References:

AASHTO. (1961). Standard specifications for highway bridges. 8th Edition, Washington, DC.
AASHTO (2014). AASHTO LRFD Bridge design specifications, customary U.S. units, 7th Edition. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC.
Abdel-Mohti, A. (2010). Effect of skew on the seismic response of RC box-girder bridges. Proceedings of the 9th US National and 10th Canadian Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Toronto, ON, Canada.
ACI 515-57 (1958). A guide to the use of waterproofing, dampproofing, protective and decorative barrier systems for concrete. ACI Committee 515, Manual of Concrete Practice.
Adams, J., and Halchuk, S. (2003). Fourth generation seismic hazard maps of Canada: Values for over 650 Canadian localities intended for the 2005 National Building Code of Canada. Open File Report 4459, Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
Alemdar, F. Z. (2010). Plastic hinging behavior of reinforced concrete bridge columns. PhD. Thesis, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.
Amiri-Hormozaki K. (2003). Effects of scaling of earthquake excitations on dynamic response of reinforced concrete frame buildings. M.A.Sc Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont., 2003.
ASCE/SEI7-10. (2010). Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures. ASCE standard, American Society of Civil Engineers.
ATC-32. (1996). Improved seismic design criteria for California bridges: provisional recommendations. Applied Technology Council, Redwood City, CA.
Atkinson, G.M. (2009). Earthquake time histories compatible with the 2005 National building code of Canada uniform hazard spectrum. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 36(6): 991-1000.
89
Aviram, A., Mackie, K.R., and Stojadinovic, B. (2008). Guidelines for nonlinear analysis of bridge structures in California. PEER Report, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Berkeley, CA.
Baker, J.W., and Cornell, C.A. (2005). A vectored-valued ground motion intensity measure consisting of spectral acceleration and epsilon. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 34(10): 1193-1271.
Balendra, T., Huang, X. (2003). Overstrength and ductility factors for steel frames designed according to BS 5950. Journal of Structural Engineering, 129(8): 1019–1035.
Banerjee1, S., Patro, S.K., and Rao, P. (2014). Inelastic seismic analysis of reinforced concrete frame building with soft storey. International Journal of Civil Engineering Research, 5(4): 373-378.
Billah, A. M., and Alam, M. S. (2016). Plastic hinge length of shape memory alloy (SMA) reinforced concrete bridge pier. Engineering Structures, 117 (15): 321-331.
Borzi, B., and Elnashai, A.S. (2000). Refined force reduction factors for seismic design. Engineering Structures, 22:1244–1260.
Caltrans (2013). Seismic design criteria, version 1.7. California Department of Transportation, Sacramento, CA.
Carr, A.J. (2015). RUAUMOKO – Inelastic dynamic analysis program. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
CHBDC. (1966). Canadian highway bridge design code. Standards CAN/CSA-S-6, Canadian Standards Association, Mississauga, Ontario.
CHBDC (2014). Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code, CAN/CSA S6-14. Canadian Standards Association, Rexdale, ON, Canada.
Computers and Structures, Inc. (2015). SAP2000 - Computer program for three dimensional static and dynamic finite element analysis and design of structures, Berkley, CA.
90
Dowell, R. K., and Hines, E. M. (2002). Plastic hinge length of reinforced concrete bridge columns. Proceedings of the Third National Seismic Conference and Workshop on Bridges and Highways, Portland, Ore.
Erdem, A. (2010). Seismic design of bridges: analytical investigation of AASHTO LRFD response modification factors and seismic performance levels of circular bridge columns. Saarbrücken: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing.
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). (2005). Design of structures for earthquake resistance – Part 2: Bridges. Eurocode 8, EN 1998-2, Brussels.
FHWA. (2012). Manual for design, construction, and maintenance of orthotropic steel bridges, FHWA-IF-12-027. US Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.
Hartzell, S.H. (1978). Earthquake aftershocks as Green's functions. Geophysical Research Letters, 5(1): 1-4.
Hatami, K., and Bathurst, R.J. (2001). Investigation of seismic response of reinforced soil retaining walls. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, San Diego, California.
Haselton, C.B., Whittaker, A.S., Hortacsu, A., Baker, J., Gray, J., and Grant, D.N. (2012). Selecting and scaling earthquake ground motions for performing response-history analysis. Proceedings of the 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Lisbon, Portugal.
Heidebrecht, A.G., and Naumoski, N. (2002). The influence of design ductility on the seismic performance of medium height reinforced concrete buildings. ACI Special Publications SP-197, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 239-264.
Hines, E. M., Seible, F., and Priestley, M.J.N. (2000). Cyclic Tests of Structural Walls with Highly - Confined Boundary Elements, Structural Engineering Report SSRP 2001/27, University of California, San Diego, 260 pp.
91
Hobbs, W.H. (1908). A Study of the damage to bridges during earthquakes. The Journal of Geology, 16(7): 636-653.
Huang, K. (2014). Minimum number of accelerograms for time-history analysis of typical highway bridges. M.A.Sc. Thesis, Department of Building, Civil, and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
ICC, (2000), The International Building Code, IBC-2000, International Code Council, Falls Church, VA.
Itani, A., Gaspersic, P., and Saiidi, M. (1997). Response modification factors for seismic design of circular reinforced concrete bridge columns. Structural Journal, 94(1): 23–30.
Kang, C.K., and Choi, B.J. (2011). New approach to evaluate the response modification factors for steel moment resisting frames. International Journal of Steel Structures, 11(3): 275-286.
Kappos, A. J., Paraskeva, T. S., and Moschonas, I. F. (2013). Response modification factors for concrete bridges in Europe. Journal of Bridge Engineering, 18(12): 1328–1335.
Karbassi, A., Lestuzzi, P., and Mohebi, B. (2012). Development and application of damage spectra for RC buildings in Europe. Proceedings of the 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Lisboan, Portugal.
Keivani, S.B. (2003). Seismic evaluation of existing reinforced concrete bridges in Ottawa region. M.A.Sc Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.
Kim, J. K., and Choi, H.H. (2005). Response modification factors of chevron-braced frames. Engineering Structures, 27: 285-300.
Lin, L., Naumoski, N., Saatcioglu, M., Booth, E., and Gao, Y.L. (2013). Selection of seismic excitations for nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete frame buildings. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 40(5): 411-426.
Mander, J.B., Priestley, M.J., and Park, R. (1988). Theoretical stress-strain model for confined concrete. Journal of Structural Engineering, 114(8): 1804-1826.
92
Marianchik, E., Levy, R., Rutenberg, A., and Segal, F. (2000). Optimal seismic design of friction damped braced frames based on existing earthquake records. Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Auckland, New Zealand.
Mazzoni, S., McKenna, F., Scott, H.F. Fenves, G.L. (2009). Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (OpenSees), Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Berkeley, California.
Miranda, E., and Bertero, V. (1994). Evaluation of strength reduction factors for earthquake resistant design. Earthquake Spectra, 10(2): 357-379.
Mitchell, D. Huffman, S., Tremblay, R., Saatcioglu, M., Palermo, D., Tinawi, R., and Lau, D. (2013). Damage to bridges due to the 27 February 2010 Chile earthquake. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 40(8): 675-692.
Mitchell, D., Tremebaly, R., Karacabeyli, E., Paultre, P., Saatcioglu, M., and Anderson, D.L. (2003). Seismic force modification factors for the proposed 2005 edition of the National Building Code of Canada. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 30(2): 308–327.
Mortezaei, A. (2014). Plastic hinge length of RC columns under the combined effect of near-fault vertical and horizontal ground motions. Journal of Civil Engineering, 58(3): 243-253.
Naumoski, N.N., Heidebrecht, A.C., and Rutenberg, A.V. (1993). Representative ensembles of strong motion earthquake records. EERG report 93-1, Department of Civil Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
Naumoski, N.N., Heidebrecht, A.C., and Tso, W.K. (1988). Selection of representative strong motion earthquake records having different A/V ratios. EERG Report 88-01, Department of Civil Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario.
Naumoski, N.N., and Heidebrecht, A.C. (1998). Seismic level of protection of medium height reinforced concrete frame structures, member properties for seismic analysis. EERG report 98-01, Department of Civil Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
93
Naumoski, N., and Tso, W.K. (1990). Period-dependent seismic force reduction factors for short-period structures, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 18(4): 568-574.
Nassar, A. A., and Krawinkler, H. (1991). Seismic demands for SDOF and MDOF systems. Report No. 95, The John A. Blume Earthquake Engineering Center, Stanford University, CA.
Newmark, N.M., and Hall, W.J. (1973). Procedures and criteria for earthquake resistant design. National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC, pp. 209-236.
Nielson, B.G., and DesRoches, R. (2007). Seismic fragility methodology for highway bridges using a component level approach. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Analysis, 36: 823-839.
NIST. (2011). Selecting and scaling earthquake ground motions for performing response history analysis. NIST/GCR 11-917-15, prepared by NEHRP Consultants Joint Venture for the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland.
NRCC (2010). National Building Code of Canada. Institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON.
Pan, Y., Agrawal, A.K., Ghosn, M., and Alampalli, S. (2010). Seismic fragility of multispan simply supported steel highway bridges in New York State. I: Bridge Modelling, Parametric Analysis, and Retrofit Design. Journal of Bridge Engineering, 15(5): 448-461.
Paulay, T. and Priestley, M.J.N. (1992). Seismic design of reinforced concrete and masonry buildings. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.
Priestley, M. J. N., Calvi, G. M., and Kowalsky, M. J. (2007). Displacement based seismic design of structures. IUSS PRESS, Italy.
Priestley, M.J.N., Seible, F. and Calvi, G.M. (1996). Seismic design and retrofit of bridges. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.
94
Reinhorn, A.M., Roh, H., Sivaselvan, M., Kunnath, S.K., Valles, R.E., Madan, A., Li, C., Lobo, R., and Park, Y.J. (2009). IDARC2D version 7.0: a program for the inelastic damage analysis of structures. Report MCEER-09-0006, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York.
Reyes, J.C., and Kalkan, E. (2011). Required number of records for ASCE/SEI 7 ground motion scaling procedure. US Geological Survey, Open File Report 108, 334 p.
Sebai, E.D.A. (2009). Comparisons of international seismic code provisions for bridges. M.A.Sc. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering an Applied Mechanics, McGill University, Montreal, QC.
Tavares, D.H., Padgett, J.E., and Paultre, P. (2012). Fragility curves of typical as-built highway bridges in eastern Canada. Engineering Structures, 40: 107-118.
Thrall, A.P., and Billington D.P. (2008). Bayonne Bridge: the work of Othmar Ammann, master builder. Journal of Bridge Engineering, 13(6): 635–43.
Uang, C. M., Tsai, K. C., and Bruneau, M., (2000). Seismic design of steel bridges. Bridge Engineering Handbook, CRC Press.
Waller, C.L. (2011). A methodology for probabilistic performance-based seismic risk assessment of bridge inventories. M.A.Sc. thesis, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON.
Watanabe, G., and Kawashima, K. (2002). An evaluation of the force reduction factor in the force based seismic design, NIST special publication SP, pp 201–218.
Wilson, J.C. (2003). Repair of new long-span bridges damaged by the 1995 Kobe Earthquake. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 4(4): 196-205.
Yousuf, M.D., and Bagchi, A. (2010). Seismic performance of a 20-story steel-frame building in Canada. The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, 19(8): 901-921.
95
Yousuf, N. (2016). Seismic analysis of RC frame with and without shear walls. International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering, 6(3): 168-176.
Zafar, A. (2009). Response modification factor of reinforced concrete moment resisting frames in developing countries. M.A.Sc. Thesis, Graduate College, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.
Zhe, L. (2017). Personal communication.