References:

A.H. Maslow. A Theory of Human Motivation, Psychological Review, 50 (1943), pp. 370-396

M. González-Eguino. Energy poverty: An overview, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 47 (July 2015), pp. 377-385

Natural Resources Canada, "Energy Efficiency Trends Analysis Tables," Government of Canada, [Online]. Available: http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/corporate/statistics/neud/dpa/menus/trends/analysis/tables.cfm. [Accessed 23 January 2019].

Statistics Canada, "Annual Income Estimates for Census Families and Individuals (T1 Family File)," Minister of Industry, Ottawa, 2016.

Citizens for Public Justice. Poverty Trends 2017
Citizens for Public Justice, Ottawa (2017)

K. Hulse. Housing Allowances and Private Renting in Liberal Welfare Regimes, Housing, Theory and Society, 20 (1) (2003), pp. 28-42

Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, "About Affordable Housing in Canada," 31 March 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/Developing-and-Renovating/Develop-New-Affordable-Housing/Programs-and-information/About-Affordable-Housing-in-Canada.

D. Simone, A. Walks. Immigration, Race, Mortgage Lending, and the Geography of Debt in Canada's Global Cities, Geoforum (April 2017)

A.J. Pollock.Has Canada's housing bubble finally reached bursting point?, Housing Finance International (2017), pp. 13-14 Autumn

A. Iqbal, M. Vitner. Did Monetary Policy Fuel the Housing Bubble?, The Journal of Private Enterprise, 29 (1) (2013), pp. 1-24

BC Non-Profit Housing Association, "Canadian Rental Housing Index," 2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.rentalhousingindex.ca/en/.

ONPHA, "2016 Waiting Lists Survey Report," Ontario Non-profit Housing Association, Toronto, 2016.

M. Shapcott. Federal affordable housing investments: Critical to national social and economic investment plans, Wellesley Institute, Toronto (2012)

A. Head, H. Lloyd-Ellis. Has Canadian House Price Growth been Excessive?, Canadian Journal of Economics, 49 (4) (23 December 2016), pp. 1367-1400

K.P. Green, T. Jackson, I. Herzog, M. Palacios. Energy Costs and Canadian Households, Fraser Institute, Vancouver (2016)

S. Uppal and S. La Rochelle-Côté, "Changes in wealth across the income distribution, 1999 to 2012". Insights on Canadian Society.

Guelph and Wellington Task Force for Poverty Elimination, "Energy Poverty," Poverty Task Force, Guelph, 2011.

Statistics Canada. Households and the Environment: Energy Use 2011, Minister of Industry, Ottawa (2013)

M. Rezaei. Power to the People: Thinking (and rethinking) energy poverty in British Columbia, Canada, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (2009)

K.-M. Brunner, M. Spitzer, A. Christanell. Fuel poverty. A case study of vulnerable households in Vienna/Austria, Energy Policy, 49 (October 2012), pp. 53-59

Ontario Energy Board. 2015 Yearbook of Electricity Distributors, Ontario Energy Board, Toronto (2016)

Statistics Canada, "Household income in Canada: Key results from the 2016 Census," Statistics Canada catalogue no. 11-001-X, Ottawa, 2017.

S. Neuteleers, M. Mulder, F. Hindriks. Assessing fairness of dynamic grid tariffs, Energy Policy, 108 (2017), pp. 111-120

H. Karunathilake, K. Hewage, R. Sadiq. Opportunities and challenges in energy demand reduction for Canadian residential sector: A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82 (3) (2017), pp. 2005-2016

J. Goldman-Hasbun, E. Nosova, K. DeBeck, L. Dahlby. Food insufficiency is associated with depression among street-involved youth in a Canadian setting, Public Health Nutrition, 22 (1) (January 2019), pp. 115-121

V.A. Pear, W.R. Ponicki, A. Gaidus, K.M. Keyes, S.S. Martins, D.S. Fink, A. Rivera-Aguirre, P.J. Guenewald, M. Cerdá. Urban-rural variation in the socioeconomic determinants of opioid overdose, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 195 (1) (2019), pp. 66-73

F. Nägele, T. Kasper, B. Girod. Turning up the heat on obsolete thermostats: A simulation-based comparison of intelligent control approaches for residential heating systems, Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 75 (August 2017), pp. 1254-1268

J. Kulick, D.S. Loughran. Demand-side management and energy efficiency in the United States, The Energy Journal, 25 (1) (January 2004), pp. 19-44

P.L. Joskow, D.P. Marron. What does a negawatt really cost? Further thoughts and evidence, The Electricity Journal, 6 (6) (1993), p. 140

A.J. Hope, A. Booth. Attitudes and behaviours of private sector landlords towards the energy efficiency of tenanted homes, Energy Policy, 75 (December 2014), pp. 369-378

D. Hough, E. White. The Green Deal, UK House of Commons Library, London (2014)

P. Teresio, C. Whitehead. Social housing in Europe: legacies, new trends and the crisis, Critical Housing Analysis, 4 (1) (2017), pp. 1-10

R. de Boer, R. Bitetti. A Revival of the Private Rental Sector of the Housing Market?: Lessons from Germany, Finland, the Czech Republic and the Netherlands, OECD Economics Department Working Papers, 1170 (2014)

D. Charlier, A. Risch, C. Salmon. Analysis: Energy Burden Alleviation and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction: Can We Reach Two Objectives With One Policy?, Ecological Economics, 143 (January 2018), pp. 294-313

D. Gros, F. Roth. The Europe 2020 Strategy: Can it Maintain the EU's Competitiveness in the World?, Centre for European Policy Studies, Brussels (2012)

L. Lihtmaa, D.B. Hess, K. Leetmaa. Intersection of the global climate agenda with regional development: Unequal distribution of energy efficiency-based renovation subsidies for apartment buildings, In Energy Policy, 119 (August 2018), pp. 327-338

K. Wrigley, R. Crawford. Identifying policy solutions for improving the energy efficiency of rental properties, Energy Policy, 108 (2017), pp. 369-378

H. Lind. Pricing principles and incentives for energy efficiency investments in multi-family rental housing: The case of Sweden, Energy Policy, 49 (2012), pp. 528-530

B. Coyne, S. Lyons, D. McCoy. The effects of home energy efficiency upgrades on social housing tenants: evidence from Ireland, Energy Efficiency (16 June 2018), pp. 1-24

R. Sharpe, C. Thornton, V. Nikolaou, N. Osborne. Fuel poverty increases risk of mould contamination, regardless of adult risk perception & ventilation in social housing properties, Environment International, 79 (28 March 2015), pp. 115-129

R. Filčák, L. Živčič. Energy poverty and multi-dimensional perspectives of social inequalities and policy challenges, International Issues & Slovak Foreign Policy Affairs, 26 (1/2) (2017), pp. 40-61

F. Filippidou, N. Nieboer, H. Vissche. rAre we moving fast enough? The energy renovation rate of the Dutch non-profit housing using the national energy labelling database, In Energy Policy, 109 (October 2017), pp. 488-498

T. Poggio, C. Whitehead. Social housing in Europe: legacies, new trends and the crisis, Critical Housing Analysis, 4 (1) (2017), pp. 1-10

E. Llera-Sastresa, S. Scarpellini, P. Rivera-Torres, J. Aranda, I. Zabalza-Bribián, A. Aranda-Usón. Energy Vulnerability Composite Index in Social Housing, from a Household Energy Poverty Perspective, Sustainability, 9 (5) (2017), p. 691

C. Calderón, M.R. Beltrán. Effects of fabric retrofit insulation in a UK high-rise social housing building on temperature take-back, Energy & Buildings, 173 (2018), pp. 470-488

J. San Miguel-Bellod, P. González-Martínez, A. Sánchez-Ostiz. The relationship between poverty and indoor temperatures in winter: Determinants of cold homes in social housing contexts from the 40s–80s in Northern Spain, Energy & Buildings, 173 (15 August 2018), pp. 428-442

J. Terés-Zubiaga, K. Martín, A. Erkoreka, J.M. Sala. Field assessment of thermal behaviour of social housing apartments in Bilbao, Northern Spain, Energy & Buildings, 67 (December 2013), pp. 118-135

J. Nicol, M. Humphreys. Adaptive thermal comfort and sustainable thermal standards for buildings, Energy and Buildings, 34 (2002), pp. 563-572

J. Aranda, I. Zabalza, A. Conserva, G. Millán. Analysis of Energy Efficiency Measures and Retrofitting Solutions for Social Housing Buildings in Spain as a Way to Mitigate Energy Poverty, Sustainability, 9 (10) (2017), p. 1869

L.E. Merano-Gomez, A.E. Izquierdo. Social housing retrofit: Improving energy efficiency and thermal comfort for the housing stock recovery in Mexico, Energy Procedia, 121 (2017), pp. 41-48

R. Tubelo, L. Rodrigues, M. Gillott, J.C.G. Soares. Cost-effective envelope optimisation for social housing in Brazil's moderate climate zones, Building and Environment, 133 (2018), pp. 213-227

M.A. Triana, R. Lamberts, P. Sassi. Should we consider climate change for Brazilian social housing?Assessment of energy efficiency adaptation measures, Energy and Buildings, 158 (2018), pp. 1379-1392

L. Mesquita, J.R. Kós. Towards more resilient and energy efficient social housing in Brazil, Energy Procedia, 121 (2017), pp. 65-70

J.R. Kós, M. Contatto, J. Miyamoto. Nature as an extended interface to home automation systems in International Conference on Improving Residential Energy Efficiency, Wollongong (2017)

R. McLeod, M. Swainson. Chronic overheating in low carbon urban developments in a temperate climate, Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 74 (July 2017), pp. 201-220

C. Sánchez-Guevara Sánchez, N. González, A. Hernández Aja. Energy poverty methodology based on minimal thermal habitability conditions for low income housing in Spain, Energy & Buildings, 169 (15 June 2018), pp. 127-140

M.B. Sosa, E.N. Correa, M.A. Cantón. Neighborhood designs for low-density social housing energy efficiency: Case study of an arid city in Argentina, Energy & Buildings, 168 (2018), pp. 137-146

Transition Énergétique Québec, "Rénoclimat," Gouvernement du Québec, 2017. [Online]. Available: http://www.transitionenergetique.gouv.qc.ca/en/my-home/renoclimat/.

Government of Ontario, "Green Investment Fund," Queen's Printer for Ontario, 4 February 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.ontario.ca/page/green-investment-fund.

F. Filippidou, N. Nieboer, H. Visscher. Energy efficiency measures implemented in the Dutch non-profit housing sector, Energy & Buildings, 132 (2016), pp. 107-116, 15 November

H. Visscher, F. Meijer, D. Majcen, L. Itard. Improved governance for energy efficiency in housing,Building Research & Information, 44 (5/6) (2016), pp. 552-561, July-August

P. Boerenfijn, J.K. Kazak, L. Schellen, J. van Hoof. Review: A multi-case study of innovations in energy performance of social housing for older adults in the Netherlands, Energy & Buildings, 158 (January 2018), pp. 1762-1769

J. Aranda, I. Zabalza, E. Llera-Sastresa, S. Scarpellini, A. Alcalde .Building Energy Assessment and Computer Simulation Applied to Social Housing in Spain, Buildings, 8 (1) (2018), p. 11

C.-F.J. Kuo, C.-H. Lin, M.-H. Lee. Analyze the energy consumption characteristics and affecting factors of Taiwan's convenience stores-using the big data mining approach, Energy & Buildings, 168 (1 June 2018), pp. 120-136

N. Kerr, R. Gillard, L. Middlemiss. Politics, problematisation, and policy: a comparative analysis of energy poverty in England, Ireland and France, Energy and Buildings (2018)

I. Devalière, O. Tessier. Les indicateurs de la précarité énergétique et l'impact de deux dispositifs nationaux sur le phénomène, Informations sociales, 184 (4) (2014), pp. 115-124


S. Bouzarovski, S.T. Herrero. Geographies of injustice: the socio-spatial determinants of energy poverty in Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary, Post-Communist Economies, 29 (1) (2017), pp. 27-50


L. Chester, A. Morris. A new form of energy poverty is the hallmark of liberalised electricity sectors, Australian Journal of Social Issues, 46 (4) (2011), pp. 435-459

N. Sharma, "It doesn't happen here; the reality of child poverty in the UK," Barnardo's, Essex, 2007.

D.J. Besharov, D.M. Call. Income Transfers Alone Won't Eradicate Poverty, Policy Studies Journal, 37 (4) (2009), pp. 599-631

M.G. Cohen, J. Morrison, D. Smith. Dismantling Social Welfare: Chronology of federal govt. cutbacks, 1985-1995, CCPA Monitor (November 1995), pp. 9-12

Fern; Karsh. A Comparison of Canadian and American Welfare Reforms and Their Effects on Poverty After 1990, Western Undergraduate Economics Review (2009), pp. 45-53, March

A. Lewis. Designing for an imagined user: Provision for thermal comfort in energy-efficient extra-care housing, In Energy Policy, 84 (September 2015), pp. 204-212

R. Donaldson, R. Lord. Can brownfield land be reused for ground source heating to alleviate fuel poverty?, Renewable Energy, 116 (February 2018), pp. 344-355 ArticleDownload PDFView Record in Scopus Google Scholar

BMI ResearchCanada Oil & Gas Report Q2 2018
Business Monitor International, London (2018)

Ontario Energy Board, "Historical natural gas rates," 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.oeb.ca/rates-and-your-bill/natural-gas-rates/historical-natural-gas-rates.

K. P. Green and T. Jackson, "Climate change plan another blow to Ontario's competitiveness and consumers," 25 June 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.fraserinstitute.org/article/climate-change-plan-another-blow-to-ontarios-competitiveness-and-consumers.

J. Whitmore, P.-O. Pineau. État de l'Énergie au Québec,", Chaire de gestion du secteur de l'énergie, Montreal (2018)

R. Fischler, L. Wiginton, S. Kraemer. A Place to Stand on Your Own Two Feet: The Role of Community Housing in Immigrant Integration in Montréal, Quebec, Canadian Journal of Urban Research, 26 (2) (2017), pp. 15-32

M.H. Choko. Le «boom» des immeubles d'appartements à Montréal de 1921 à 1951, Urban History Review, 23 (1) (November 1994), pp. 3-18

A. Germain. A closer look at Montréal: is the housing situation for immigrants becoming more precarious?, The Canadian Geographer, 53 (3) (2009), pp. 340-344

The Conference Board of Canada, "Metropolitan Outlook 1: Economic Insights Into 13 Canadian Metropolitan Economies," The Conference Board of Canada, Ottawa, 2017.

Transition Énergétique Québec, "Bâtiment Résidentiel," Gouvernement du Québec, Québec, 2018.

G. Lafond. Hydro-Québec: louve ou vache à lait,Sainte-Foy (Ed.), Hydro-Québec: autres temps, autres défis, Presses de l'Université du Québec (1995), p. 293

Hydro-Québec, "Annual Report 2017," Hydro-Québec, Montreal, 2018.

s.e.c Énergir Calculs mensuels du prix des services de fourniture et du SPEDE
Régie de l'énergie du Québec, Montreal (2018)

K.P. Green, T. Jackson, I. Herzog. Higher energy prices fuel energy poverty in Canada—especially in Ontario, National Newswatch (18 March 2016)