Fairbank, Eloïse (2020) “Social Hygge” and Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation in Children and Adolescents. Masters thesis, Concordia University.
Preview |
Text (application/pdf)
1MBFairbank_MA_F2020.pdf - Accepted Version Available under License Spectrum Terms of Access. |
Abstract
There is robust evidence of the health-enhancing benefits of social relationships and support, especially for inflammatory processes. Most research is limited to adults. In children and adolescents, the social support literature focuses on individual sources of support (i.e., mother). An encompassing, comprehensive measure of support spanning a child’s entire social network may help to unify findings across developmental areas. The thesis aims were twofold: Part 1 explored a novel multidimensional conceptualization of social support named “social hygge”, and Part 2 tested the relation between social hygge and chronic low-grade inflammation in children and adolescents. Data from the population-based Quebec Child and Adolescent Health and Social (QCAHS) survey were analyzed. Youth aged 9, 13, and 16 years (N = 3613) and their parents answered questions about their social relationships and support. A subsample (n = 2204) provided a fasting blood draw that was assayed for C-reactive protein (CRP). Part 1 explored the psychometrics of three quantitative approaches: traditional, data-driven, and social hygge to derive principal components. Part 2 tested the relation between these derived components with CRP, adjusting for age, sex, body mass index and smoking. All multidimensional social hygge scores were associated with lower CRP in adolescents (η2p = .003-.005); no association was found for children. Effect sizes were comparable to those previously reported in adults. Findings support a possible latent construct that more broadly encompasses social support, warmth, and feeling valued in children and adolescents. Recommendations for replication and future research are provided.
Divisions: | Concordia University > Faculty of Arts and Science > Psychology |
---|---|
Item Type: | Thesis (Masters) |
Authors: | Fairbank, Eloïse |
Institution: | Concordia University |
Degree Name: | M.A. |
Program: | Psychology |
Date: | 17 August 2020 |
Thesis Supervisor(s): | McGrath, Jennifer J. |
Keywords: | social relationships, social support, psychometric, multidimensional, chronic inflammation, child, adolescent |
ID Code: | 987169 |
Deposited By: | Eloïse Fairbank |
Deposited On: | 27 Oct 2022 13:51 |
Last Modified: | 27 Oct 2022 13:51 |
References:
Adamson, P. (2013). Child well-being in rich countries: A comparative overview. Innocenti Report Card. Retrieved July 20, 2020, from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED595633.pdfAinsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E. & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation. Hillsdale, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Anastasi, A. (1985). Psychological testing: Basic concepts and common misconceptions. In A. M. Rogers & C. J. Scheirer (Eds.), The G. Stanley Hall Lecture Series. The G. Stanley Hall lecture series, 5, 87–120. https://doi.org/10.1037/10052-003
Aubin, J., Lavallée, C., Camirand, J., Audet, N…. Berthiaume, P. (2002). Enquête sociale et de santé auprès des enfants et des adolescents québécois 1999. Québec: Institut de la statistique du Québec.
August K.J., Rook K.S. (2013). Social Relationships. In Gellman M.D., & Turner J.R. (Eds.) Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine. Springer, New York, NY.
Barki, H., & Hartwick, J. (2004). Conceptualizing the construct of interpersonal conflict. International Journal of Conflict Management, 15(3). doi:10.1108/eb022913
Bernard, K., Hostinar, C. E., & Dozier, M. (2019). Longitudinal associations between attachment quality in infancy, C-reactive protein in early childhood, and BMI in middle childhood: preliminary evidence from a CPS-referred sample. Attachment & Human Development, 21(1), 5-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2018.1541513
Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. London: Basic Books.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1992). Ecological systems theory. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Broyles, S. T., Staiano, A. E., Drazba, K. T., Gupta, A. K., Sothern, M., & Katzmarzyk, P. T. (2012). Elevated C-reactive protein in children from risky neighbourhoods: evidence for a stress pathway linking neighbourhoods and inflammation in children. PLoS One, 7(9). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0045419
Bupp, M. R. G. (2015). Sex, the aging immune system, and chronic disease. Cellular Immunology, 294(2), 102-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.02.002
Byrne, M. L., Badcock, P. B., Simmons, J. G., Whittle, S., Pettitt, A., Olsson, C. A., . . . Allen, N. B. (2017a). Self-reported parenting style is associated with children’s inflammation and immune activation. Journal of Family Psychology, 31(3), 374-380. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000254
Byrne, M. L., Horne, S., O'Brien-Simpson, N. M., Walsh, K. A., Reynolds, E. C., Schwartz, O. S., . . . Allen, N. B. (2017b). Associations between observed parenting behavior and adolescent inflammation two and a half years later in a community sample. Health Psychology, 36(7), 641-651. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000502
Byrne, M. L., O’Brien-Simpson, N. M., Reynolds, E. C., Walsh, K. A., Laughton, K., Waloszek, J. M., ... & Allen, N. B. (2013). Acute phase protein and cytokine levels in serum and saliva: a comparison of detectable levels and correlations in a depressed and healthy adolescent sample. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 34, 164-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2013.08.010
Cacioppo, J. T., & Cacioppo, S. (2014). Social relationships and health: The toxic effects of perceived social isolation. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 8(2), 58-72. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12087
Cauce, A. M., Mason, C., Gonzales, N., Hiraga, Y., & Lia, G. (1994). Social support during adolescence: Methodological and theoretical considerations. In Nestmann, F. & Klaus Hurrelmann, K. (Eds.) Social Networks and Social Support in Childhood and Adolescence, 89-108.
Center for Disease Control (CDC). (2018, July 3). BMI for children and teens. Retrieved July 20, 2020, from https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/defining.html
Chen, E., Chim, L. S., Strunk, R. C., & Miller, G. E. (2007). The role of the social environment in children and adolescents with asthma. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 176(7), 644-649. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200610-1473OC
Chin, B., & Cohen, S. (2020). Review of the Association Between Number of Social Roles and Cardiovascular Disease: Graded or Threshold Effect?. Psychosomatic Medicine, 82(5), 471-486. doi:10.1097/PSY.0000000000000809
Chu, P. S., Saucier, D. A., & Hafner, E. (2010). Meta-analysis of the relationships between social support and well-being in children and adolescents. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29(6), 624-645. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2010.29.6.624
Cloutier, R., L. Champoux & C. Jacques (1994). Enquête ados, familles et milieu de vie : la parole aux ados!, Québec, Université Laval, Centre de recherche sur les services communautaires, 124.
Cohen, S. (2004). Social relationships and health. American Psychologist, 59(8), 676.
Cohen, S., Mermelstein, R., Kamarck, T., & Hoberman, H. M. (1985). Measuring the functional components of social support. In Social support: Theory, research and applications, 73-94. Springer, Dordrecht.
Cohen, S., Underwood, L. G., & Gottlieb, B. H. (Eds.). (2000). Social support measurement and intervention: A guide for health and social scientists. Oxford University Press.
Colarossi, L. G. (2001). Adolescent gender differences in social support: Structure, function, and provider type. Social Work Research, 25(4), 233-241. https://doi.org/10.1093/swr/25.4.233
Deschesnes, M., & Schaefer, C. (1997). Styles de vie des jeunes du secondaire en Outaouais: Secteur général. Régie régionale de la santé et des services sociaux de l'Outaouais, Direction de la santé publique.
Dowd, J. B., Zajacova, A., & Aiello, A. E. (2010). Predictors of inflammation in US children aged 3-16 years. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 39(4), 314-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2010.05.014
Essau, C.A., Sasagawa, S., & Frick, P.J. (2006). Psychometric properties of the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 15, 597-616. doi:10.1007/s10826-006-9036-y
Fagundes, C. P., & Way, B. (2014). Early-life stress and adult inflammation. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(4), 277-283. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414535603
Fagundes, C. P., Bennett, J. M., Derry, H. M., & Kiecolt‐Glaser, J. K. (2011). Relationships and inflammation across the lifespan: Social developmental pathways to disease. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(11), 891-903. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00392.x
Feghali, C. A., & Wright, T. M. (1997). Cytokines in acute and chronic inflammation. Frontiers in Bioscience, 2(1), d12-d26. Retrieved July 20, 2020 from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carol_Feghali-Bostwick/publication/14059816_Cytokines_acute_and_chronic_inflammation/links/54a1786b0cf256bf8baf722e/Cytokines-acute-and-chronic-inflammation.pdf
Ferrucci, L., Corsi, A., Lauretani, F., Bandinelli, S., Bartali, B., Taub, D. D., ... & Longo, D. L. (2005). The origins of age-related proinflammatory state. Blood, 105(6), 2294-2299. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2004-07-2599
Freeman, J. A., Bauldry, S., Volpe, V. V., Shanahan, M. J., & Shanahan, L. (2016). Sex differences in associations between subjective social status and C-reactive protein in young adults. Psychosomatic Medicine, 78(5), 542. doi:10.1097/PSY.0000000000000309
Fuligni, A. J., Telzer, E. H., Bower, J., Cole, S. W., Kiang, L., & Irwin, M. R. (2009). A preliminary study of daily interpersonal stress and C-reactive protein levels among adolescents from Latin American and European backgrounds. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71(3), 329. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181921b1f
Furman, W., & Buhrmester, D. (1992). Age and sex differences in perceptions of networks of personal relationships. Child Development, 63(1), 103-115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1992.tb03599.x
Gadani, S. P., Cronk, J. C., Norris, G. T., & Kipnis, J. (2012). IL-4 in the brain: a cytokine to remember. Journal of Immunology, 189(9), 4213–4219. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1202246
Gallo, L. C., Fortmann, A. L., McCurley, J. L., Isasi, C. R., Penedo, F. J., Daviglus, M. L., Roesch, S. C., Talavera, G. A., Gouskova, N., Gonzalez, F., 2nd, Schneiderman, N., & Carnethon, M. R. (2015). Associations of structural and functional social support with diabetes prevalence in U.S. Hispanics/Latinos: results from the HCHS/SOL Sociocultural Ancillary Study. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 38(1), 160–170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-014-9588-z
Gidron, Y. (2013). Social Cohesion. In Gellman M.D., & Turner J.R. (Eds.) Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine. Springer, New York, NY.
Gordon-Hollingsworth, A. T., Thompson, J. E., Geary, M. A., Schexnaildre, M. A., Lai, B. S., & Kelley, M. L. (2016). Social support questionnaire for children: Development and initial validation. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 49(2), 122-144. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175615596780
Green, B. L., Furrer, C., & McAllister, C. (2007). How do relationships support parenting? Effects of attachment style and social support on parenting behavior in an at-risk population. American Journal of Community Psychology, 40(1-2), 96-108. doi:10.1007/s10464-007-9127-y
Guan, S.-S. A., Bower, J. E., Almeida, D. M., Cole, S. W., Dahl, R. E., Irwin, M. R., … Fuligni, A. J. (2016). Parental support buffers the association of depressive symptoms with cortisol and C-reactive protein during adolescence. Brain, Behavior & Immunity, 57, 134–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2016.03.007
Haber, M. G., Cohen, J. L., Lucas, T., & Baltes, B. B. (2007). The relationship between self‐reported received and perceived social support: A meta‐analytic review. American Journal of Community Psychology, 39(1-2), 133-144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-007-9100-9
Harris, T. B., Ferrucci, L., Tracy, R. P., Corti, M. C., Wacholder, S., Ettinger Jr, W. H., ... & Wallace, R. (1999). Associations of elevated interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein levels with mortality in the elderly. The American Journal of Medicine, 106(5), 506-512. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(99)00066-2
Harter, S. (2012). Social support scale for children: Manual and questionnaires. Denver, CO: University of Denver.
Heerde, J. A., & Hemphill, S. A. (2018). Examination of associations between informal help-seeking behavior, social support, and adolescent psychosocial outcomes: A meta-analysis. Developmental Review, 47, 44-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2017.10.001
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., & Layton, J. B. (2010). Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review. PLoS Medicine, 7(7), e1000316. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316
House, J. S. 1981. Work stress and social support. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.
Kafetsios, K., & Sideridis, G. D. (2006). Attachment, social support and well-being in young and older adults. Journal of Health Psychology, 11(6), 863-875. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105306069084
Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Gouin, J. P., & Hantsoo, L. (2010). Close relationships, inflammation, and health. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(1), 33-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.09.003
Kumar, S., Calvo, R., Avendano, M., Sivaramakrishnan, K., & Berkman, L. F. (2012). Social support, volunteering and health around the world: Cross-national evidence from 139 countries. Social Science and Medicine, 74(5), 696-706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.11.017
Lacey, R. E., Kumari, M., & Bartley, M. (2014). Social isolation in childhood and adult inflammation: Evidence from the National Child Development Study. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 50, 85-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.08.007
Lambert, M., Delvin, E. E., Paradis, G., O’Loughlin, J., Hanley, J. A., & Levy, E. (2004). C-reactive protein and features of the metabolic syndrome in a population-based sample of children and adolescents. Clinical Chemistry, 50(10), 1762-1768. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2004.036418
Landis, J. R., Koch, G. G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33, 159-174. doi:10.2307/2529310
Leschak, C. J., & Eisenberger, N. I. (2019). Two distinct immune pathways linking social relationships with health: inflammatory and antiviral processes. Psychosomatic Medicine, 81(8), 711-719. doi:10.1097/PSY.0000000000000685
Levitt, M. J., Guacci-Franco, N., & Levitt, J. L. (1993). Convoys of social support in childhood and early adolescence: Structure and function. Developmental Psychology, 29(5), 811–818. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.29.5.811
Lutgendorf, S. K., Sood, A. K., Anderson, B., McGinn, S., Maiseri, H., Dao, M., Sorosky, J. I., Geest, K. D., Ritchie, J., and Lubaroff, D. M. (2005). Social support, psychological dis- tress, and natural killer cell activity in ovarian cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 23, 7105–7113. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2005.10.015
Lyyra, T. M., & Heikkinen, R. L. (2006). Perceived social support and mortality in older people. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 61(3), S147-S152. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/61.3.S147
Maggio, M., Guralnik, J. M., Longo, D. L., & Ferrucci, L. (2006). Interleukin-6 in aging and chronic disease: a magnificent pathway. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 61(6), 575-584. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/61.6.575
Majka E.A., Cacioppo J.T. (2013). Loneliness. In Gellman M.D., & Turner J.R. (Eds.) Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine. Springer, New York, NY.
Malecki, C. K., & Demaray, M. K. (2002). Measuring perceived social support: Development of the child and adolescent social support scale (CASSS). Psychology in the Schools, 39(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.10004
Malecki, C. K., & Elliott, S. N. (1999). Adolescents' ratings of perceived social support and its importance: Validation of the Student Social Support Scale. Psychology in the Schools, 36(6), 473-483. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6807(199911)36:6<473::AID-PITS3>3.0.CO;2-0
Markanday, A. (2015). Acute phase reactants in infections: evidence-based review and a guide for clinicians. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 2(3), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofv098
McEwen, B. S. (2000). Allostasis and allostatic load: implications for neuropsychopharmacology. Neuropsychopharmacology, 22(2), 108. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0893-133X(99)00129-3
McHugh Power, J., Carney, S., Hannigan, C., Brennan, S., Wolfe, H., Lynch, M., ... & Lawlor, B. (2019). Systemic inflammatory markers and sources of social support among older adults in the Memory Research Unit cohort. Journal of Health Psychology, 24(3), 397-406. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105316676331
McNeely, C., & Falci, C. (2004). School connectedness and the transition into and out of health‐risk behavior among adolescents: A comparison of social belonging and teacher support. Journal of School Health, 74(7), 284-292. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2004.tb08285.x
Measelle, J. R., & Ablow, J. C. (2018). Contributions of early adversity to pro-inflammatory phenotype in infancy: the buffer provided by attachment security. Attachment & Human Development, 20(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2017.1362657
Miller, A. H., & Raison, C. L. (2016). The role of inflammation in depression: from evolutionary imperative to modern treatment target. Nature Reviews Immunology, 16(1), 22. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri.2015.5
Miller, G. E., & Chen, E. (2010). Harsh family climate in early life presages the emergence of a proinflammatory phenotype in adolescence. Psychological Science, 21(6), 848-856. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610370161
Miller, G., Rohleder, N., & Cole, S. (2009). Chronic interpersonal stress predicts activation of pro‐and anti‐inflammatory signaling pathways 6 months later. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71(1), 57. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e318190d7de.
Muscatell, K. A., Eisenberger, N. I., Dutcher, J. M., Cole, S. W., & Bower, J. E. (2016). Links between inflammation, amygdala reactivity, and social support in breast cancer survivors. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 53, 34-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2015.09.008
Nakata, A., Irie, M., & Takahashi, M. (2013). Source-specific social support and circulating inflammatory markers among white-collar employees. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 47(3), 335-346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-013-9555-x
Nelson, B. W., Byrne, M. L., Simmons, J. G., Whittle, S., Schwartz, O. S., Reynolds, E. C., O'Brien-Simpson, N. M., Sheeber, L., & Allen, N. B. (2017). Adolescent sympathetic activity and salivary C-reactive protein: The effects of parental behavior. Health Psychology, 36(10), 955–965. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000516
O'Loughlin, J., Lambert, M., Karp, I., McGrath, J., Gray-Donald, K., Barnett, T. A., ... & Paradis, G. (2008). Association between cigarette smoking and C-reactive protein in a representative, population-based sample of adolescents. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 10(3), 525-532. https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200801901997
OECD. (2015). How’s Life? 2015: Measuring Well-being. Paris: OECD Publishing. Retrieved July 20, 2020, from http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/how_life-2015-en
Paradis, G., Lambert, M., O’Loughlin, J., Lavallée, C., Aubin, J., Berthiaume, P., et al. (2003). The Quebec Child and Adolescent Health and Social Survey: design and methods of a cardiovascular risk factor survey for youth. Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 19(5). Retrieved July 20, 2020, from http://www.med.mcgill.ca/epidemiology/Hanley/bios601/Surveys/QCHASDesignMethodsParadis2003.pdf
Pearson, T. A., Mensah, G. A., Alexander, R. W., Anderson, J. L., Cannon III, R. O., Criqui, M., ... & Rifai, N. (2003). Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation, 107(3), 499-511. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000052939.59093.45
Reblin, M., & Uchino, B. N. (2008). Social and emotional support and its implication for health. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 21(2), 201. doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e3282f3ad89.
Reevy, G. M., & Maslach, C. (2001). Use of social support: Gender and personality differences. Sex Roles, 44(7-8), 437-459. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011930128829
Rödöö, P., Ridefelt, P., Aldrimer, M., Niklasson, F., Gustafsson, J., & Hellberg, D. (2013). Population-based pediatric reference intervals for HbA1c, bilirubin, albumin, CRP, myoglobin and serum enzymes. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 73(5), 361-367. https://doi.org/10.3109/00365513.2013.783931
Rohleder N. (2013a). Interleukins, -1 (IL-1), -6 (IL-6), -18 (IL-18). In Gellman M.D., & Turner J.R. (Eds.) Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine. Springer, New York, NY.
Rohleder N. (2013b). Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-Alpha). In Gellman M.D., & Turner J.R. (Eds.) Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine. Springer, New York, NY.
Rohleder N., Wolf J.M. (2013). Inflammation. In Gellman M.D., & Turner J.R. (Eds.) Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine. Springer, New York, NY.
Rook, K. S. (1998). Investigating the positive and negative sides of personal relationships: Through a lens darkly? In B. H. Spitzberg & W. R. Cupach (Eds.), The dark side of close relationships (pp. 369–393). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Ruiz J., Prather C.C., Kauffman E.E. (2013). Social Support. In Gellman M.D., & Turner J.R. (Eds.) Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine. Springer, New York, NY.
Russell, A., & Saebel, J. (1997). Mother–son, mother–daughter, father–son, and father–daughter: Are they distinct relationships?. Developmental Review, 17(2), 111-147. https://doi.org/10.1006/drev.1996.0431
Sachs, J. D., Layard, R., & Helliwell, J. F. (2018). World Happiness Report 2018 (No. id:12761). Retrieved July 20, 2020, from http://www.esocialsciences.org/Download/repecDownload.aspx?fname=A201854103855_57.pdf&fcategory=Articles&AId=12761&fref=repec
Schmeer, K. K., & Yoon, A. (2016a). Socioeconomic status inequalities in low-grade inflammation during childhood. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 101(11), 1043-1047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2016-310837
Schmeer, K. K., & Yoon, A. J. (2016b). Home sweet home? Home physical environment and inflammation in children. Social Science Research, 60, 236-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.04.001
Schneider, B. H., & Byrne, B. M. (1989). Parents rating children's social behavior: How focused the lens?. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 18(3), 237-241. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp1803_6
Semmer, N. K., Elfering, A., Jacobshagen, N., Perrot, T., Beehr, T. A., & Boos, N. (2008). The emotional meaning of instrumental social support. International Journal of Stress Management, 15(3), 235. https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.15.3.235
Shanahan, L., Copeland, W. E., Worthman, C. M., Erkanli, A., Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (2013). Sex-differentiated changes in C-reactive protein from ages 9 to 21: The contributions of BMI and physical/sexual maturation. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38(10), 2209-2217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.04.010
Singh-Manoux, A., Marmot, M. G., & Adler, N. E. (2005). Does subjective social status predict health and change in health status better than objective status?. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67(6), 855-861. doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000188434.52941.a0
Slavich, G. M., & Irwin, M. R. (2014). From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: a social signal transduction theory of depression. Psychological Bulletin, 140(3), 774. doi:10.1037/a0035302.
Slopen, N., Chen, Y., Priest, N., Albert, M. A., & Williams, D. R. (2016). Emotional and instrumental support during childhood and biological dysregulation in midlife. Preventive Medicine, 84, 90-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.12.003
Stephens, T., & Morin .M. (1996). Youth Smoking Survey, 1994: Technical Report. Ottawa (ON): Minister of Supply and Services Canada.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Boston: Pearson.
Taylor, S. E. (2011). Social support: A review. In H. S. Friedman (Ed.), Oxford library of psychology. The Oxford handbook of health psychology (p. 189–214). Oxford University Press.
Taylor, S., & Gonzaga, G. (2006). Evolution, relationships, and health: The social shaping hypothesis. Evolution and Social Psychology, 211-236. Retrieved July 20, 2020, from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/824a/da88f4e0f84a1c91c8805688c90482754c37.pdf
Uchino, B. N. (2004). Social support and physical health: Understanding the health consequences of relationships. Yale University Press.
Uchino, B. N. (2006). Social support and health: a review of physiological processes potentially underlying links to disease outcomes. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 29(4), 377-387. doi:10.1007/s10865-006-9056-5
Uchino, B. N. (2009). Understanding the links between social support and physical health: A life-span perspective with emphasis on the separability of perceived and received support. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4(3), 236-255. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01122.x
Uchino, B. N., Trettevik, R., Kent de Grey, R. G., Cronan, S., Hogan, J., & Baucom, B. R. W. (2018). Social support, social integration, and inflammatory cytokines: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 37(5), 462-471. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000594
Uchino, B. N., Vaughn, A. A., Carlisle, M., & Birmingham, W. (2012). Social support and immunity. In S. C. Segerstrom (Ed.), Oxford library of psychology. The Oxford handbook of psychoneuroimmunology (p. 214–233). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195394399.013.0012
Umberson, D., & Karas Montez, J. (2010). Social relationships and health: A flashpoint for health policy. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51(1_suppl), S54-S66. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146510383501
van Zanten J.V. (2013). C-Reactive Protein (CRP). In Gellman M.D., & Turner J.R. (Eds.) Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine. Springer, New York, NY.
Wiking, M. (2016). The little book of hygge: The Danish way to live well. Penguin UK.
Wills, T. A. (1991). Social support and interpersonal relationships. In M. S. Clark (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology, Vol. 12. Prosocial behavior (p. 265–289). Sage Publications, Inc.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2017). An evidence map of social, behavioural and community engagement interventions for reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health (No. 9789240697263). World Health Organization. Retrieved July 20, 2020, from https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/259399/9789240697263-eng.pdf
Yang, Y. C., Schorpp, K., & Harris, K. M. (2014). Social support, social strain and inflammation: Evidence from a national longitudinal study of US adults. Social Science & Medicine, 107, 124-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.02.013
Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30-41. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2
Repository Staff Only: item control page