Davies, Davina (2023) A Grounded Theory Exploration of the Ambiguous Career Transition from Instructional Systems Design to Performance Improvement. Masters thesis, Concordia University.
Preview |
Text (application/pdf)
4MBDavies_MA_S2023.pdf - Accepted Version Available under License Spectrum Terms of Access. |
Abstract
Instructional designers often navigate ambiguity in their professional journeys towards performance improvement. Although there are many similarities between the two professions, there are also important differences. Most notable is that instructional designers tend to focus on learning-based solutions, while performance improvement practitioners take a broader approach that may include training as just one aspect of their proposal in solving a business problem. This study explores the experiences of professionals who successfully adopted this broader approach and, through their stories, seeks to understand what made the transition successful. Their journeys were captured using an adapted version of Robert Atkinson’s life story interview technique, and the data was analyzed using Kathy Charmaz’s constructivist grounded methodology. The result was a selection of four emergent themes.
These emergent themes and their underlying categories led to a model that captured the ambiguous ID-to-PI transition. This model suggests three immediate actions that serve as a guidebook for instructional designers seeking to move into performance improvement. These actions are: (1) Build a collection of performance stories, (2) Be an active member in a performance-focused professional organization, such as the International Society of Performance Improvement, and (3) Find your performance lens to see the world.
This model is then simplified to resemble Carl Binder’s Performance Chain®. Finally, the ID-to-PI career transition is mapped out with Binder’s Performance Chain® and Six Boxes® for business results, work outputs, behaviours and behaviour influences in hopes of making the journey from ID to PI less ambiguous.
Keywords: Performance Improvement, Instructional System Design, Instructional Design, ID-to-PI career transition, ISPI, Charmaz, and Constructivist Grounded Theory
Divisions: | Concordia University > Faculty of Arts and Science > Education |
---|---|
Item Type: | Thesis (Masters) |
Authors: | Davies, Davina |
Institution: | Concordia University |
Degree Name: | M.A. |
Program: | Educational Technology |
Date: | March 2023 |
Thesis Supervisor(s): | Schmid, Richard |
Keywords: | Performance Improvement, Instructional System Design, Instructional Design, ID-to-PI career transition, ISPI, International Society of Performance Improvement, Career Story Interview, Life Story Interview, Charmaz, and Constructivist Grounded Theory |
ID Code: | 992034 |
Deposited By: | DAVINA DAVIES |
Deposited On: | 21 Jun 2023 14:16 |
Last Modified: | 21 Jun 2023 14:16 |
References:
About PBS | PBS About. (n.d.). http://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/AECT In the 20th Century: A Brief History. (n.d.). Association for Educational Communications and Technology. Retrieved March 19, 2015, from https://aect.org/aect_in_the_20th_century_a_br.php
Agee, J. (2009). Developing qualitative research questions: a reflective process. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education: QSE, 22(4), 431–447.
ATD. (n.d.). The “Art” of Performance Consulting. Association for Talent Development (ATD). Retrieved May 22, 2021, from https://www.td.org/videos/the-art-of-performance-consulting?objectId=0000015f-db93-d002-afff-dffbd1b50000&queryId=5a2d4fe57f18976a54286bac2400b106
ATD Glossary. (n.d.). Association of Talent Development. Retrieved March 5, 2015, from https://www.td.org/glossary-terms
Atkinson, R. (2002). The Life Story Interview. In J. F. Gubrium& J. A. Holstein (Eds.), Handbook of Interview Research: Context and Method (pp. 121–140). SAGE.
Banai, M., &Tulimieri, P. (2013). Knowledge, skills and personality of the effective business consultant. International Journal of Management & Enterprise Development, 32(8), 886–900.
George, B. [BillGeorgeTrueNorth]. (2015, September 28). Bill George: Chapter 12 - Global Leadership [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SlVwiycm3_4
Binder, C. (n.d.-a). Performance Chain - Connecting People to Results. https://www.sixboxes.com/Performance-Chain.html?
Binder, C. (n.d.-b). Performance Thinking Approach. Six Boxes: Performance Thinking - Performance Thinking Network. Retrieved May 8, 2021, from https://www.sixboxes.com/Six-Boxes-Approach-Overview.html?
Binder, C. (1998). The six boxesTM: A descendent of gilbert’s behavior engineering model. Performance Improvement, 37(6), 48–52.
Binder, C. (2009). Measurement, Evaluation, and Research: Feedback for Decision Making. In J. C. D. James L. Moseley (Ed.), Handbook of Improving Performance in the Workplace: Measurement and Evaluation (Vol. 3, pp. 3–24). Pfeiffer.
Boje, D. M. (2001). Narrative Methods for Organizational & Communication Research. Sage Publications.
Brock, T. R. (2019). The state of engineering worthy performance and the 10 standards: Part 1. Performance Improvement, 58(10), 21–31.
Bryant, A., & Charmaz, K. (2007). The SAGE Handbook of Grounded Theory (Antony Bryant & (Ed.)). SAGE Publications.
Butman, J. (2013, December 5). How to Manage Impossible Clients. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2013/12/how-to-manage-impossible-clients
Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis (D. Silverman (Ed.)). Sage Publications Ltd.
Charmaz, K. (2012). The Power and Potential Grounded Theory. A Journal of the BSA MedSoc Group, 6(3), 2–15.
Charmaz, K. (2015a). Constructing Grounded Theory (pp. 1–304). SAGE Publications.
Charmaz, K. (2015b). Teaching Theory Construction With Initial Grounded Theory Tools: A Reflection on Lessons and Learning. Qualitative Health Research, 25(12), 1610–1622.
Charmaz, K., & Belgrave, L. L. (2007). Grounded Theory. In G. Ritzer (Ed.), The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology (Vol. 4, p. 25). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Charmaz, K., &Thornberg, R. (2014). Chapter 11 Grounded Theory and Theoretical Coding. In U. Flick (Ed.), The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis (pp. 153–169). SAGE Publications, Inc.
Chevalier, R. (2003). Updating the behavior engineering model. Performance Improvement, 42(5), 8–14.
Chevalier, R. D. (2008). A brief history of performance improvement. Performance Improvement, 47(6), 5–11.
Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of Qualitative Research (3rd ed.): Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc.
Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational Research. Pearson.
Day, R. K. (2016). B.F. Skinner, Ph.D. and Susan M. Markle, Ph.D.: The beginnings. Performance Improvement, 55(1), 39–47.
Dalton, G. W., Thompson, P. H., & Smallwood, W. N. (1986). Helping engineers help themselves: Although largely an individual responsibility, professional development affects a company’s ability to retain top-notch professionals. IEEE Spectrum, 23(12), 43–47.
Dean, P. J. (2008). Allow me to introduce Thomas F. Gilbert. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 5(3), 83–95.
Dean, P. J. (2016). Tom Gilbert: Engineering performance with or without training. Performance Improvement Advisor, 55(2), 30–38.
Dessinger, J. C., Moseley, J. L., & Van Tiem, D. M. (2012). Performance improvement/HPT model: Guiding the process. Performance Improvement, 51(3), 10–17.
Drencheva, A., & Topakas, A. (2018). Founder Identity: A Review and Framework of Multiple Identities in Entrepreneurship. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2018(1), 12424.
Ertmer, P. A., Stepich, D. A., York, C. S., Stickman, A., Wu, X. (lily), Zurek, S., &Goktas, Y. (2008). How instructional design experts use knowledge and experience to solve ill-structured problems. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 21(1), 17–42.
Esque, T. J. (2002). Building a top-performing organization from the bottom up. Performance Improvement, 41(8), 7–10.
Farrington, J. (2012). A rose by this or any other name. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 25(1), 27–34.
Fortney, K. S., & Yamagata-Lynch, L. C. (2013). How Instructional Designers Solve Workplace Problems. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 25(4), 91–109.
Foshay, W. R., Villachica, S. W., &Stepich, D. A. (2013). Cousins but Not Twins: Instructional Design and Human Performance Technology in the Workplace. In Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology (Vol. 1–Chapter 4, pp. 39–49). Springer New York.
Fuller, J., & Farrington, J. (1999). From Training to Performance Improvement. Pfeiffer.
Gargiulo, T. (2005). The strategic use of stories. Performance Improvement, 44(10), 27–33.
George, B. (2015). Discover your true north. John Wiley.
Gilbert, L. M., Weersing, S., Patterson, S., Fisher, L. R., & Binder, C. (2014). The Cobbler’s Children: Improving Performance Improvement at Amerigroup. Performance Improvement, 53(2), 22–33.
Gilbert, T. F. (2007). Human Competence: Engineering Worthy Performance. Pfeiffer.
Glaser, B. G. (1978). Theoretical sensitivity: advances in the methodology of grounded theory. Sociology Press.
Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1966). Awareness Of Dying. Transaction Publishers.
Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The Discovery of Grounded Theory. Transaction Publishers.
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada. (2012, February 8). Visual Census – Language, Montréal. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/vc-rv/index.cfm?Lang=ENG&VIEW=D&GEOCODE=462&TOPIC_ID=4
Gibbs, G.R. (2010, June 20). Grounded theorists and some critiques of grounded theory [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hik-NKtI_vY
Gubrium, J. F., & Holstein, J. A. (2009). Analyzing Narrative Reality. SAGE.
Guerra-López, I. J. (2017). Performance Evaluation: Proven Approaches for Improving Program and Organizational Performance. John Wiley & Sons.
Hallberg, L. R.-M. (2006). The “core category” of grounded theory: Making constant comparisons. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being, 1(3), 141–148.
Heath, H., & Cowley, S. (2004). Developing a grounded theory approach: a comparison of Glaser and Strauss. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 41(2), 141–150.
Hoare, K. J., Mills, J., & Francis, K. (2012). Dancing with data: an example of acquiring theoretical sensitivity in a grounded theory study. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 18(3), 240–245.
Hoare, K., & Mills, J. (2014). Dancing with data: the process of concurrent data collection/generation and analysis.
Hodell, C. (2021). Introduction to Instructional Design Textbook: Theory and Practice. American Society for Training & Development.
Holstein, J. A., & Gubrium, J. F. (1995). The Active Interview. SAGE.
Hurst, A. (2016). The Purpose Economy, Expanded and Updated: How Your Desire for Impact, Personal Growth and Community Is Changing the World (2 edition). Elevate.
Ispi Membership Benefits. (n.d.). Retrieved April 29, 2021, from https://ispi.org/page/MemberBenefits
ISPI: Mission and Vision. (n.d.-a). About the International Society for Performance Improvement. Retrieved April 26, 2021, from https://ispi.org/page/About
ISPI: Mission and Vision. (n.d.-b). About the International Society for Performance Improvement. Retrieved April 26, 2021, from https://ispi.org/page/About
ISPI’s Certified Performance Technologist. (n.d.). International Society for Performance Improvement. Retrieved August 11, 2018, from https://ispi.org/page/CPTApp
Kevill, A., Trehan, K., Easterby-Smith, M., & Higgins, D. (2015). Stick or twist? The practice of undertaking life story interviews in-the-moment. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 21(3), 448–471.
Kirkpatrick, J., & Kirkpatrick, W. (2009). The Kirkpatrick Four LevelsTM: A Fresh Look After 50 Years. Kirkpatrick Partners, LLC. https://www.kirkpatrickpartners.com/Portals/0/Resources/Kirkpatrick%20Four%20Levels%20white%20paper.pdf
Kirkpatrick, S. A. (2017). Understanding the role of vision, mission, and values in the HPT model. Performance Improvement, 56(3), 6–14.
Kuhlmann, D. O., &Ardichvili, A. (2015). Becoming an expert: developing expertise in an applied discipline. European Journal of Training and Development, 39(4), 262–276.
Le Maistre, C. (1998). What is an expert instructional designer? Evidence of expert performance during formative evaluation. Educational Technology Research and Development: ETR & D, 46(3), 21–36.
Lieblich, A., Tuval-Mashiach, R., &Zilber, T. (1998). Narrative research: reading, analysis and interpretation. Sage Publications.
Luborsky, M. R., & Rubinstein, R. L. (1995). Sampling in Qualitative Research: Rationale, Issues, and Methods. Research on Aging, 17(1), 89–113.
Martin, C. R., Horne, D. A., & Chan, W. S. (2001). A perspective on client productivity in business‐to‐business consulting services. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 12(2), 137–158.
Mitchell, R. K. (1996). Oral history and expert scripts: demystifying the entrepreneurial experience. Journal of Management History (Archive), 2(3), 50–67.
Molenda, M. (2003). In search of the elusive ADDIE model. Performance Improvement, 42(5), 34–36.
Molenda, M. (2009). Origins and Evolution of Instructional Systems Design. In K. H. Silber & W. R. Foshay (Eds.), Volume 1: Instructional Design and Training Delivery (Vol. 1). John Wiley & Sons.
Moore, A. (2016, July 18). [Letter to Davina Davies].
Morse, J. M., Stern, P. N., Corbin, J., Bowers, B., Charmaz, K., & Clarke, A. E. (2016). Developing Grounded Theory: The Second Generation. Routledge.
Olsen, J. R., & Bass, V. B. (1982). The application of performance technology in the military: 1960‐1980. Performance & Instruction. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pfi.4170210616/abstract
Our Profession. (n.d.). International Society for Performance Improvement. Retrieved March 5, 2015, from http://www.ispi.org/ISPI/About/Our_Profession/ISPI/About_ISPI/Our_Profession.aspx?hkey=1800e69e-3eee-4c00-a0c0-620d51efc5b0
Papert, S. (n.d.). Works by Papert. Seymour Papert. Retrieved March 19, 2015, from http://www.papert.org/
Perez, R. S., & Emery, C. D. (1995). Designer thinking: How novices and experts think about instructional design. Performance Improvement Quarterly. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1937-8327.1995.tb00688.x
Pershing, J. A. (2006). Handbook of Human Performance Technology: Principles, Practices, and Potential (Third edition). Wiley.
Phillips, J. J. (1999). Performance Analysis and Consulting. American Society for Training and Development.
Phillips, P. P., & Phillips, J. J. (2019). ROI Basics, 2nd Edition. American Society for Training & Development.
Reiser, R. A. (2001a). A history of instructional design and technology: Part I: A history of instructional media. Educational Technology Research and Development: ETR & D, 49(1), 53–64.
Reiser, R. A. (2001b). A history of instructional design and technology: Part II: A history of instructional design. Educational Technology Research and Development: ETR & D, 49(2), 57–67.
Robinson, D. G., & Robinson, J. C. (1995). Performance Consulting: Moving Beyond Training. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
Robinson, D. G., & Robinson, J. C. (1998). Moving from Training to Performance: A Practical Guidebook. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
Robinson, D. G., & Robinson, J. C. (2006). Making the Transition from a Learning to a Performance Function. In Handbook of Human Performance Technology. Pfeiffer.
Robinson, D. G., Robinson, J. C., Phillips, P. P., Phillips, J. J., & Handshaw, D. (2015). Performance Consulting: A Strategic Process to Improve, Measure, and Sustain Organizational Results. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Incorporated.
Rowland, G. (1992). What Do Instructional Designers Actually Do? An Initial Investigation of Expert Practice. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 5(2), 65–86.
Rummler, G. A. (2007). The past is prologue: An eyewitness account of HPT. Performance Improvement, 46(10), 5–9.
Saettler, P. (1998). Antecedents, Origins, and Theoretical Evolution or AECT. TechTrends, 43(1), 51–57.
Saldaña, J. (2009). The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. SAGE Publications, Incorporated.
Silber, K. H., &Foshay, W. R. (2009). Handbook of Improving Performance in the Workplace, Volume 1, Instructional Design and Training Delivery.
Sleezer, C. M., Russ-Eft, D. F., & Gupta, K. (2015). Learning, training, and performance timeline: A walk through history. Performance Improvement, 54(2), 7–15.
Strauss, A. L., & Corbin, J. M. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: grounded theory procedures and techniques. Sage Publications.
Tamez, R. (2016). Theoretical frameworks of performance-based models. Performance Improvement, 55(6), 19–24.
The Performance Thinking Network. (2010, May 25). Why the Six Boxes Approach? [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=09GcJREE5HA
The Performance Thinking Network. (2018a, April 30). Performance Thinking® Overview April 2018[Video].YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EwbAw1Db9P8
The Performance Thinking Network. (2018b, July 27). How Leaders and Managers Can Drive Continuous (Agile) Talent Development [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-7VnuYe3OyY
The Performance Thinking Network. (2020a, June 20). Performance Consulting Part 1 | What IS Performance Consulting? [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2S0udrq2wA0
The Performance Thinking Network. (2020b, June 25). Performance Consulting Part 2 | Get Out of the Training Box [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GI981M-RdKE
Thistoll, T., Hooper, V., & Pauleen, D. J. (2016). Acquiring and developing theoretical sensitivity through undertaking a grounded preliminary literature review. Quality & Quantity, 50(2), 619–636.
Thomas, G., & James, D. (2006). Reinventing grounded theory: some questions about theory, ground and discovery. British Educational Research Journal, 32(6), 767–795.
Tosti, D. T., & Kaufman, R. (2007). WHO IS THE “REAL” FATHER OF HPT? Performance Improvement, 46(7), 5–8.
Tovar, M., Gagnon, F., & Schmid, R. (1997). Development of A consultation profile of interventions perceived as successful by human performance technology consultants. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 10(3), 67–83.
Tweed, A., & Charmaz, K. (2011). Grounded Theory Methods for Mental Health Practitioners. In D. Harper & A. R. Thompson (Eds.), Qualitative Research Methods in Mental Health and Psychotherapy (Vol. 32, pp. 131–146). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Weersing, S. (2012). The journey from instructional design to performance improvement. Annual Conference of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology, 1–8.
Winiecki, D. J. (2015a). Truth(s), fiction, and storytelling in performance improvement. Performance Improvement, 54(3), 10–14.
Winiecki, D. J. (2015b). Comparing a Few Behavior Engineering Models. Performance Improvement, 54(8), 6–14.
Repository Staff Only: item control page