N., and Babu, J. R. (2014). "Artificial Immune System algorithm for multi objective flow shop scheduling problem." International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 3(3), 1391-1395.
Vanaja, B., Hemamalini, S., and Simon, S. P. (2008). "Artificial Immune Based Economic Load Dispatch with Valve-Point Effect." Proceeding of 2008 IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON 2008) , IEEE, Hyderabad, India, 19-21 November,1-5.
Vaske, J. J., Beaman, J., and Sponarski, C. C. (2017). "Rethinking Internal Consistency in Cronbach's Alpha." Journal of Leisure Sciences, 39(2), 163-173.
Wang, W., Radu, Z., and Rivard, H. (2005). "Applying multi-objective genetic algorithms in green building design optimization." Building and Environment, 40, 1512-1525.
Warren, C., Bienert, S., and Warren-¬Myers, G. (2009). "Valuation and Sustainability are Rating Tools Enough?" Proceeding of the 16th annual European Real Estate Society Conference, Stockholm, Sweden, June 24 – 27.
WCED. (1987). Report of World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
WEC. (2013). World Energy Resources: 2013 Survey. World Energy Council.
Worldgbc. (2016). "World Green Buiding Council." <http://www.worldgbc.org/member-directory> (April 5, 2016).
Xiaoping, M., Huimin, L., and Qiming, L. (2009). "A comparison study of mainstream sustainable/green building rating tools in the world." The Proceeding of International Conference on Management and Service Science, IEEE, Wuhan, China, September 20-22, 1-5.
Yong, D., (2006). "Plant Location Selection Based on Fuzzy TOPSIS." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing and Technology, 28, 839–844.
Yu, X., and Gen, M. (2010). Introduction to Evolutionary Algorithms. Springer-Verlag, London.
All items in Spectrum are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved. The use of items is governed by Spectrum's terms of access.
Repository Staff Only: item control page
Download Statistics
Download Statistics