Login | Register

“ineradicable voices; narratives toward rerooting” An oral history research-creation based on the life stories of individuals who experienced transracial/intercountry adoption

Title:

“ineradicable voices; narratives toward rerooting” An oral history research-creation based on the life stories of individuals who experienced transracial/intercountry adoption

Ismail-Allouche, Zeina (2021) “ineradicable voices; narratives toward rerooting” An oral history research-creation based on the life stories of individuals who experienced transracial/intercountry adoption. PhD thesis, Concordia University.

[thumbnail of Ismail-Allouche_PHD_Fall2021.pdf]
Preview
Text (application/pdf)
Ismail-Allouche_PHD_Fall2021.pdf - Accepted Version
Available under License Spectrum Terms of Access.
1MB

Abstract

“ineradicable voices; narratives toward rerooting ”; An oral history research-creation based on the life stories of individuals who experienced transracial/intercountry adoption
Zeina Ismail-Allouche, PHD
Concordia University, 2021

This collaborative oral history research-creation, grounded in Indigenous methodologies (Kovach, 2009; 2010; Smith, 1999; Wilson, 2008), amplifies the critical narrative of transracial/intercountry adoption through the life stories of individuals who experienced transracial/intercountry adoption (adoptees), regardless of their places of origin and adoption. An Advisory committee of adoptees guided the research and 22 collaborators (including the Advisory committee) worked together to ensure a co-authored representation of these long-silenced voices. The creative outcome was a Zoom oral history headphone verbatim performance.
The online public event (available at this link: https://storytelling.concordia.ca/projects-item/ineradicable-voices-narrations-toward-rerooting/) revealed complex, intimate, intense and unique pathways with intersections of colonial systems, identity formation, and enduring racism. Search for origins was perceived as necessary for the healing process and Indigenous custom adoption was identified as the best community-based practice in parallel with investing in preventing separation and breaking the vicious cycle of poverty.
The research-creation is timely amidst the tragic discovery of the remains of more than 1000 children buried at different sites of the colonial residential school following the 15 May 2021 release of the Laurent Commission final report on Children's Rights and Youth Protection calling for reform of the youth protection system in Quebec. Internationally, the implications of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is expected to expose more children to the risk of falling into transracial/intercountry adoption; some 150 million people across the globe will be pushed into poverty by 2021 due to the global recession and the closure of many firms because of the lockdown (World Bank, 2021). Lebanon is of particular concern because of the country's unprecedented economic and political crises. History has proven that transracial/intercountry adoption was practiced as a rescue intervention despite the fact that it has been critically revisited in many writings highlighting its long-term and irreversible psychological challenges (Blackstock, 2011; Brodzinsky, 1993; Cantwell, 2014).
The thesis is a complementary document to the public event. It presents the theoretical framework of the research-creation. The thesis includes my connections to the research subject, a historical perspective on adoption practices and the colonial legacies of forced separation of Indigenous children in Canada, the research methodologies, the impact on audience, my learnings about the methodologies, an analysis of findings and proposed recommendations.

Divisions:Concordia University > School of Graduate Studies > Individualized Program
Item Type:Thesis (PhD)
Authors:Ismail-Allouche, Zeina
Institution:Concordia University
Degree Name:Ph. D.
Program:Individualized Program
Date:11 June 2021
Thesis Supervisor(s):Fast, Elizabeth and High, Steven and Neuerburg-Denzer, Ursula
Keywords:Adoption- Canada - Child welfare - Headphone verbatim - Indigenous Methodologies - Intercountry - Lebanon - Oral history performance - Post-colonial - Residential schools - Transracial
ID Code:988750
Deposited By: Zeina Ismail-Allouche
Deposited On:29 Nov 2021 16:51
Last Modified:29 Nov 2021 16:51
Related URLs:

References:

Aboriginal peoples in Canada: First nations people, Métis and Inuit. (2018, July 25). Statistics Canada. Retrieved from https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/as-sa/99-011-x/99-011-x2011001-eng.cfm
Adams, M. (2002). Our son a stranger: Adoption breakdown and its effects on parents.
Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
Alcoff, L. M. (1991). The problem of speaking for others. Cultural Critique, 20 (Winter), 5–32.
Alderman, J. (2003). Primer encouraging informed and sensitive interactions between youth in care and their child care worker. Journal of Child and Youth Care Work, 18, 104-118.
Alexander, B. K. (2005). Performance ethnography. The re-enacting and inciting of culture. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.) Handbook of Qualitative Inquiry, 3rd edition. (pp. 411-441). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Al Jazeera. (2021, January 13). Ireland lays bare the scandal of baby deaths at church-run homes. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/1/12/ireland-to-lay-bare-scandal-of-baby-deaths-at-church-run-homes#:~:text=Ireland%20lays%20bare%20the%20scandal%20of%20baby%20deaths%20at%20church%2Drun%20homes,-12%20Jan%202021&text=Thousands%20of%20children%20died%20in,that%20reflected%20brutal%20living%20conditions.
Allingrin, E. (2018). A la recherche de ses parents biologiques. Migros Magazine. Retrieved from https://www.migrosmagazine.ch/retrouver-ses-parents-biologiques
Alstein, H., & Simon, R. J. (1992). Adoption, race, and identity; From infancy through adolescence. New York: Praeger Publishers.
Alston-O’Connor, E. (2019). The Sixties Scoop. Critical Social Work. Special Indigenous Issue, 11(1), Retrieved from https://ojs.uwindsor.ca/index.php/csw/article/view/5816
Arsenault, A. A. (2006). The life cycle experiences and influences of adoption through Aboriginal adult’s stories. (Master of Social Work), University of British Columbia.
Auger, D. (2001). The Northern Ojibwe and their family law. (Juris Doctor), York University.
Baden, A. (1999). Transracial adoption study: Information about the controversy. Transracial adoption. Retrieved from http://www.msu.edu/user/badenama/index4.html
Bagely, C. (1993). Transracial adoption in Britain: A follow-up study, with policy considerations. Child Welfare, 72(3), 285–299.
Bagley, C. & Young, L. (1987). Juvenile prostitution and child sexual abuse: A controlled study. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, (6)1, .5-26.
Bagely, C., Young, L., & Scully, A. (1993). International and transracial adoptions: A mental health perspective. New Castle: Althenaeum Press LTD.
Bargach, J. (2002). Orphans of Islam: Family, abandonment, and secret adoption in Morocco. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Battiste, M. (2008). Research ethics for protecting Indigenous knowledge and heritage: Institutional and research responsibilities. In N. Denzin, Y. Lincoln, & L.T. Smith (Eds.), Handbook of critical indigenous methodologies (pp. 497-510). London: Sage Publications.
Barone, T., & Eisner, E. (2012). Arts based research. Sage.
Bellefeuille, G., & Ricks, F. (2012). Relational inquiry. A child and youth care approach to research. In D. Bellefeuille, D., Jamieson, & F. Ricks (Eds.), Standing on the precipice. Inquiry into the creative potential of child and youth care practice (pp. 199-220). Edmonton: MacEwan Press.
Ben Chaim, D. (1984). Distance in the theatre: The aesthetics of audience response. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Research Press.
Bennett, M., Blackstock, C. & De La Ronde, R.(2005). A literature review and annotated
bibliography on aspects of aboriginal child welfare in Canada. 2nd Edition. Retrieved from First Nations Child and Family Caring Society website http://www.fncfcs.com/docs/AboriginalCWLitReview_2ndEd.pdf.
Berger, R., & Quinney, R. (2005). The narrative turn in social inquiry. In R. Berger, & R. Quinney, Storytelling Sociology: Narrative as Social Inquiry. London: Bynne Rienna.
Bhambra, G. K. (2014). Connected sociologies. London/New Delhi/New York/Sydney: Bloomsbury
Biehal, N., Clayden, J., Stein, M., & Wade, J. (1994). Leaving care in England: A research perspective. Children and Youth Services Review, 16 (3/4), 231-254.
Blackstock, C. (2011). The Canadian human rights tribunal on first nations child welfare: Why if Canada wins, equality and justice lose. Children and Youth Services Review 33(1):187–94
Blackstock, C., & Alderman, J. (2005). The untouchable parent: The state and Aboriginal children in the child welfare system in Canada. Early Childhood Matters, 105, 19-22.
Blackstock, C., Brown, I., & Bennett, M. (2007). Reconciliation: Rebuilding the Canadian child welfare system to better serve Aboriginal children and youth. In I. Brown, F. Chaze, D. Fuchs, J. Lafrance, S. McKay, & S. Thomas Prokop (Eds.), Putting a human face on child welfare: Voices from the Prairies (pp. 59-87). Regina: Prairie Child Welfare Consortium / Centre of Excellence for Child Welfare.
Blank, M. (2018). Reclaiming adoptive agency: Transnational and transracial adoption under neoliberalism, political racelessness, and modernity. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/38102477/Reclaiming_Adoptive_Agency_Transnational_and_Transracial_Adoption_under_Neoliberalism_Political_Racelessness_and_Modernity
Boal, A. (1995). The rainbow of desire. New York: Routledge.
Boal, A. (1985). Theatre of the Oppressed. New York. Theatre Publication Group.
Bochner, A. P., & Ellis, C. (1992). Personal Narrative as a Social Approach to Interpersonal Communication. Communication Theory, 2(2), 175–172.
Bogdan, R.C. & Biklen, S. K. (2006). Qualitative research for education: An introductory to theory and methods. (5th ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon
Boldo, V. (2016). Finding the way back: A personal narrative of reclaiming lost idenity and voice from transracial adoption. In M. A. Hart, A. D. Burton, K. Hart, G. Rowe, D. Halonen, & Y. Pompana (Eds.), International Indigenous Voices in Social Work (17-40). Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Borg, M., Karlsson, B., Kim, H. S., & McCormack, B. (2012). Opening up for many voices in knowledge construction. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 13(1), Art 1. Retrieved from http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs120117
Bos, P.(2007). Once a mother: Relinquishment and adoption from the perspective of unmarried mothers in South India. PhD thesis, University of Amsterdam, Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254891711_
Briggs, L. (2013). Biopolitics of Adoption, Scholar and the Feminist 11.3 (Summer 2013). Scholar and the Feminist Online 11:3.
Briggs, L. (2012). Somebody’s children: The politics of transracial and transnational adoption. Durham and London: Duke University Press.
Brodzinsky, D. M. (1993). Long term outcomes in adoption. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/David_Brodzinsky
Brook, P. (1995). The open door: Thoughts on acting and theatre. New York,
NY: Theatre Communications Group.
Bussey, M., Feagans, L., Arnold, L., Wulczyn, F., Brunner, K., Nixon, R., DiLorenzo, P., Pecora, P. J., Weiss, S. A., Winterfeld, A. (2000). Transition from foster care: A state-by-state data base overview. Seattle, WA: Casey Family Programs.
Cajete, G. (2004). Philosophy of native science. In A. Waters (Ed), American Indian thought: Philosophical essays. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Caldwell, J., & Sinha, V. (2020). (Re) conceptualizing Neglect: Considering the overrepresentation of Indigenous children in child welfare systems in Canada. Child Indicators Research, 13(2), 481-512. doi:10.1007/s12187-019-09676-w
Canadian Human Rights Tribunal (CHRT). (2016). First Nations Child and Family Caring Society v Canada (AG), 2016 CHRT 10, 83 CHRR D/266..
Cantwell, N. (2014). The best interests of the child in intercountry adoption (Innocenti Insight). Florence: Unicef Office of research.
Carrière, J. (2005). Connectedness and health for First Nation adoptees. Paediatrics & Child Health, 10,9, 1, pp. 545–548, https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/10.9.545
Carrière, J., & Richardson, C. (Eds.). (2009). From longing to belonging: Attachment theory, connectedness and Indigenous children in Canada. Regina CPRC Press.
Carrière & Strega. (2015) Strega & J. S. A. E. Carriere (Eds.), Walking this path together: Anti-racist and anti-oppressive child welfare practice (158–172). Black Point, Nova Scotia: Fernwood
CBC News. (2021, May 28). Remains of 215 children found buried at former B.C. residential school, First Nation says | CBC News. CBCnews. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/tk-eml%C3%BAps-te-secw%C3%A9pemc-215-children-former-kamloops-indian-residential-school-1.6043778.
Chansonneuve, D (2005). Reclaiming connections: Understanding residential school trauma among aboriginal people. The Aboriginal Healing Foundation.
Chapman, O. & Sawchuk. K (2015). Creation-as-research: Critical making in complex environments. Racar: Revue D'art Canadienne / Canadian Art Review 40, 1, 49–52.
Chatham-Carpenter, A. (2010). 'Do thyself no harm’: Protecting ourselves as autoethnographers. Journal of Research Practice, 6(1). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49611619_Do_Thyself_No_Harm_Protecting_Ourselves_as_Autoethnographers
Chirwa, W.C. (2002). Social exclusion and inclusion: Challenges to orphan care in Malawi. Nordic Journal of African Studies, 11, 1, 93-113
Clandinin, J & Connolly, M. (2004). Narrative inquiry: Experience and story in qualitative research. San Fransisco: Jossey-Bass
Corder, M. (2021, February 8). Dutch government halts overseas adoptions after criticism. AP News. Retrieved from https://apnews.com/article/adoption-netherlands-europe-6961b52bd738d706cc89b5f18f2ba58b#:~:text=THE%20HAGUE%2C%20Netherlands%20(AP),putting%20up%20their%20children%20for
Committee on the Rights of the Child Sixty first session 17 September - 5 October (2012). Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 44 of the Convention Concluding observations: Canada. Retrieved from http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/docs/co/CRC-C-CAN-CO-3-4_en.pdf
Committee on the Rights of the Child Twenty ninth session 1 February (2002). Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 44 of the Convention Concluding observations: Lebanon. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-180250/
Cornish, C. & Szalay, E. (2021, March 03). Lebanese currency plunges to new low fuelling nationwide protests. Financial Times. Retrieved March 31, 2021, from https://www.ft.com/content/811bc4c2-98ca-4e9a-a23e-3d3764d5e435
COVID-19 to add as many as 150 Million extreme poor by 2021. (n.d.). World Bank. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/10/07/covid-19-to-add-as-many-as-150-million-extreme-poor-by-2021
Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Crichlow, W. (2002). Western colonization as disease: Native adoption & cultural genocide. Critical Social Work, 3(1). Retrieved from http://www1.uwindsor.ca/criticalsocialwork/western-colonization-as-disease-native-adoption-cultural-genocide
Cyrielle, G. (2014). Remixing politics: the case of headphone-verbatim theatre in britain. Journal of Contemporary Drama in English, 2(1), 50–62. https://doi.org/10.1515/jcde-2014-0005
Davis, C. S., & Ellis, C. (2006). Emergent methods in autoethnographic research autoethnographic narrative and the multiethnographic turn. In S. Hess-Biber and P. Leavy, Handbook of Emergent Methods (283–302). New York: Guilfrod Press.
Davis, J. (2017, October 14). The 'orphan' I adopted FROM UGANDA already had a family. CNN. Retrieved from https://www.cnn.com/2017/10/13/opinions/adoption-uganda-opinion-davis
Delap, E., & Vraalsen, P. (2017). Scoping study and recommendations for next steps on alternative care, Lebanon. Lebanon: Child Frontiers. Retrieved from https://bettercarenetwork.org/sites/default/files/Lebanon%20Alternative%20Care%20Scoping%20Study%20-%20FINAL%20%28002%29.pdf
Denzin, N. K. (2003). Performance ethnography: Critical pedagogy and the politics of culture. Thousand Oaks. CA: Sage.
di Tomasso, L. & de Finney, S. (2015). A discussion paper on Indigenous custom adoption. Part1: Severed connections-Historical overview of Indigenous adoption in Canada. First Peoples Child and Family Review, 10(1), 7-18.
Dickens, J. (2002). The paradox of inter-country adoption: Analysing Romania’s experience
as a sending country. International Journal of Social Welfare, 11, 1, 76-83.
Drennan ElAwar, D. (2018, August 15). About me. Retrieved April 11, 2021, from https://danielibnzayd.wordpress.com/about-diz/
Drennan ElAwar, D. (2016, June 4). Should my son come back. Retrieved April 11, 2021, from https://danielibnzayd.wordpress.com/?s=Zeina%2BAllouche
Drennan ElAwar, D. (2016a). Adoptee, rematriated. Retrieved from https://danielibnzayd.wordpress.com/
Drennan ElAwar, D. (2016b, April,1). Advice for adoptive parents. Retrieved from https://danielibnzayd.wordpress.com/?s=advice+for+adoptive+parents
Drennan ElAwar, D. (2016c, May 5). "On orphans, adoption, and islam". Retrieved April 11, 2021, from https://danielibnzayd.wordpress.com/?s=On%2Borphans%2C%2Badoption%2C%2Band%2Bislam
Dubinsky, K. (2010) Babies without borders: Adoption and migration across the Americas. New York: New York University Press
Elliot, A. (2017, January 26). Why non-Indigenous support for Joseph Boyden should set off alarm bells | CBC Arts. Retrieved April 30, 2021, from https://www.cbc.ca/arts/why-non-indigenous-support-for-joseph-boyden-should-set-off-alarm-bells-1.3951223
Ellis, C. (2004). The Ethnographic I: A methodological novel about autoethnography. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
Erasmus, G. (2004). Notes on a history of the Indian Residential School system in Canada. prepared for a conference by the Assembly of First Nations, Alberta.
Ermine, W. J. (2000). A critical examination of the ethics in research involving Indigenous peoples. University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan. Retrieved from https://ecommons.usask.ca/bitstream/handle/10388/etd-01182007-133515/Ermine_john_2000.pdf
Eshet, D. (2015). Stolen Lives: The Indigenous peoples of Canada and the Indian residential schools. Toronto, ON, Canada: Facing history and ourselves. Retrieved from https://www.facinghistory.org/sites/default/files/publications/Stolen_Lives_1.pdf
Espey, J. (2002). Stewardship and OCAP (Discussion paper). First Nations Statistical Institute. Retrieved from http://fnigc.ca/sites/default/files/OCAP%20&%20Stewardship.pdf
Estrella, K., & Forinash, M. (2007). Narrative inquiry and arts-based inquiry: Multinarrative perspectives. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 47, 376-383.
Evans-Campbell, T. (2008). Historical trauma in American Indian/Native Alaska communities: Multilevel framework for exploring impacts on individuals, families, and communities. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 23(3), 316–338.
Ewing, R. (2013). Creative arts in the lives of young children: Play, imagination and learning. Malbourne: ACER Press.
Fast, E. (2014). Exploring the role of culture among urban Indigenous youth in Montreal (Doctoral Dissertation). Mcgill University, Montreal.
Fast E., Ismail-Allouche Z., Boldo V., Drouin-Gagne, M. (2019). Indigenous youth leaving care in Canada: Lessons from our past and present. In Mann-Feder, V. R., & Goyette, M. (Eds.). Leaving care and the transition to adulthood : international contributions to theory, research and practice (Ser. Emerging adulthood series). Oxford University Press.
Field, S. (2012). Imagining Communities: Memory, Loss, and Resilience in Post-Apartheid Cape Town. In Oral history, community and DISPLACEMENT: Imagining memories in post-apartheid South Africa. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Field, S. (2006). Beyond 'Healing': Trauma, Oral History and Regeneration. Oral History, 34(1), 31-42. Retrieved May 5, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/40179842

Finley, S. (2005). Arts-based inquiry: Performing revolutionary pedagogy. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.) Handbook of Qualitative Inquiry (3rd edition), (681-694). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Fontaine, T. (2016, January 26). Canada discriminates against children on reserves, tribunal rules. CBC, retrieved from: https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/canada-discriminates-against-children-on-reserves-tribunal-rules-1.3419480
Fonseca, C. (2011). The de-kinning of birthmothers – Reflections on maternity and being human. Vibrant, 8(2): 307–339.
Fournier, S. & Crey, E. (1997). Stolen from our embrace. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre Ltd.
Freundlich, M. (2002). Adoption research: An assessment of empirical contributions to the advancement of adoption practice. Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless 11(2):143–66.
Froman, K. (2007). The Undercover Indian: Explorations in urban, mixed-ancestry Aboriginal identity and culture. (Master of Arts), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg.
Fronek, P. (2018). Current perspectives on the ethics of selling international surrogacy support services. Medicolegal and Bioethics, (8), 11-20.
https://doi.org/10.2147/MB.S134090
Fronek, P., Cuthbert, D. (2012). The future of inter-country adoption: A paradigm shift for this Century, International Journal of Social Welfare 21(2): 215–24.
Freiri, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York: Herder & Herder.
Gaber, I., & Albridge, J. (1994). Culture, identity and transracial adoption. London: Free Association Books Ltd.
Garrett PM. (2016). ‘Unmarried Mothers’ in the Republic of Ireland. Journal of Social Work. 16(6):708-725.
Gibbons & Rotabi. (2016). Intercountry adoption: Policies, practices, and outcomes. Journal of Community Practice 24(2), 228–29.
Giberti, E. (2000). Excluded mothers. Birth mothers relinquishing their children. In P. Selman (Ed.), Intercountry adoption. Developments, trends and perspectives. London: British Agencies for Adoption and Fostering, 458–466.
Gillies, R. (2017). Canada seeks to compensate Indigenous taken from families [News]. Retrieved from https://www.apnews.com/19c7200125d94a99a6c8b2b56a42a3b8
Goody, J. (1969). Comparative studies in kinship. London: Routledge.
Gould, S.J. (1981). The Mismeasure of man. London: Norton House
Graff, E. (2008). The lie we love. Foreign Policy(November/December), pp. 59-66. Retrieved 2017, from http://foreignpolicy.com/2009/10/06/the-lie-we-love/
Gray, E. (2011). The orphan trains. Films Media Group. https://fod-infobase-com.lib-ezproxy.concordia.ca/p_ViewVideo.aspx?xtid=44104
Grbich, C. (1999). Qualitative research in health: An introduction allen and unwin. St Leonards, NSW.
Grotowski, J. (1968) Towards a poor theatre. London: Methuen.
Grummell, B. (2007). The 'second chance' myth: Equality of opportunity in Irish adult
education policies, British Journal of Education Studies, 55 (2), 182-201.
Hachey, I. (2015). Deracines; Les enfants perdus d’Hato Mayor. Montreal: La Presse.
Hague Conference on Private International Law (1993). Convention on the protection of children and co-operation in respect of intercountry adoption.
http://www.hcch.net/index_en.php?act=conventions.text&cid=69
Hahn, A. (1994). The use of assessment procedures in foster care to evaluate readiness for independent living. Children and Youth Services Review, 16(3/4), 171-179.
Hall, J. D. (2009). Afterward: Reverberations. In Remembering: Oral History Performance (Della Pollock, 191–92). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hall, K., Meintjes, H., & Sambu, W. (2014). Demography of South Africa’s children. In S. Mathews, L. Jamieson, L. Lake, & C. Smith (Eds.), South African Child Gauge 2014. Cape Town: Children’s Institute, University of Cape Town.
Haskins, V. and Jacobs, M.D, (2002). Stolen generation and vanishing Indians: The removal of Indigenous children as a weapon of war in the United States and Australia.” In J. Marten (ed), Children and war: A historical anthropology. New York University Press, 227-241, 229.
Hepburn, T., Bendo, D., Spencer, D., Sinclair, R., & Bennett, J. (2020). "Their reward will be a LOVELY Daughter": The mobilization of "hard to adopt" and the portrayal of adoption as a gift. Adoption & Culture, 8(2), 227-244. doi:10.1353/ado.2020.0005
Herman, E. (2011). Adoption history in brief. Retrieved January 13, 2021 from /programs/adoption/.
Heron, N. & Long, T. Feedback on "ineradicable voices" [E-mail to the author]. (2020, December 6).
High, S. (2021). The “normalized quiet of unseen power”: Recognizing the structural violence of deindustrialization as loss. Urban History Review, 48(2), 97-116. doi:10.3138/uhr.48.2.06
High, S. (2014). Oral History at the Crossroads. Canada: UBC press.
High, S., Little, E., & Miller, E. (2017). Going public; The art of participatory practice. Vancouver-Toronto: UBCPress.
Hilborn, R. (2010). Earthquake halts new adoptions in Haiti – Americans arrested at border’, Family Helper, Retrieved from www.familyhelper. net/news/haiti.html
Hoelgaard, S. (1998). Cultural determinants of adoption policy: A Colombian case study. International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family 12(2), 202-241, 217-218
Högbacka, R. (2016). Global families, inequality and transnational adoption. The de-kinning of first mothers. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hollingsworth, L.D. (1997). Effect of transracial/transethnic adoption on children’s racial and ethnic identity and self-esteem: A meta-analytic review. Marriage and Family Review, 12(1/ 2): 99–130
Horen & Long. (2020). Feedback on 'ineradicable voices' [Email to the author].
Horn-Miller, K. (2016). Distortion and Healing Finding Balance and a “Good Mind” Through the Rearticulation of Sky Woman’s Journey. In Nathalie. J., Kermoal, Isabelle Altamirano-Jiménez, & Kahente, Horn-Miller, Living on the land: Indigenous women's understanding of place. Edmonton, Alberta: AU Press.
Hübinette, T., & Tigervall, C. (2009). To be non-white in a colour-blind society: Conversations with adoptees and adoptive parents in Sweden on everyday racism. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 30(4), 335–353.
Hwang, Y.H., & Eom, H.J. (2006). Honhyeolinyongeo sayong kumji [Don't use the term ‘Honhyonin’]. Preparing legislation against discrimination’, Segye Daily.
Iglehart, A. P. (1995). Readiness for independence: Comparison of foster care, kinship care, and non-foster care adolescents. Children and Youth Services Review, 17(3), 417-432.
Igunza, E. (2018, January 10). Ethiopia bans foreign adoptions. BBC News. Retrieved March 22, 2021, from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-42635641
Indian Residential Schools Resolution Canada. (2007-2008). Departmental Performance Report. The Honourable Chuck Strahl, Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development and Federal Interlocutor for Métis and Non-Status Indians, Retrieved from https://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/dpr-rmr/2007-2008/inst/ira/ira-eng.pdf
Ismail-Allouche, Z. (2020). Forced separation and intercountry adoption: the invisible narrative of the war in lebanon. Confluences Méditerranée, 112(1), 125–139. https://doi.org/10.3917/come.112.0125
Ismail-Allouche, Z. (2015). Illegal adoption in lebanon: Mechanisms and consequences. Legal Agenda. Retrieved from http://legal-agenda.com/en/article.php?id=678&lang=en
Ismail-Allouche, Z. (2018). Similarities between child trafficking and the risks of adoption. The Peace Building in Lebanon News Supplement, 20, 10–11.
Jessee, E. (2011). The limits of oral history: Ethics and methodology amid highly politicized. Oral History review, 287-307.
Johnston, P. (1983). Native children and the child welfare system. Toronto: Canadian
Council on Social Development.
Johnston, P. I. (2004). Wanting a daughter, needing a son: abandonment, adoption and orphanage care in china, by kay ann johnson, edited by amy klatzkin. Adoption Quarterly, 7, 93–94.
Jones, J.S. (2019, May, 29). What Is the History of Adoption? Adoption.org. Retrieved from https://adoption.org/what-is-the-history-of-adoption
Joyce, K. (2013). The Child Catchers: Rescue, Trafficking, and the New Gospel of Adoption. Public Affairs, New York, 284-288.
Keating J. (2009) Setting the Scene: The Historical and Legal Background. In: A Child for Keeps. Palgrave Macmillan, London.
Keewatin, D. (2004). An Indigenous perspective on custom adoption. MSW thesis. University of Manitoba. Ann Arbor MI: UMI Dissertation Services
Kemmis, S. & McTaggart, R. (2005). Participatory action research: Communicative action and the public sphere. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.) Handbook of Qualitative Inquiry (3rd edition), (559-603). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
kimura byol-nathalie lemoine [Online interview]. (2020, April 1).
Kindon, S. (n.d.). Relationships. Retrieved May 15, 2021, from http://goingpublicproject.org/about/index.html
King, M. L., Jr. (1963). Letter from the Birmingham jail. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco.
King, T. (2003). The truth about stories : A native narrative. Toronto, Ontario: House of Anansi Press.
Klempner, Mark. 2006. Navigating Life Review Interviews with Survivors of Trauma. In The Oral History Reader, 2nd ed., ed. Robert Perks and Alistair Thomson, 198-210. London: Routledge.
Kovach, M. (2009). Indigenous Methodologies: Characteristics, Conversations, and Contexts. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Kovach, M. (2010). Conversational methodologies: Characters, conversations, and contexts. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
lemoine kimura byol-nathalie [Online interview]. (2020, April 1).
Krist Visser [Online interview]. (2020, April 10)
Kutty, F. (2015) Islamic Law and Adoptions in Robert, L. Ballard ET AL., The Intercountry Adoption Debate: Dialogues Across Disciplines. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, UK.
Lathouras, A., Loth, J, & Ross, D. (2016). Applied theatres techniques for community workers: Towards a performative anti Oppressive ethical approach. Australasian Drama Studies, 68.
Lawrence, B. (2004). "Real" Indians and others: Mixed-blood urban Native peoples and Indigenous Nationhood (303). Retrieved from http://muse.jhu.edu/books/9780803204195/
Lee, R.M. (2003). The transracial adoption paradox: History, research, and counseling implications of cultural socialization. The Counseling Psychologist, 31(6), 711–744.
Li, Peter Ping. (2016). Global Implications of the Indigenous Epistemological System from the East. Cross Cultural & Strategic Management 23(1), 42–77.
Majed, R. (2014). There and Back Again. Now Lebanon. Retrieved from https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/reportsfeatures/there-and-back-again
Manser, L. (2004). Speak the truth in a million voices: It's silence that kills; stories for change. Ottawa: National Youth in Care Network.
Matthew, R. (2004). Theatre audiences and perceptions of 'liveness' in performance. Particip@tions. 1(2).
McAdams, D. (1993). The stories we live by: Personal myths and the making of the self. New York: Guillford Press.
McAdams, J. (1999). The orphan train. The Women's Review of Books, 17(1), 23–23.
McGranahan, C. (2010). Narrative dispossession: Tibet and the gendered logics of historical possibility. Comparative Studies in Society and History 52, 4.
McLeod, J. (2015). Life Lines: Writing Transcultural Adoption. London: Bloomsbury.
McNeil, K. (2013). Aboriginal Title in Canada: Site-Specific or Territorial? Paper 19. Retrieved from: http://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/all_papers/19
Mehl-Madrona, L., & Mainguy, B. (2014). Introducing healing circles and talking circles into primary care. The Permanente journal, 18(2), 4–9. https://doi.org/10.7812/TPP/13-104
Mezmur, B. (2010). The Sins of the saviours: Trafficking in the context of intercountry adoption from Africa. the Special Commission of the Hague Conference on Private International Law, The Hague, Netherlands, 17–25 June 2010, Information Document no. 2. Retrieved 2017, from http://www.hcch.net/upload/wop/adop2010id02e.pdf.
Middletone, J (2011). Walking the city: The geographics of everyday pedestrian practices. Geography Compass; 5(2), 90-105.
Miller, L., Little, E., & High, S. C. (2017). Going public : the art of participatory practice (Ser. Shared, oral & public history). UBC Press.
Milloy, J. (1999). A National crime: The Canadian government and the residential school system – 1879 to 1986. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press.
Miranda, G.E. (2004). Reading between the lines: Black-white heritage and transracial adoption. African American Perspectives, 10(1): 174–187.
Mizco, N. (2003). Beyond the “Fetishism of Words”: Considerations on the Use of the Interview

to Gather Chronic Illness Narratives. Qualitative Health Research, 13(4), 469–490.
National Indigenous Survivors of Child Welfare Network (2020). Retrieved from https://www.nationalhealingfoundation.com/
Neus, N. (2021). Hundreds of US families have been trying for a year to adopt children from CHINA. they're still waiting. Retrieved March 30, 2021, Retrieved from https://www.actionnewsnow.com/content/national/574072402.html
Neville, S.E., Rotabi, K.S. (2020) Developments in U.S. Intercountry Adoption Policy since its Peak in 2004, Adoption Quarterly 23, 63–83.
Newspaper, I. (2017, March 13). Court rules in favor of '60s Scoop survivors. Retrieved March 11, 2021, Retrieved from https://www.newspaper.indianlife.org/photos/big/965/12?m=true
Nieuwenhuys, O. (2013). Theorizing childhood(s): Why we need postcolonial perspectives. Childhood, 20(1): 3–8.
Nuttgens, S. (2013). Stories of Aboriginal transracial adoption. The Qualitative Report, 18(3), 1-17.
Nuttgens, S. (2004). Life Stories of Aboriginal Adults Raised in Non-Aboriginal Families. University of Alberta, Alberta.
O'Leary, S. (2021, February 05). Child adoptions to the Netherlands from abroad must stop due to "serious WRONGS", committee decides. Retrieved February from https://dutchreview.com/news/adoptions-halted-netherlands/#:~:text=Following%20a%20report%20that%20investigated,done%20during%20many%20adoption%20processes.
Ormiston, N. T. (2010). Re-Conceptualizing Research: An Indigenous Perspective. First Peoples Child and Family Review, 5(1), 50-56.
Ontario Human Rights Commission (OHRC).(2015). Under suspicion: Concerns about child welfare (Rep.). Ontario: doi:http://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/under-suspicion-concerns-about-child-welfare
Paget, D. (1987). ‘Verbatim Theatre’: Oral History and Documentary Techniques. New Theatre Quarterly, 3(12), 317-336. doi:10.1017/s0266464x00002463
Palmater April 12, P. (2017, July 6). From foster care to missing or murdered: Canada's other tragic pipeline. Macleans.ca. https://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/from-foster-care-to-missing-or-murdered-canadas-other-tragic-pipeline/.
Peacock, C., & Morin, D. (2010). The Yellowhead Tribal Services Agency open custom adoption program. In J. Carrière (Ed.), Aski awasis/Children of the earth: First Peoples speaking on adoption (57-82). Halifax: Fernwood
Penn, H. (2009). The parenting and substitute parenting of young children. In G. Bentley & R. Mace (Eds.), Substitute parents. New York/Oxford: Berghahn Books, 179–193.
Pippins, R. L. (1997). A brief history of major national adoption trends and North Carolina adoption legislation: ancient history of adoption. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://www.ddltech.com/1206/history.html
Pollock, D. (2003). Oral Traditions in Performance. Oral Tradition 18(2):263–65.
Pollock, D. (2005). Remembering: Oral History Performance. New York: Palgrave Macmillon.
Portelli, A. (1997). Oral history as genre. In M. Chamberlain & P. Thompson; Narrative and Genre. Routledge.
Portelli, A. (2006). What makes oral history different. The Oral History Reader, 2nd ed., ed.
Robert Perks and Alistair Thomson. New York:Routledge.
Pratt, G. in collaboration with the Philippine Women Centre of BC and Ugnayan Kabataany Pilipino sa Canada/Filipino- Canadian Youth Alliance, (2007). Working with migrant communities: Collaborating with the Kalayaan Centre in Vancouver, Canada. In S. Kindon, R. Pain, & Kesby, M. (2007). Participatory Action Research Approaches and Methods: Connecting People, Participation and Place. London: Routledge.
Prégent, J. (2012). Report of the Working Group on Customary Adoption in Aboriginal communities. Retrieved from http://www.justice.gouv.qc.ca
Prendergast, M. (2008). From guest to witness: Teaching audience studies in postsecondary theatre education. Theatre Topics, 18(2), 95-107.
Quran, 93: 6, Oxford World's Classics edition.
Rapport de la commission speciale sur les droits des enfants (Rep.). (2021). Quebec, QC: Government of Quebec. doi:Rapport de la commission speciale sur les droits des enfants Avril 2021.
Ray, L. (2016). 'Beading Becomes a Part of Your Life': Transforming the Academy Through the Use of Beading as a Method of Inquiry. International Review of Qualitative Research, 9(3), 363-378. doi:10.2307/26372213
Reason, P., & Bradbury, H. (2001). Handbook of action research: Participative inquiry and practice. London: SAGE.
Reed-Danahay, D. (2001). Autobiography, Intimacy and Ethnography. In Handbook of Ethnography (P. Atkinson, 407–425). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Republic of Korea, National Human Rights Commission, (2003). A Study on the Survey of the Human Rights of Mixed-Blood People in a US Military Camp Town.
Richardson, C. (2021). Facing the mountain: Indigenous healing in the shadow of colonialism. JChalton Publishing.
Richardson, C. (2020, December 15). Reflections for Zeina [Letter to Zeina Ismail-Allouche].
Roberts, S. (2008). Putting mobility on the map: Researching journeys and the research journey. Epic Proceedings, 1, 202 – 217. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-8918.2008.tb00106.x
Roby, J. & Ife, J (2009). Human rights, politics and intercountry adoption: An examination of two sending countries. International Social Work, 52(5), 661-671
Roby, J., & Matsumura, S. (2002). If I give you my child, aren’t we family? A study of birthmothers participating in Marshall Islands – U.S. adoptions. Adoption Quarterly, 5(4), 7–31.
Rosenthal, G. & Fisher-Rosenthal, W. (2004). The analysis of narrative-biographical interviews. In U Flick, E von Kardorff and I Steinke (eds) A Companion to Qualitative Research. (259-65). London: Sage Publications
Ross, S. (2021, May 04). Kids at risk of abuse need earlier intervention, with more help for their parents: Youth protection commission. Retrieved May 11, 2021, from https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/kids-at-risk-of-abuse-need-earlier-intervention-with-more-help-for-their-parents-youth-protection-commission-1.5411886
Rotabi, K.S., Bromfield, N.F. (2017) From intercountry adoption to global surrogacy: A human rights history and new fertility frontiers. Abingdon: Routledge.
Rouverol, Alicia J. (2003) Collaborative oral history in a correctional setting: promise and pitfalls. Oral History Review, 30, 61–87.
Rowe, D. (2020, July 14). Anti-Semitic and Anti-asian incidents on the rise during COVID-19: REPORTS. Retrieved from https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/anti-semitic-and-anti-asian-incidents-on-the-rise-during-covid-19-reports-1.4924306
Roy, A. (2021, March 28). Feedback on "ineradicable voices" [Email to the author].
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (RCAP). (1996). Report on the Royal Commission On Aboriginal Peoples. Retrieved from http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/ webarchives/20071211052746/ http://www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/ch/rcap/sg/sg3_e.html
Ryan, G.W., & Bernard, H.R. (2003). Techniques to identify themes. Field Methods 1(15), 85-108. doi: 10.1177/1525822X02239569
Said, E. (1980, April 25). Islam through Western eyes. Nation, 488–492.Retrieved from
https://www.thenation.com/article/islam-through-western-eyes/
Salverson, J. (2010). Anxiety and contact in attending to a play about land mines. Popular Political Theater and Performance: Critical Perspectives in Canadian Theaterin English, 17.
Samuels, G. M. (2010). Building kinship and community: Relational processes of bicultural identity among adult multiracial adoptees. Family Process, 49(1), 26-42. doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.2010.01306.x
Save the Children (2009) Keeping children out of harmful institutions. Why we should be investing in family-based care. Save the Children UK, London.
Schaffer, K., & Smith, S. (2004). Conjunctions: Life narratives in the field of human rights. Biography- An Interdisciplinary Quarterly, 27(1).
Schwartz, A. (2009). Psychological issues faced by adopted children and adults. Retrieved from https://www.mentalhelp.net/articles/psychological-issues-faced-by-adopted-children-and-adults/
Secretariat, T. (2019, July 09). Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/en/treasury-board-secretariat/services/access-information-privacy/access-information-act.html
Selman, P. (2012). The global decline of intercountry adoption: What lies ahead? Social Policy and Society, 11(03).
Selman, P. (2006). Trends in intercountry adoption: Analysis of data from 20 receiving countries, 1998–2004. Journal of Population Research, 23(2), 183-204, 190.
Sheftel, A. (2013). I don’t fancy history very much: Reflections on interviewee recruitment and refusal in Bosnia-Herzegovina, in Sheftel and Zembrzycki, eds. Oral History Off the Record, 255-272.
Sheryl, I. R. (2014). A wolf in sheep’s clothing? A missiological examination of the United States evangelical adoption and orphan care movement. Missiology: An International Review, 42(4), 412–424.
Shiao, J.L., & Tuan, M.H. (2008). Korean adoptees and the social context of ethnic exploration. American Journal of Sociology, 113(4): 1023–1066.
Shotter, D. C. A. (2005). Nero (2nd ed., Ser. Lancaster pamphlets in ancient history). Routledge. Retrieved from https://www-taylorfrancis-com.lib-ezproxy.concordia.ca/books/nero-david-shotter/10.4324/9780203022986
Siewert, R. et al. (2012). Commonwealth contribution to former forced adoption policies and practices. Community Affairs References Committee. Australia, Canberra, para. 2.21.
Siino, O. (2017, March 27). Working with Indigenous peoples: Ethics, approaches, and representation issues in the context of collective creation [E-mail interview].
Silverman, D. (2010). Doing Qualitative Research, London: Sage.
Sinclair, R. (Ed.) (2009). Identity or racism? Transracial adoption Haifax: Fernwood Publishing
Sinclair, R. (2007). Identity lost and found: Lessons from the sixties scoop. First Peoples
Child and Family Review, 3(1), 65-82.
Sinding, C., Gray, R., & Nisker, J. (2008). Ethical issues and issues of ethics. In G. Knowles & A. Cole (Eds.), Handbook of the arts in qualitative research (459–467). London: Sage.
Sinha, V., Trocmé, N., Fallon, B., MacLaurin, B., Fast, E., & Thomas Prokop, S. (2011). Kiskisik Awasisak: Remember the children. Understanding the overrepresentation of First Nations children in the child welfare system. Retrieved from http://cwrp.ca/sites/default/files/publications/en/FNCIS-2008_March2012_
Sinha, V., & Kozlowski, A. (2013). The structure of Aboriginal child welfare in Canada.
International Indigenous Policy Journal, 4(2), pages 1-21.
Smolin, D. M. (2006). Child laundering: how the intercountry adoption system legitimizes and incentivizes the practices of buying, trafficking, kidnapping, and stealing children. Wayne Law Review, 52(1), 113–200.
Smolin, D. (2010). Child laundering and the Hague convention on intercountry adoption: The future and past of intercountry adoption. University of Louisville Law Review, (48), 441–498. Retrieved from http://works.bepress.com/david_smolin/8
Sook Bergquist, Kathleen Ja, M. Elizabeth Vonk, Dong Soo Kim, and Marvin D. Feit. (2013). International Korean Adoption : A Fifty-Year History of Policy and Practice. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Retrieved April 1, 2021 (INSERT-MISSING-URL).
Sousa, D., Grey, S., & Oxley, L. (2019). Comparative international testing of early childhood education: The democratic deficit and the case of Portugal. Policy Futures in Education, 17(1), 41–58. doi: 10.1177/1478210318818002
Stern, T. (1975). Social Science, 50(3), 178-180. Retrieved February 4, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/41885967
Stevenson, A. D. (2021). Intimate integration : a history of the sixties scoop and the colonization of indigenous kinship (Ser. Studies in gender and history, 51). University of Toronto Press. INSERT-MISSING-URL.
Sugiman, Pamela H. Pamela Haruchiyo). 2009. 'Life Is Sweet’: Vulnerability and Composure in the Wartime Narratives of Japanese Canadians.” Journal of Canadian Studies 43(1), 186–218.
Summerskill, C. (2021). Creating verbatim theatre from oral histories. New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Suzanne Wing, L. (2002). Deep Listening. Team Performance Management: An International Journal 8(5), 6.
Tafoya T. Circles and cedar: Native Americans and family therapy. In: Saba GW, Hardy KV, editors. Minorities and family therapy. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press; 1990. pp. 71–98.
Tasker, J. (2017, February 15). Judge sides With SIXTIES scoop survivors | CBC News. Retrieved April 10, 2021, from https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/60s-scoop-ruling-aboriginal-1.3981771
The First Nations Information Governance Centre. (2014). Ownership, Control, Access and
Possession (OCAP™): The Path to First Nations Information Governance.
The history of adoption. (2019, May 19). Info Please. Retrieved from https://www.infoplease.com/us/family-statistics/history-adoption
Thompson, G. (2010). Questions surface after Haitian airlift, New York Times. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/2010/02/24/world/americas/2 4orphans.html
Thompson, P., & Bornat, J. (2017). The voice of the past : oral history (Fourth, Ser. Oxford oral history series). Oxford University Press.
Tuhiwai Smith, L.(2012). Decolonizing methodologies. London & New York: Zed Books.
Tuhiwai Smith, L. (2005). Building a research agenda for Indigenous epistemologies and education. Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 1(36), 93–95.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/aeq.2005.36.1.093
Tuhiwai Smith L. (1999). Decolonizing methodologies: Research and Indigenous peoples. Dunedin, New Zealand: University of Otago Press
Truth and Reconciliation Committee (TRC). (2015). Honouring the truth, reconciling for the future; Summary of the final report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. Retrieved from https://www.queensu.ca/provost/sites/webpublish. queensu.ca. provwww/ files/files/Comittees/TRC%20Reports/Summary%20of%20TRC %20Final %20Report.pdf
UN Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (CMW), Joint general comment No. 3 (2017) of the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families and No. 22 (2017) of the Committee on the Rights of the Child on the general principles regarding the human rights of children in the context of international migration, 16 November 2017, CMW/C/GC/3-CRC/C/GC/22, Retrieved from https://www.refworld.org/docid/5a1293a24.html [accessed 10 April 2021]
UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC). (2005). General comment No. 6 (2005): Treatment of Unaccompanied and Separated Children Outside their Country of Origin Retrieved from https://www.refworld.org/docid/42dd174b4.html
UN General Assembly. (2010) Guidelines for the Alternative Care of Children: Resolution / adopted by the General Assembly, Retrieved from https://www.refworld.org/docid/4c3acd162.html [accessed 8 February 2021]
UN General Assembly. (2012). Promotion and protection of the rights of children: report of the 3rd Committee: General Assembly, 67th session, Retrieved from https://www.refworld.org/docid/50ed6e012.html [accessed 2 February 2021]
UN agencies call for urgent action to avert famine risk in 20 'hunger Hotspots. (2021) UN News, Retrieved from https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/03/1088022
UNICEF. (2006). State of the World's Children: Excluded and Invisible. Retrieved from:
https://www.unicef.org/media/84806/file/SOWC-2006.pdf
UNICEF. (2015). Refugee and Migrant Children in Europe. Retrieved from: https://www.unicef.org/appeals/files/2015_HAC_European_Refugee_Migrant_Crisis_-_FINAL.pdf
UNICEF, UNAIDS, and USAID. (2004). Children on the brink: A joint report of new orphan estimates and a framework for action. Retrieved from: https://www.unicef.org/publications/index_22212.html
United Nations. (2012). Committee on the Rights of the Child Sixty first session. Geneva: United Nations, Retrieved from http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/docs/co/CRC-C-CAN-CO-3-4_en.pdf.
United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division. (2009). Child adoption: Trends and policies (Ser. United Nations publication sales no, e.10. xiii. 4). United Nations.
United Nations. Economic and Social Council. (2010). Permanent Forum on
Indigenous Issues: Report on the ninth session. Supplement No. 23. New York. ISSN 1728-0060. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/E_2010_43_EN.pdf
Vallack, J. (2005). I don't know much about that, but I know what I like. Advancing Arts-Based methods in Research, Practice, and Pedagogy. Melbourne: Latrobe University.
Van Loon, J.H.A.(1993). ‘International co-operation and protection of children with regard to intercountry adoption’, Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law, 244. Leiden:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 191-207.
Vowel, C. (2016). Indigenous writes: A guide to First Nations, Métis & Inuit issues in Canada.
Vroegh, K.S. (1997). Transracial adoptees: Developmental status after 17 years. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 67(4), 568–575.
Wake, C. (2013). Headphone Verbatim Theatre: Methods, Histories, Genres, Theories. New Theatre Quarterly, 29(4), 321-335. doi:10.1017/s0266464x13000651
Whitbeck, L. B., Adams, G. W., Hyot, D. R., & Chen, X. (2004). Conceptualizing and measuring historical trauma among American Indian people. American Journal of Community Psychology, 33(3), 4, 119–130.
Wilson, S. (2008). Research is ceremony. Indigenous research methods. Manitoba: Fernwood Publishing.
Weinstein, E.A. (1968). ‘Adoption’, in International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. New York: Macmillan.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 11 March 2020’. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19—11-march-2020
Yellowhead Tribal Services Agency (YTSA). (2001). Report on open-customary adoption. Edmonton: Yellowhead Tribal Services Agency
Yoon, D.P. (2004). Intercountry adoption: The importance of ethnic socialization and subjective well-being for Korean-born adopted children. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 13(2): 71–89.
York, G. (1992). The Dispossessed: life and death in native Canada. Toronto: Little, Brown (Canada) Ltd.
Young, A. (2012). Developments in intercountry adoption: From humanitarian aid to market-driven policy and beyond. Adoption & Fostering, 36(2):67-78. doi:10.1177/030857591203600207
Young, H., & Halba, H. (2019, November 19). Embodied technology in a specific verbatim theater practice. Retrieved May 12, 2021, from http://archee.qc.ca/wordpress/embodied-technology-in-a-specific-verbatim-theater-practice/
Yuen, F. (2016). Collage: An arts-based method for analysis, representation and social justice. Journal of Leisure Research, 48(4), 338-346.
Zavala, M. (2013). What do we mean by decolonizing research strategies? Lessons from decolonizing Indigenous research projects in New Zealand and Latin America. Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society, 2(1), 55–71.
All items in Spectrum are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved. The use of items is governed by Spectrum's terms of access.

Repository Staff Only: item control page

Downloads per month over past year

Research related to the current document (at the CORE website)
- Research related to the current document (at the CORE website)
Back to top Back to top