References:

Abutalebi, J., & Green, D. (2007). Bilingual language production: The neurocognition of language representation and control. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 20(3), 242-275. DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroling.2006.10.003
Adesope, O. O., Lavin, T., Thompson, T., & Ungerleider, C. (2010). A systemic review and meta-analysis of the cognitive correlates of bilingualism. Review of Educational Research, 80(2), 207-245. DOI: 10.3102/0034654310368803
Arizmendi, G. D., Alt, M., Gray, S., Hogan, T. P., Green, S., & Cowan, N. (2018). Do bilingual children have an executive function advantage? Results from inhibition, shifting, and updating tasks. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 49(3), 356-378. DOI: 10.1044/2018_LSHSS-17-0107
Baddeley, A. (2000). The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(11), 417-423. DOI: 10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01538-2
Barker, R. M., & Bialystok, E. (2019). Processing differences between monolingual and bilingual young adults on an emotion n-back task. Brain and Cognition, 134, 29-43. DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2019.05.004
Bialystok, E. (2017). The bilingual adaptation: How minds accommodate experience. Psychological Bulletin, 143(3), 233-262. DOI: 10.1037/bul0000099
Bialystok, E., Barac, R., Blaye, A., & Poulin-Dubois, D. (2010). Word mapping and executive functioning in young monolingual and bilingual children. Journal of Cognition and Development, 11(4), 485-508. DOI: 10.1080/15248372.2010.516420
Bialystok, E., & Craik, F. I. M. (2022). How does bilingualism modify cognitive function? Attention to the mechanism. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. DOI: 10.3758/s13423-022-02057-5
Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M., Green, D. W., & Gollan, T. H. (2009). Bilingual minds. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 10(3), 89-129. DOI: 10.1177/1529100610387084
Bialystok, E., Craik, F., & Luk, G. (2008). Cognitive control and lexical access in younger and older bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 34(4), 859-873. DOI: 1037/0278-7393.34.4.859
Bialystok, E., & Martin, M. M. (2004). Attention and inhibition in bilingual children: Evidence from the Dimensional Change Card Sort Task. Developmental Science, 7(3), 325-339. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2004.00351.x
Bonifacci, P., Giombini, L., Bellocchi, S., & Conento, S. (2011). Speed of processing, anticipation, inhibition, and working memory in bilinguals. Developmental Science, 14(2), 256-269. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2010.00974.x
Bosma, E., & Blom, E. (2019). A code-switching asymmetry in bilingual children: Code-switching from Dutch to Frisian requires more cognitive control than code-switching from Frisian to Dutch. International Journal of Bilingualism, 23(6), 1431-1447. DOI: 10.1177/1367006918798972
Brito, N. H., Greaves, A., Leon-Santos, A., Fifer, W. P., & Noble, K. G. (2021). Associations between bilingualism and memory generalization during infancy: Does socioemotional status matter? Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 24(2), 231-240. DOI: 10.1017/S1366728920000334
Brito, N. H., Grenell, A., & Barr, R. (2014). Specificity of the bilingual advantage for memory: Examining cued recall, generalization, and working memory in monolingual, bilingual, and trilingual toddlers. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1369. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01369
Brito, N. H., & Noble, K. G. (2018). The independent and interacting effects of socioeconomic status and dual-language use on brain structure and cognition. Developmental Science, 21(6), e12688. DOI: 10.1111/desc.12688
Burgess, P. W. (1997). Theory of methodology in executive function research. In P. Rabbit (Ed.), Methodology of Frontal and Executive Function (pp. 81-116). Psychology Press Publishers.
Byers-Heinlein, K. (2015). Methods for studying infant bilingualism. In J. W. Schwieter (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Bilingual Processing (pp. 133-154). Cambridge University Press. DOI: 0.1017/CBO9781107447257
Byers-Heinlein, K., & Werker, J. F. (2013). Lexicon structure and disambiguation of novel words: Evidence from bilingual infants. Cognition, 128(3), 407-416. DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2013.05.010
Calcott, R. D., & Berkman, E. T. (2015). Neural correlations of attentional flexibility during approach and avoidance motivation. PLOS ONE, 10(5), e0127203. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127203
Calkins, S. D., & Marcovitch, S. (2010). Emotion regulation and executive functioning in early development: Integrated mechanisms of control supporting adaptation functioning. In S. D. Calkins & M. A. Bell (Eds.), Child Development at the Intersection of Emotion and Cognition (pp. 37-57). American Psychological Association. DOI: 10.1037/12059-003
Calvo, A., & Bialystok, E. (2014). Independent effects of bilingualism and socioeconomic status on language ability and executive functioning. Cognition, 130(3), 278-288. DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2013.11.015
Carlson, S. M., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2008). Bilingual experience and executive functioning in young children. Developmental Science, 11(2), 282-298. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00675.x
Carlson, S. M., Moses, L. J., & Breton, C. (2002). How specific is the relation between executive function and theory of mind? Contributions of inhibitory control and working memory. Infant and Child Development, 11(2), 73-92. DOI: 10.1002/icd.298
Comishen, K. J., Bialystok, E., & Adler, S. A. (2019). The impact of bilingual environments on selective attention in infancy. Developmental Science, 22(4), 1-11. DOI: 10.1111/desc.12797
Crivello, C., Kuzyk, O., Rodrigues, M., Friend, M., Zesiger, P., & Poulin-Dubois, D. (2016). The effects of bilingual growth on toddlers’ executive function. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 141, 121-132. DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2015.08.004
David, A., & Wei, L., (2008). Individual difference in lexical development of French-English bilingual children. International Journal of Bilingual Education, 11(5), 598-618. DOI: 10.1080/13670050802149200
de Bruin, A., Treccani, B., & Della Sala, S. (2015). Cognitive advantage in bilingualism: An example of publication bias? Psychological Science, 26(1), 99-107. DOI: 10.1177/0956797614557866
DeAnda, S., Bosch, L., Poulin-Dubois, D., Zesiger, P., & Friend, M. (2016). The Language Exposure Assessment Tool: Quantifying language exposure in infants and children. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 59(6), 1346-1356. DOI: 10.1044/2016_JSLHR-L-15-0234
Diamond, A. (2002). Normal development of prefrontal cortex from birth to young adulthood: Cognitive functions, anatomy, and biochemistry. In D. Struss & R. Knight (Eds.), Principles of Frontal Lobe Function (pp. 466-503). Oxford University.
D’Souza, D., Brady, D., Haensel, J. X., & D’Souza, H. (2020). Is mere exposure enough? The effects of bilingual environments on infant cognitive development. Royal Society Open Science, 7(2), 180191. DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180191
Engel de Abreu, P. M. J. (2011). Working memory in multilingual children: Is there a bilingual effect? Memory, 19(5), 529-537. DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2011.590504
Esposito, A. G., Barker-Ward, L., & Mueller, S. T. (2013). Interference suppression vs. response inhibition: An explanation for the absence of a bilingual advantage in preschoolers’ Stroop Task performance. Cognitive Development, 28(4), 354-363. DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2013.09.002
Fenson, L., Dale, P. S., Reznick, J. S., Thal, D., Bates, E., Hartung, J., Pethick, S., & Reilly, J. S. (1993). The MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories: User’s guide and technical manual. Singular Publishing Group.
Frank, M. C., Braginsky, M., Yurovsky, D., & Marchman, V. A. (2016). Wordbank: An open repository for developmental vocabulary data. Journal of Child Language, 44(3), 677-694. DOI: 10.1017/S0305000916000209
Genesee, F., & Nicoladis, E. (2006). Bilingual acquisition. In E. Hoff & M. Shatz (Eds.), Handbook of Language Development (pp. 324-342). Blackwell.
Gollan, T. H., & Ferreira, V. S. (2009). Should I stay or should I switch? A cost-benefit analysis of voluntary switching in young and aging bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35(3), 640-665. DOI: 10.1037/a0014981
Green, D. (1998). Mental control of the bilingual lexico-semantic system. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1(2), 67-81. DOI: 10.1017/S1366728998000133
Grosjean, F. (2010). Bilingual: Life and reality. Harvard.
Gross, M., & Kaushanskaya, M. (2015). Voluntary language switching in English-Spanish bilingual children. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 27(8), 922-1013. DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2015.1074242
Grundy, J. G., & Timmer, K. (2016). Bilingualism and working memory capacity: A comprehensive meta-analysis. Second Language Research, 33(3), 325-340. DOI: 10.1177/0267658316678286
Gunnerud, H. L., ten Braak, D., Reikerås, E. K. L., Donolato, E., & Melby-Lervåg, M. (2020). Bilingualism related to a cognitive advantage in children? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 146(12), 1059-1083. DOI: 10.1037/bul0000301
Hendry, A., & Holmboe, K. (2021). Development and validation of the Early Executive Functions Questionnaire: A carer-administered measure of executive functions suitable for 9- to 30-month-olds. Infancy, 23(6), 932-961. DOI: 10.1111/infa.12431
Hendry, A., Jones, E. J. H., & Charman, T. (2016). Executive function in the first three years of life: Precursors, predictions and patterns. Developmental Review, 42, 1-33. DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2016.06.005
Ibanez-Lillo, A., Pons, F., Costa, A., & Sebastian-Galles, N. (2010, March 14). Inhibitory control in 8-month-old monolingual and bilingual infants: Evidence from an anticipatory eye movement task [Poster presentation]. International Conference on Infant Studies, Baltimore, MD, USA.
IBM Corp. (2020). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 27.0.
Kalashnikova, M., Pejovic, J., & Carreiras, M. (2020). The effects of bilingualism on attentional processes in the first year of life. Developmental Science, 24(2), e13011. DOI: 10.1111/desc.13011
Kovács, A. M., & Mehler, J. (2009). Cognitive gains in 7-month-old bilingual infants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(16), 6556-6560. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0811323106
Kremin, L. V., & Byers-Heinlein, K. (2021). Why not both? Rethinking categorical and continuous approaches to bilingualism. International Journal of Bilingualism, 25(6), 1560-1575. DOI: 10.1177/13670069211031986
Lai, G., & O’Brien, B. A. (2020). Examining language switching and cognitive control through the adaptive control hypothesis. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1171. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01171
Lanvers, U. (1999). Lexical growth patterns in a bilingual infant: The occurrence and significance of equivalents in the bilingual lexicon. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 2(1), 30-52. DOI: 10.1080/13670059908666245
Legacy, J., Zesiger, P., Friend, M., & Poulin-Dubois, D. (2016). Vocabulary size, translation equivalents, and efficiency in word recognition in very young bilinguals. Journal of Child Language, 43(4), 760-783. DOI: 10.1017/S0305000915000252
Linck, J. A., Osthus, P., Joeth, J. T., & Bunting, M. F. (2014). Working memory and second language comprehension and production: A meta-analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 21, 861-883. DOI: 10.3758/s13423-013-0565-2
Lowe, C. J., Cho, I., Goldsmith, S. F., & Morton, J. B. (2021). The bilingual advantage in children’s executive functioning is not related to language status: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Science, 32(7), 1115-1146. DOI: 10.1177/0956797621993108
Luo, L., Craik, F. I. M., Moreno, S., & Bialystok, E. (2013). Bilingualism interacts with domain in a working memory task: evidence from aging. Psychology and Aging, 28(1), 28-34. DOI: 10.1037/a0030875
Meuter, R. F. I, & Allport, A. (1999). Bilingual language switching in naming: Asymmetrical cost of language selection. Journal of Memory and Language, 40(1), 25-40. DOI: 10.1006/jmla.1998.2602
Mischel, W. Shoda, Y., & Rodriguez, M. I. (1989). Delay of gratification in children. Science, 244(4907), 933-938. DOI: 10.1126/science.2658056
Misra, M., Guo, T., Bobb, S. C., & Kroll, J. F. (2012). When bilingual choose a single word to speak: Electrophysiological evidence for inhibition of the native language. Journal of Memory and Language, 67(1), 224-237. DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2012.05.001
Miyake, A., & Friedman, N. P. (2012). The nature and organization of individual difference in executive function: Four general conclusions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21(1), 8-14. DOI: 10.1177/0963721411429458
Montanari, S. (2010). Translation equivalents and emergence of multiple lexicons in early trilingual development. First Language, 30(1), 102-125. DOI: 10.1177/0142723709350528
Montroy, J. J., Bowles, R. P., Skibble, L. E., McClelland, M. M., & Morrison, F. J. (2016). The development of self-regulation across early childhood. Developmental Psychology, 52(11), 1744-1762. DOI: 10.1037/dev0000159
Morales, J., Calvo, A., & Bialystok, E. (2012). Working memory development in monolingual and bilingual children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 114(2), 187-202. DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2012.09.002
Paap, K. R. (2019). Bilingualism in cognitive science: The characteristics and consequences of bilingual language control. In A. De Houwer & L. Ortega (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Bilingualism (pp. 435-465). Cambridge University Press.
Patterson, J., & Pearson, B. Z. (2004). Bilingual lexical development: Influences contexts, and processes. In B. A. Goldstein (Ed.), Bilingual Language Development and Disorders in Spanish-English Speakers (pp. 77-104). Paul H. Brookes Publishing.
Pearson, B. Z., Fernández, S. C., Lewedeg, V., & Oller, D. K. (1997). The relation of input factors to lexical learning by bilingual infants. Applied Psycholinguistics, 18(1), 41-58.
Pearson, B. Z., Fernández, S. C., and Oller D. K. (1995). Cross-language synonyms in the lexicons of bilingual infants: One language or two? Journal of Child Language, 22(2), 345-368. DOI: 10.1017/s030500090000982x
Poarch, G. J., & Krott, A. (2019). A bilingual advantage? An appeal for a change in perspective and recommendations for future research. Behavioral Science, 9(9), 95. DOI: 10.3390/bs9090095
Poarch, G. J., & van Hell, J. G. (2012). Executive functions and inhibitory control in multilingual children: Evidence from second-language learners, bilinguals, and trilinguals. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 113(4), 535-551. DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2012.06.013
Poarch, G. J., & van Hell, J. G. (2019). Does performance on executive function tasks correlate? Evidence from child trilinguals, bilinguals, and second language learners. In A. Sekerina, L. Spradkin, & V. Valian (Eds.), Bilingualism, Executive Function, and Beyond: Questions and Insights (pp. 223-236). John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Poulin-Dubois, D., Blaye, A., Coutya, J., & Bialystok, E. (2011). The effects of bilingualism on toddlers’ executive functioning. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 108(3). DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2010.10.009
Poulin-Dubois, D., Neumann, C., Masoud, S., & Gazith, A. (2021). Effect of bilingualism on infants’ cognitive flexibility. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1-14. DOI: 10.1017/S1366728921000912
Prior, A., & Gollan, T. H. (2011). Good language-switchers are good task-switchers: Evidence from Spanish-English and Mandarin-English bilinguals. Journal of International Neuropsychological Society, 17(4), 682-691. DOI: 10.1017/S1355617711000580
Ratiu, I., & Azuma, T. (2015). Working memory capacity: Is there a bilingual advantage? Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 27(1), 1-11. DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2014.976226
Rodriguez-Fornells, A., De Diego Balaguer, R., & Münte, T. F. (2006). Executive control in bilingual language processing. Language Learning, 56(s1), 133-190. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9922.2006.00359.x
Rothbart, M. K., & Muaro, J. A. (1990). Questionnaire approached to the study of infant temperament. In J. W. Fagen & Colombo (Eds.), Individual Differences in Infancy: Reliability, Stability, and Predication (pp. 411-429). Erlbaum.
Singh, L. (2014). One world, two languages: Cross-language semantic priming in bilingual toddlers. Child Development, 85(2), 755-766. DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12133
Sorge, G. B., Toplak, M. E., & Bialystok, E. (2016). Interactions between levels of attention ability and levels of bilingualism in children’s executive functioning. Developmental Science, 20(1), e12408. DOI: 0.1111/desc.12408
Soveri, A., Rodriguez-Fornells, A., & Laine, M. (2011). Is there a relationship between language switching and executive functions in bilingualism? Introducing a within group analysis approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 183. DOI: 10.1111/desc.12408
Statistics Canada. (2017). Montréal [Census metropolitan area], Québec and Canada [Country] (No. 98-316-X2016001). Ottawa, ON, Canada. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E
Trudeau, N., Frank, I., & Poulin-Dubois, D. (1999). Une adaptation en français québecois du MacArthur communicative development inventory [A Quebec French adaptation of the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory]. Revue d’orthophonie et d’audiologie, 23(2), 31-73.
Tsui, A., and Fennell, C. (2019). Do bilingual infants possess enhanced cognitive skills? https://psyarxiv.com/dcn7y/
Tsui, R. K. Y., Gonzalez-Barrero, A. M., Schott, E., and Byers-Heinlein, K. (2021). Are translation equivalents special? Evidence from simulations and empirical data from bilingual infants. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/h4jxe
van den Noort, M., Struys, E., Bosch, P., Jaswtz, L., Perriard, B., Yeo, S., Barisch, P., Vermeire, K., Lee, S. H., & Lim, S. (2019). Does the bilingual advantage in cognitive control exist and if so, what are its modulating factors? A systemic review. Behavioral Science, 9(3), 27. DOI: 10.3390/bs9030027
Ware, A. T., Kirkovski, M., & Lum, J. A. G. (2020). Meta-analysis reveals a bilingual advantage that is dependent on task and age. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 01458. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01458
Willoughby, M. T., Blair, C. B., Wirth, R. J., & Greenberg, M. (2010). The measurement of executive function at age 3 years: Psychometric properties and criterion validity of a new battery of tasks. Psychological Assessment, 22(2), 306-317. DOI: 10.1037/a0018708
Ye, Z., & Zhou, X. (2009). Executive control in language processing. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 33(8), 1168-1177. DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.03.003
Zelazo, P. D., Müller, U., Frye, D., Marcovitch, S., Argitis, G., Boseovski, J., Chiang, J. K., Hongwanishkul, D., Schuster, B. V., Sutherland, A., & Carlson, S. M. (2003). The development of executive function in early childhood. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 68(3), 1-137. DOI: 10.1111/j.0037-976x.2003.00260.x