Belabes, Belkacem (2023) numerical study of vertical axis wind turbine performance in turbulent flows and behind turbine wakes. PhD thesis, Concordia University.
Preview |
Text (application/pdf)
8MBBelabes_PhD_F2023.pdf - Accepted Version Available under License Spectrum Terms of Access. |
Abstract
Wind energy is a clean, renewable, and cost-effective alternative to conventional power sources. It does not require fuel, does not emit pollution, and can be installed near the places where electricity is needed, reducing transmission losses. Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWTs) are a type of wind energy technology that have some advantages over Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWTs), such as being able to able to harvest wind from all directions, generate less noise, and offering a simpler structure. However, VAWTs also have lower efficiency than HAWTs, and their performance is affected by the wake, which is a lower-velocity turbulent flow behind the rotating blades.
The wake can interfere with the operation of other wind turbines downstream, but it can also enhance the performance of smaller VAWTs. The aim of this research is to use Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to study the effect of wake on different sizes of VAWTs, and to understand how the turbulence generated by the wake influences the power output of these turbines. This thesis presents a CFD methodology and identifies the strengths and weaknesses of CFD for the simulation of the interaction of the wake with downstream VAWTs. The contributions are threefold. First, the understanding of how turbulence intensity affects the VAWT’s performance. Second, calculating the performance of a wind turbine that is in the wake of another turbine and the study of some particular VAWTs placement configurations. Third, quantifying the limitations of CFD and identifying when it is appropriate to use two-dimensional models for flow simulations of multiple VAWTs. This research has documented an increased performance of about 20% for small turbines in high turbulence intensity flows. Furthermore, a 20% increase in power output from an optimization array of VAWTs was identified. Finally, this work suggests that two-dimensional CFD simulations are adequate for simulation pairs of upstream and downstream turbines if the turbines are low-solidity and low aspect ratio turbine types.
| Divisions: | Concordia University > Gina Cody School of Engineering and Computer Science > Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Engineering |
|---|---|
| Item Type: | Thesis (PhD) |
| Authors: | Belabes, Belkacem |
| Institution: | Concordia University |
| Degree Name: | Ph. D. |
| Program: | Mechanical Engineering |
| Date: | 14 July 2023 |
| Thesis Supervisor(s): | Paraschivoiu, Marius |
| Keywords: | Vertical axis wind turbine, Computational fluid dynamics, Turbulence intensity, Power coefficient, wake interaction, multiple wind turbines, power coefficient, Wake-rotor interaction, 2 or 3-dimensional modeling, Correction method. |
| ID Code: | 993069 |
| Deposited By: | BELKACEM BELABES |
| Deposited On: | 05 Jun 2024 16:35 |
| Last Modified: | 05 Jun 2024 16:35 |
| Additional Information: | no thing. |
References:
[1] S. Afsharian, B. Afsharian, and M. Shiea, “Perspectives on offshore wind farms development in Great Lakes,” Journal of Marine Science, vol. 2, no. 3, 2020.[2] T. Brahimi, F. Saeed, and I. Paraschivoiu, “Aerodynamic Models for the Analysis of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWTs),” Int. J. Mech. Aerospace, Ind. Mechatron. Manuf. Eng, vol. 10, no. 1, 2016.
[3] “Canadian wind energy association ‘CanWEA’ wind vision 2025, Powering canada’s future retrieved september 2015 From http://www.energybc.ca/cache/wind2/www.canwea.ca/images/uploads/File/Windvision_summary_e.pdf.”
[4] G. Li, W. Xu, Y. Li, and F. Wang, “Univariate analysis of scaling effects on the aerodynamics of vertical axis wind turbines based on high-resolution numerical simulations: The Reynolds number effects,” Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol. 223, p. 104938, 2022.
[5] A. B. Suresh et al., “Computational investigations of aluminum-based airfoil profiles of helical shaped vertical axis wind turbines suitable for friction stir joining and processing,” International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM), pp. 1–16, 2023.
[6] C. Gerrie, S. Z. Islam, S. Gerrie, N. Turner, and T. Asim, “3D CFD Modelling of Performance of a Vertical Axis Turbine,” Energies, vol. 16, no. 3, p. 1144, 2023.
[7] I. Janajreh, L. Su, and F. Alan, “Wind energy assessment: Masdar City case study,” Renewable energy, vol. 52, pp. 8–15, 2013.
[8] F. Balduzzi, A. Bianchini, and L. Ferrari, “Microeolic turbines in the built environment: Influence of the installation site on the potential energy yield,” Renewable Energy, vol. 45, pp. 163–174, 2012.
[9] S. Bianchi, A. Bianchini, G. Ferrara, and L. Ferrari, “Small wind turbines in the built environment: influence of flow inclination on the potential energy yield,” Journal of Turbomachinery, vol. 136, no. 4, 2014.
[10] A. Bianchini, G. Ferrara, and L. Ferrari, “Design guidelines for H-Darrieus wind turbines: Optimization of the annual energy yield,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 89, pp. 690–707, 2015.
[11] S. Eriksson, H. Bernhoff, and M. Leijon, “Evaluation of different turbine concepts for wind power,” renewable and sustainable energy reviews, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 1419–1434, 2008.
[12] “‘www.lemoniteur.fr/article/comment-ca-marche-energie-eolienne-20844033.’”
[13] D. Araya and J. Dabiri, “Transition to bluff body dynamics in the wake of vertical axis turbines,” in APS division of fluid dynamics meeting abstracts, 2015, p. H12. 002.
[14] M. Kinzel, Q. Mulligan, and J. O. Dabiri, “Energy exchange in an array of vertical-axis wind turbines,” Journal of Turbulence, vol. 13, no. 1, p. N38, 2012.
[15] J. O. Dabiri, “Potential order-of-magnitude enhancement of wind farm power density via counter-rotating vertical-axis wind turbine arrays,” Journal of renewable and sustainable energy, vol. 3, no. 4, p. 043104, 2011.
[16] R. W. Whittlesey, S. Liska, and J. O. Dabiri, “Fish schooling as a basis for vertical axis wind turbine farm design,” Bioinspiration & biomimetics, vol. 5, no. 3, p. 035005, 2010.
[17] G. Feng, T. De Troyer, and M. Runacres, “Optimizing land use for wind farms using vertical axis wind turbines,” in EWEA Annual Event, 2014, European Wind Energy Association (EWEA), 2014, p. PO_192.
[18] D. B. Araya, A. E. Craig, M. Kinzel, and J. O. Dabiri, “Low-order modeling of wind farm aerodynamics using leaky Rankine bodies,” Journal of renewable and sustainable energy, vol. 6, no. 6, p. 063118, 2014.
[19] “‘https://www.conservationmagazine.org/2016/08/offshore-northeast-us-winds-turbulent-mean-wind-power/’.”
[20] J. F. Manwell, J. G. McGowan, and A. L. Rogers, Wind energy explained: theory, design and application. John Wiley & Sons, 2010.
[21] H. K. Versteeg and W. Malalasekera, An introduction to computational fluid dynamics: the finite volume method. Pearson education, 2007.
[22] S. Yahaya and J. Frangi, “Cup anemometer response to the wind turbulence-measurement of the horizontal wind variance,” 2004.
[23] S. Wharton and J. K. Lundquist, “Atmospheric stability affects wind turbine power collection,” Environmental Research Letters, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 014005, 2012.
[24] A. C. Molina, T. De Troyer, T. Massai, A. Vergaerde, M. C. Runacres, and G. Bartoli, “Effect of turbulence on the performance of VAWTs: An experimental study in two different wind tunnels,” Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol. 193, p. 103969, 2019.
[25] L. Battisti, E. Benini, A. Brighenti, S. Dell’Anna, and M. R. Castelli, “Small wind turbine effectiveness in the urban environment,” Renewable energy, vol. 129, pp. 102–113, 2018.
[26] K. C. Anup, J. Whale, and T. Urmee, “Urban wind conditions and small wind turbines in the built environment: A review,” Renewable energy, vol. 131, pp. 268–283, 2019.
[27] D. R. Drew, J. F. Barlow, and T. T. Cockerill, “Estimating the potential yield of small wind turbines in urban areas: A case study for Greater London, UK,” Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol. 115, pp. 104–111, 2013.
[28] F. Balduzzi, A. Bianchini, E. A. Carnevale, L. Ferrari, and S. Magnani, “Feasibility analysis of a Darrieus vertical-axis wind turbine installation in the rooftop of a building,” Applied Energy, vol. 97, pp. 921–929, 2012.
[29] “T. Maeda et al., ‘Wind tunnel study on wind and turbulence intensity profiles in wind turbine wake’, Journal of Thermal Science, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 127–132, 2011.”
[30] “E. Möllerström, ‘Noise, eigenfrequencies and turbulence behavior of a 200 kW H-rotor vertical axis wind turbine’, Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2017.”
[31] “R. Wagner, I. Antoniou, S. M. Pedersen, M. S. Courtney, and H. E. Jørgensen, ‘The influence of the wind speed profile on wind turbine performance measurements’, Wind Energy: An International Journal for Progress and Applications in Wind Power Conversion Technology, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 348–362, 2009.”
[32] L. Liu, Y. Shi, Z. Zhang, K. Zhang, and F. Hu, “Analysis of Turbulence Intensity in the Megacity by High-Frequency Observations on a 325-M Tower,” Available at SSRN 4086332.
[33] X. Jin, G. Zhao, K. Gao, and W. Ju, “Darrieus vertical axis wind turbine: Basic research methods,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 42, pp. 212–225, 2015.
[34] R. Lanzafame, S. Mauro, and M. Messina, “2D CFD modeling of H-Darrieus wind turbines using a transition turbulence model,” Energy Procedia, vol. 45, pp. 131–140, 2014.
[35] M. H. Mohamed, “Performance investigation of H-rotor Darrieus turbine with new airfoil shapes,” Energy, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 522–530, 2012.
[36] L. A. Danao, J. Edwards, O. Eboibi, and R. Howell, “A numerical investigation into the influence of unsteady wind on the performance and aerodynamics of a vertical axis wind turbine,” Applied Energy, vol. 116, pp. 111–124, 2014.
[37] Q. Xiao, W. Liu, and A. Incecik, “Flow control for VATT by fixed and oscillating flap,” Renewable Energy, vol. 51, pp. 141–152, 2013.
[38] S. Armstrong, A. Fiedler, and S. Tullis, “Flow separation on a high Reynolds number, high solidity vertical axis wind turbine with straight and canted blades and canted blades with fences,” Renewable energy, vol. 41, pp. 13–22, 2012.
[39] H. F. Lam and H. Y. Peng, “Study of wake characteristics of a vertical axis wind turbine by two-and three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulations,” Renewable Energy, vol. 90, pp. 386–398, 2016.
[40] F. R. Menter, “Two-equation eddy-viscosity turbulence models for engineering applications,” AIAA journal, vol. 32, no. 8, Art. no. 8, 1994.
[41] F. R. Menter, M. Kuntz, and R. Langtry, “Ten years of industrial experience with the SST turbulence model,” Turbulence, heat and mass transfer, vol. 4, no. 1, Art. no. 1, 2003.
[42] F. Menter, “Zonal two equation kw turbulence models for aerodynamic flows,” in 23rd fluid dynamics, plasmadynamics, and lasers conference, 1993, p. 2906.
[43] H. X. Zou, L. C. Zhao, Q. H. Gao, L. Zuo, F. R. Liu, T. Tan, K. X. Wei, and W. M. Zhang, “Mechanical modulations for enhancing energy harvesting: Principles, methods and applications,” Appl. Energy, vol. 255, p. 113871, 2019.
[44] N. Han, D. Zhao, J. U. Schluter, E. S. Goh, H. Zhao, and X. Jin, “Performance evaluation of 3D printed miniature electromagnetic energy harvesters driven by air flow,” Applied energy, vol. 178, pp. 672–680, 2016.
[45] A. Abdelkefi, “Aeroelastic energy harvesting: A review,” International Journal of Engineering Science, vol. 100, pp. 112–135, 2016.
[46] J. Wang, L. Geng, L. Ding, H. Zhu, and D. Yurchenko, “The state-of-the-art review on energy harvesting from flow-induced vibrations,” Applied Energy, vol. 267, p. 114902, 2020.
[47] J Wang, S Gu, C Zhang, G Hu, G Chen, K Yang, Hang Li, Y Lai, G Litak, and D Yurchenko., “Hybrid wind energy scavenging by coupling vortex-induced vibrations and galloping,” Energy Conversion and Management, 213, 112835.
[48] K.-Y. Lee, S.-H. Tsao, C.-W. Tzeng, and H.-J. Lin, “Influence of the vertical wind and wind direction on the power output of a small vertical-axis wind turbine installed on the rooftop of a building,” Applied Energy, vol. 209, pp. 383–391, 2018.
[49] M. Ahmadi-Baloutaki, R. Carriveau, and D. S.-K. Ting, “Performance of a vertical axis wind turbine in grid generated turbulence,” Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, vol. 11, pp. 178–185, 2015.
[50] H. Y. Peng, H. F. Lam, and H. J. Liu, “Power performance assessment of H-rotor vertical axis wind turbines with different aspect ratios in turbulent flows via experiments,” Energy, vol. 173, pp. 121–132, 2019.
[51] J. Su, H. Lei, D. Zhou, Z. Han, Y. Bao, H. Zhu, and L. Zhou, “Aerodynamic noise assessment for a vertical axis wind turbine using Improved Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation,” Renewable Energy, 141, 559-569., 2019.
[52] E. Möllerström, F. Ottermo, A. Goude, S. Eriksson, J. Hylander, and H. Bernhoff, “Turbulence influence on wind energy extraction for a medium size vertical axis wind turbine,” Wind Energy, vol. 19, no. 11, Art. no. 11, 2016.
[53] T. Bertényi, C. Wickins, and S. McIntosh, “Enhanced energy capture through gust-tracking in the urban wind environment,” in 48th AIAA aerospace sciences meeting including the new horizons forum and aerospace exposition, 2010, p. 1376.
[54] S. J. Kooiman and S. W. Tullis, “Response of a vertical axis wind turbine to time varying wind conditions found within the urban environment,” Wind Engineering, vol. 34, no. 4, Art. no. 4, 2010.
[55] L. C. Pagnini, M. Burlando, and M. P. Repetto, “Experimental power curve of small-size wind turbines in turbulent urban environment,” Applied Energy, vol. 154, pp. 112–121, 2015.
[56] M. Z. Shiraz, A. Dilimulati, and M. Paraschivoiu, “Wind power potential assessment of roof mounted wind turbines in cities,” Sustainable Cities and Society, vol. 53, p. 101905, 2020.
[57] F. Balduzzi, J. Drofelnik, A. Bianchini, G. Ferrara, L. Ferrari, and M. S. Campobasso, “Darrieus wind turbine blade unsteady aerodynamics: a three-dimensional Navier-Stokes CFD assessment,” Energy, vol. 128, pp. 550–563, 2017.
[58] I. E. Evgenevna, I. T. Evgenevna, and B. P. Viktorovich, “Analysis of the application of turbulence models in the calculation of supersonic gas jet,” American J. of Applied Sciences, vol. 11, no. 11, Art. no. 11, 2014.
[59] D. B. Spalding, “Kolmogorov’s two-equation model of turbulence,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, vol. 434, no. 1890, Art. no. 1890, 1991.
[60] D. C. Wilcox, Turbulence modeling for CFD, vol. 2. DCW industries La Canada, CA, 1998.
[61] D. C. Wilcox, “Simulation of transition with a two-equation turbulence model,” AIAA journal, vol. 32, no. 2, Art. no. 2, 1994.
[62] G. Bedon, S. De Betta, and E. Benini, “Performance-optimized airfoil for Darrieus wind turbines,” Renewable Energy, vol. 94, pp. 328–340, 2016.
[63] I. D. Mays, C. A. Morgan, M. B. Anderson, and S. J. R. Powles, “Experience with the VAWT 850 demonstration project,” in Proceedings of European Community Wind Energy Conference, 1990.
[64] S. N. Zadeh, M. Komeili, and M. Paraschivoiu, “Mesh convergence study for 2-D straight-blade vertical axis wind turbine simulations and estimation for 3-D simulations,” Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 487–504, 2014.
[65] S. Cd-Adapco, “STAR CCM+ user guide version 12.04,” CD-Adapco: New York, NY, USA, vol. 62, 2017.
[66] I. Paraschivoiu, Wind turbine design: with emphasis on Darrieus concept. Presses inter Polytechnique, 2002.
[67] X. Amandolese and E. Széchényi, “Experimental study of the effect of turbulence on a section model blade oscillating in stall,” Wind Energy: An International Journal for Progress and Applications in Wind Power Conversion Technology, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 267–282, 2004.
[68] A. Vergaerde, T. De Troyer, J. Kluczewska-Bordier, N. Parneix, F. Silvert, and M. C. Runacres, “Wind tunnel experiments of a pair of interacting vertical-axis wind turbines,” in Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2018.
[69] S. Acarer, “Peak lift-to-drag ratio enhancement of the DU12W262 airfoil by passive flow control and its impact on horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines,” Energy, vol. 201, p. 117659, 2020.
[70] S. Zanforlin and T. Nishino, “Fluid dynamic mechanisms of enhanced power generation by closely spaced vertical axis wind turbines,” Renewable Energy, vol. 99, pp. 1213–1226, 2016.
[71] A. Rezaeiha, I. Kalkman, H. Montazeri, and B. Blocken, “Effect of the shaft on the aerodynamic performance of urban vertical axis wind turbines,” Energy conversion and management, vol. 149, pp. 616–630, 2017.
[72] A. Tummala, R. K. Velamati, D. K. Sinha, V. Indraja, and V. H. Krishna, “A review on small scale wind turbines,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 56, pp. 1351–1371, 2016.
[73] N. Qin, R. Howell, N. Durrani, K. Hamada, and T. Smith, “Unsteady flow simulation and dynamic stall behaviour of vertical axis wind turbine blades,” Wind Engineering, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 511–527, 2011.
[74] A. J. Buchner, M. W. Lohry, L. Martinelli, J. Soria, and A. J. Smits, “Dynamic stall in vertical axis wind turbines: comparing experiments and computations,” Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol. 146, pp. 163–171, 2015.
[75] F. Arpino et al., “CFD simulations of power coefficients for an innovative Darrieus style vertical axis wind turbine with auxiliary straight blades,” in Journal of Physics: Conference Series, IOP Publishing, 2017, p. 012036.
[76] B. Belabes and M. Paraschivoiu, “Numerical study of the effect of turbulence intensity on VAWT performance,” Energy, vol. 233, p. 121139, 2021.
[77] T. Kinsey and G. Dumas, “Impact of channel blockage on the performance of axial and cross-flow hydrokinetic turbines,” Renewable energy, vol. 103, pp. 239–254, 2017.
[78] H. Y. Peng, H. J. Liu, and J. H. Yang, “A review on the wake aerodynamics of H-rotor vertical axis wind turbines,” energy, vol. 232, p. 121003, 2021.
[79] K. H. Wong, W. T. Chong, S. C. Poh, Y.-C. Shiah, N. L. Sukiman, and C.-T. Wang, “3D CFD simulation and parametric study of a flat plate deflector for vertical axis wind turbine,” Renewable energy, vol. 129, pp. 32–55, 2018.
[80] F.-Z. Tai, K.-W. Kang, M.-H. Jang, Y.-J. Woo, and J.-H. Lee, “Study on the analysis method for the vertical-axis wind turbines having Darrieus blades,” Renewable energy, vol. 54, pp. 26–31, 2013.
[81] Z. N. Ashrafi, M. Ghaderi, and A. Sedaghat, “Parametric study on off-design aerodynamic performance of a horizontal axis wind turbine blade and proposed pitch control,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 93, pp. 349–356, 2015.
[82] R. Kumar, K. Raahemifar, and A. S. Fung, “A critical review of vertical axis wind turbines for urban applications,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 89, pp. 281–291, 2018.
[83] L. A. Danao, O. Eboibi, and R. Howell, “An experimental investigation into the influence of unsteady wind on the performance of a vertical axis wind turbine,” Applied Energy, vol. 107, pp. 403–411, 2013.
[84] L. Wang, A. C. Tan, and Y. Gu, “Comparative study on optimizing the wind farm layout using different design methods and cost models,” Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol. 146, pp. 1–10, 2015.
[85] W. Tian, A. Ozbay, and H. Hu, “An experimental investigation on the aeromechanics and wake interferences of wind turbines sited over complex terrain,” Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol. 172, pp. 379–394, 2018.
[86] Z. Zhao, D. Wang, T. Wang, W. Shen, H. Liu, and M. Chen, “A review: Approaches for aerodynamic performance improvement of lift-type vertical axis wind turbine,” Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, vol. 49, p. 101789, 2022.
[87] L. Kuang et al., “Flow characteristics and dynamic responses of a parked straight‐bladed vertical axis wind turbine,” Energy Science & Engineering, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 1767–1783, 2019.
[88] A. Rezaeiha, H. Montazeri, and B. Blocken, “Characterization of aerodynamic performance of vertical axis wind turbines: Impact of operational parameters,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 169, pp. 45–77, 2018.
[89] B. Hand, G. Kelly, and A. Cashman, “Aerodynamic design and performance parameters of a lift-type vertical axis wind turbine: A comprehensive review,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 139, p. 110699, 2021.
[90] G. Chen, X.-B. Li, and X.-F. Liang, “IDDES simulation of the performance and wake dynamics of the wind turbines under different turbulent inflow conditions,” Energy, vol. 238, p. 121772, 2022.
[91] Q. Wang and Q. Zhao, “Rotor airfoil profile optimization for alleviating dynamic stall characteristics,” Aerospace Science and Technology, vol. 72, pp. 502–515, 2018.
[92] Y. Jodai and Y. Hara, “Wind-Tunnel Experiments on the Interactions among a Pair/Trio of Closely Spaced Vertical-Axis Wind Turbines,” Energies, vol. 16, no. 3, p. 1088, 2023.
[93] T. C. Hohman, L. Martinelli, and A. J. Smits, “The effects of inflow conditions on vertical axis wind turbine wake structure and performance,” Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol. 183, pp. 1–18, 2018.
[94] W. Zuo, X. Wang, and S. Kang, “Numerical simulations on the wake effect of H-type vertical axis wind turbines,” Energy, vol. 106, pp. 691–700, 2016.
[95] A. Sheidani, S. Salavatidezfouli, G. Stabile, and G. Rozza, “Assessment of URANS and LES methods in predicting wake shed behind a vertical axis wind turbine,” Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol. 232, p. 105285, 2023.
[96] V. F. Rolin and F. Porté-Agel, “Experimental investigation of vertical-axis wind-turbine wakes in boundary layer flow,” Renewable energy, vol. 118, pp. 1–13, 2018.
[97] G. Tescione, C. S. Ferreira, and G. J. W. Van Bussel, “Analysis of a free vortex wake model for the study of the rotor and near wake flow of a vertical axis wind turbine,” Renewable Energy, vol. 87, pp. 552–563, 2016.
[98] I. D. Brownstein, N. J. Wei, and J. O. Dabiri, “Aerodynamically interacting vertical-axis wind turbines: Performance enhancement and three-dimensional flow,” Energies, vol. 12, no. 14, p. 2724, 2019.
[99] A. S. Alexander and A. Santhanakrishnan, “Mechanisms of power augmentation in two side-by-side vertical axis wind turbines,” Renewable Energy, vol. 148, pp. 600–610, 2020.
[100] S. Sahebzadeh, A. Rezaeiha, and H. Montazeri, “Towards optimal layout design of vertical-axis wind-turbine farms: Double rotor arrangements,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 226, p. 113527, 2020.
[101] S. Kang, X. Yang, and F. Sotiropoulos, “On the onset of wake meandering for an axial flow turbine in a turbulent open channel flow,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol. 744, pp. 376–403, 2014.
[102] M. Abkar and J. O. Dabiri, “Self-similarity and flow characteristics of vertical-axis wind turbine wakes: an LES study,” Journal of Turbulence, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 373–389, 2017.
[103] F. M. White, Fluid Mechanics: Frank M. White; Adapted by Professor Rhim Yoon Chul. McGraw Hill Education, 2018.
[104] J. Sangwan, T. K. Sengupta, and P. Suchandra, “Investigation of compressibility effects on dynamic stall of pitching airfoil,” Physics of Fluids, vol. 29, no. 7, p. 076104, 2017.
[105] X. Huang, M. Albers, P. S. Meysonnat, M. Meinke, and W. Schröder, “Analysis of the effect of freestream turbulence on dynamic stall of wind turbine blades,” International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, vol. 85, p. 108668, 2020.
[106] P. Ouro, T. Stoesser, and L. Ramirez, “Effect of blade cambering on dynamic stall in view of designing vertical axis turbines,” Journal of Fluids Engineering, vol. 140, no. 6, 2018.
[107] S. Jain and U. K. Saha, “On the influence of blade thickness-to-chord ratio on dynamic stall phenomenon in H-type Darrieus wind rotors,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 218, p. 113024, 2020.
[108] R. R. Leknys, M. Arjomandi, R. M. Kelso, and C. H. Birzer, “Dynamic stall flow structure and forces on symmetrical airfoils at high angles of attack and rotation rates,” Journal of Fluids Engineering, vol. 141, no. 5, 2019.
[109] B. Hand, G. Kelly, and A. Cashman, “Numerical simulation of a vertical axis wind turbine airfoil experiencing dynamic stall at high Reynolds numbers,” Computers & Fluids, vol. 149, pp. 12–30, 2017.
[110] N. Franchina, G. Persico, and M. Savini, “2D-3D computations of a vertical axis wind turbine flow field: Modeling issues and physical interpretations,” Renewable Energy, vol. 136, pp. 1170–1189, 2019.
[111] F. Balduzzi et al., “Understanding the aerodynamic behavior and energy conversion capability of small darrieus vertical axis wind turbines in turbulent flows,” Energies, vol. 13, no. 11, p. 2936, 2020.
[112] K. Svitil, “Wind-turbine placement produces tenfold power increase, researchers say,” PhysOrg. (July 13, 2011), 2011.
[113] M. L. Shur, P. R. Spalart, M. K. Strelets, and A. K. Travin, “A hybrid RANS-LES approach with delayed-DES and wall-modelled LES capabilities,” International journal of heat and fluid flow, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 1638–1649, 2008.
All items in Spectrum are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved. The use of items is governed by Spectrum's terms of access.
Repository Staff Only: item control page
Download Statistics
Download Statistics