Mercan, Muhammet Talha (2023) Thermal Modeling of an Electric Vehicle Soft Magnetic Composite Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor. Masters thesis, Concordia University.
Preview |
Text (application/pdf)
5MBMercan_MA_S2024.pdf - Accepted Version Available under License Spectrum Terms of Access. |
Abstract
Today, with the increasing impacts of the climate change, sustainable solutions are being searched for in many areas. Demand is increasing in the fields of energy, health, housing and transportation to meet the needs of developing economies and growing populations. In these areas, studies are being carried out to reduce the use of fossil fuels and for renewable solutions. Various solutions are being worked on for the transportation sector, which is the second biggest factor in terms of carbon emissions. One of the most important steps is electric vehicles. Electric vehicle density is increasing day by day both to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and for an environmental solution.
One of the most important steps of this evolution in transportation is the types of motors used in vehicles. The replacement of internal combustion engines by electric motors has brought about various research topics. Today, Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors have become one of the most preferred models with the many advantages they provide for electric vehicles. With its high power density, high efficiency, ability to reach high speeds and compact size, it has become a suitable motor for electric vehicles. In addition to all these benefits, there are also some challenges that need to be solved. Thermal design is crucial to avoid the negative effects of temperature rise for high power generating motors in small sizes. In order to perform all these analyses, it is necessary to design thermal modeling to determine the temperature limits and design the cooling system.
In this thesis, the thermal equivalent models of two different PMSMs were analyzed and proposed by using the Lumped Parameter Network Method to predict temperature rise during operation. In addition, the motors were tested with real time experiments and supported by simulation results. The thermal models analyzed for the two different motors were analyzed to compare the temperature differences and to analyze the geometry in terms of temperature distribution and suitability.
Divisions: | Concordia University > Gina Cody School of Engineering and Computer Science > Electrical and Computer Engineering |
---|---|
Item Type: | Thesis (Masters) |
Authors: | Mercan, Muhammet Talha |
Institution: | Concordia University |
Degree Name: | M.A. Sc. |
Program: | Electrical and Computer Engineering |
Date: | November 2023 |
Thesis Supervisor(s): | Pillay, Pragasen |
Keywords: | Thermal Modeling, Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor, Electric Vehicle |
ID Code: | 993167 |
Deposited By: | Muhammet Talha Mercan |
Deposited On: | 05 Jun 2024 15:20 |
Last Modified: | 05 Jun 2024 15:20 |
References:
[1] Report on Paris Agreement, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 22 Oct. 2018 [Online]. Available: The Paris Agreement | UNFCCC[2] Maantay, J., & Becker, S. (2012). The health impacts of global climate change: a geographic perspective. Applied Geography, 33, 1-106.
[3] Mestre-Sanchís, F., & Feijóo-Bello, M. L. (2009). Climate change and its marginalizing effect on agriculture. Ecological economics, 68(3), 896-904.
[4] Yang, W., Li, T., & Cao, X. (2015). Examining the impacts of socio-economic factors, urban form and transportation development on CO2 emissions from transportation in China: a panel data analysis of China's provinces. Habitat International, 49, 212-220.
[5] World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). (2004). Mobility: 2030: http://docs.wbcsd.org/2004/06/Mobility2030-ExSummary.pdf
[6] Thiel, C., Julea, A., Acosta Iborra, B., De Miguel Echevarria, N., Peduzzi, E., Pisoni, E., ... & Krause, J. (2019). Assessing the impacts of electric vehicle recharging infrastructure deployment efforts in the European Union. Energies, 12(12), 2409.
[7] Roy, P. (2020). Thermal Modeling of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors for Electric Vehicle Application (Doctoral dissertation, University of Windsor (Canada)).
[8] Liu, W., Hu, W., Lund, H., & Chen, Z. (2013). Electric vehicles and large-scale integration of wind power–The case of Inner Mongolia in China. Applied energy, 104, 445-456.
[9] Hezam, I. M., Mishra, A. R., Rani, P., Cavallaro, F., Saha, A., Ali, J., ... & Štreimikienė, D. (2022). A hybrid intuitionistic fuzzy-MEREC-RS-DNMA method for assessing the alternative fuel vehicles with sustainability perspectives. Sustainability, 14(9), 5463.
[10] Tong, F., & Azevedo, I. M. (2020). What are the best combinations of fuel-vehicle technologies to mitigate climate change and air pollution effects across the United States? Environmental Research Letters, 15(7), 074046.
[11] Brase, G. L. (2019). What would it take to get you into an electric car? Consumer perceptions and decision making about electric vehicles. The Journal of psychology, 153(2), 214-236.
[12] Fenton, J., & Hodkinson, R. (2001). Lightweight electric/hybrid vehicle design.
[13] De Novellis, L., Sorniotti, A., Gruber, P., & Pennycott, A. (2014). Comparison of feedback control techniques for torque-vectoring control of fully electric vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 63(8), 3612-3623.
[14] Morrow, K., Karner, D., & Francfort, J. E. (2008). Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle charging infrastructure review.
[15] Sciarretta, A., & Guzzella, L. (2007). Control of hybrid electric vehicles. IEEE control systems magazine, 27(2), 60-70.
[16] Maggetto, G., & Van Mierlo, J. (2001, July). Electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles and fuel cell electric vehicles: state of the art and perspectives. In Annales de Chimie Science des Materiaux (Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 9-26). No longer published by Elsevier.
[17] Kumar, R. R., & Alok, K. (2020). Adoption of electric vehicle: A literature review and prospects for sustainability. Journal of Cleaner Production, 253, 119911.
[18] Poornesh, K., Nivya, K. P., & Sireesha, K. (2020, September). A comparative study on electric vehicle and internal combustion engine vehicles. In 2020 International Conference on Smart Electronics and Communication (ICOSEC) (pp. 1179-1183). IEEE.
[19] Taylor, A. M. (2008). Science review of internal combustion engines. Energy Policy, 36(12), 4657-4667.
[20] Yildirim, M., Polat, M., & Kürüm, H. (2014, September). A survey on comparison of electric motor types and drives used for electric vehicles. In 2014 16th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference and Exposition (pp. 218-223). IEEE.
[21] Cuenca, R. M., Gaines, L. L., & Vyas, A. D. (2000). Evaluation of electric vehicle production and operating costs (No. ANL/ESD-41). Argonne National Lab., IL (US).
[22] [Online] Available: https://www.nrdc.org/stories/electric-vs-gas-cars-it-cheaper-drive-ev . [Accessed 2023]
[23] Larson, P. D., Viáfara, J., Parsons, R. V., & Elias, A. (2014). Consumer attitudes about electric cars: Pricing analysis and policy implications. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 69, 299-314.
[24] Narasipuram, R. P., & Mopidevi, S. (2021). A technological overview & design considerations for developing electric vehicle charging stations. Journal of Energy Storage, 43, 103225.
[25] Giansoldati, M., Monte, A., & Scorrano, M. (2020). Barriers to the adoption of electric cars: Evidence from an Italian survey. Energy Policy, 146, 111812.
[26] Tu, H., Feng, H., Srdic, S., & Lukic, S. (2019). Extreme fast charging of electric vehicles: A technology overview. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, 5(4), 861-878.
[27] Ravi, S. S., & Aziz, M. (2022). Utilization of electric vehicles for vehicle-to-grid services: Progress and perspectives. Energies, 15(2), 589.
[28] Münzel, C., Plötz, P., Sprei, F., & Gnann, T. (2019). How large is the effect of financial incentives on electric vehicle sales?–A global review and European analysis. Energy Economics, 84, 104493.
[29] Eberle, U., & Von Helmolt, R. (2010). Sustainable transportation based on electric vehicle concepts: a brief overview. Energy & Environmental Science, 3(6), 689-699.
[30] ‘What is the role of electric vehicles in clean energy transitions’ [online]. Available: https://www.iea.org/energy-system/transport/electric-vehicles . [Accessed 2023]
[31] [online] Available: https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2023/trends-in-electric-light-duty-vehicles . [Accessed 2023]
[32] [online] Available: https://www.statista.com/outlook/mmo/electric-vehicles/canada#unit-sales . [Accessed 2023]
[33] [online] Available: https://driving.ca/column/driving-by-numbers/10-best-selling-electric-vehicles-canada-2022. [Accessed 2023]
[34] Michaelides, E.E. (2018). Energy, the Environment, and Sustainability (1st ed.). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b22169
[35] Elgowainy, A., Han, J., Poch, L., Wang, M., Vyas, A., Mahalik, M., & Rousseau, A. (2010). Well-to-wheels analysis of energy use and greenhouse gas emissions of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (No. ANL/ESD/10-1). Argonne National Lab.(ANL), Argonne, IL (United States).
[36] Brinkman, N., Wang, M., Weber, T., & Darlington, T. (2005). Well-to-wheels analysis of advanced fuel/vehicle systems: A North American study of energy use, greenhouse gas emissions, and criteria pollutant emissions. EERE Publication and Product Library, Washington, DC (United States).
[37] Michaelides, E. E. (2021). Primary energy use and environmental effects of electric vehicles. World Electric Vehicle Journal, 12(3), 138.
[38] Dorrell, D. G., Knight, A. M., Popescu, M., Evans, L., & Staton, D. A. (2010, September). Comparison of different motor design drives for hybrid electric vehicles. In 2010 IEEE energy conversion congress and exposition (pp. 3352-3359). IEEE.
[39] Jape, S. R., & Thosar, A. (2017). Comparison of electric motors for electric vehicle application. international Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 6(09), 12-17.
[40] Patil, S. V., & Saxena, R. (2022, February). Design & Simulation of Brushless DC Motor Using ANSYS for EV Application. In 2022 IEEE International Students' Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Science (SCEECS) (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
[41] Pugliese, H., & Von Kannewurff, M. (2013). Discovering DC: A primer on DC circuit breakers, their advantages, and design. IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, 19(5), 22-28.
[42] Gupta, J. B. (2009). Theory & performance of electrical machines. SK Kataria and Sons.
[43] Hashemnia, N., & Asaei, B. (2008, September). Comparative study of using different electric motors in the electric vehicles. In 2008 18th international conference on electrical machines (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
[44] Mohanraj, D., Aruldavid, R., Verma, R., Sathiyasekar, K., Barnawi, A. B., Chokkalingam, B., & Mihet-Popa, L. (2022). A review of BLDC Motor: State of Art, advanced control techniques, and applications. IEEE Access, 10, 54833-54869.
[45] Rahman, K. M., & Schulz, S. E. (2002). Design of high-efficiency and high-torque-density switched reluctance motor for vehicle propulsion. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 38(6), 1500-1507.
[46] Zabihi, N., & Gouws, R. (2016, June). A review on switched reluctance machines for electric vehicles. In 2016 IEEE 25th International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE) (pp. 799-804). IEEE.
[47] Shi, X., & Krishnamurthy, M. (2014). Survivable operation of induction machine drives with smooth transition strategy for EV applications. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, 2(3), 609-617.
[48] Tazerart, F., Mokrani, Z., Rekioua, D., & Rekioua, T. (2015). Direct torque control implementation with losses minimization of induction motor for electric vehicle applications with high operating life of the battery. International journal of hydrogen energy, 40(39), 13827-13838.
[49] Guan, Y., Zhu, Z. Q., Afinowi, I. A., Mipo, J. C., & Farah, P. (2014, October). Comparison between induction machine and interior permanent magnet machine for electric vehicle application. In 2014 17th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS) (pp. 144-150). IEEE.
[50] Murali, N., & Ushakumari, S. (2020, November). Performance comparison between different rotor configurations of PMSM for EV application. In 2020 IEEE REGION 10 CONFERENCE (TENCON) (pp. 1334-1339). IEEE.
[51] Hassan, W., & Wang, B. (2012, June). Efficiency optimization of PMSM based drive system. In Proceedings of The 7th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (Vol. 2, pp. 1027-1033). IEEE.
[52] Rauth, S. S., & Samanta, B. (2020, December). Comparative analysis of IM/BLDC/PMSM drives for electric vehicle traction applications using ANN-based FOC. In 2020 IEEE 17th India Council International Conference (INDICON) (pp. 1-8). IEEE.
[53] Zeraoulia, M., Benbouzid, M. E. H., & Diallo, D. (2006). Electric motor drive selection issues for HEV propulsion systems: A comparative study. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular technology, 55(6), 1756-1764.
[54] ‘Indian Railways’ IRFCA. [online] Available: https://www.irfca.org/gallery/Locos/Electric/wam4x/?g2_page=2. [Accessed 2023]
[55] [online] Available: https://www.speegovehicles.com/speego-cr.php. [Accessed 2023]
[56] [online] Available: https://www.tesla.com. [Accessed 2023]
[57] [online] Available: https://www.nissan.ca. [Accessed 2023]
[58] Barman, P., Dutta, L., Bordoloi, S., Kalita, A., Buragohain, P., Bharali, S., & Azzopardi, B. (2023). Renewable energy integration with electric vehicle technology: A review of the existing smart charging approaches. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 183, 113518.
[59] Omekanda, A. M. (2013, March). Switched reluctance machines for EV and HEV propulsion: State-of-the-art. In 2013 IEEE Workshop on Electrical Machines Design, Control and Diagnosis (WEMDCD) (pp. 70-74). IEEE.
[60] Lukic, S. M., & Emado, A. (2003, September). Modeling of electric machines for automotive applications using efficiency maps. In Proceedings: Electrical Insulation Conference and Electrical Manufacturing and Coil Winding Technology Conference (Cat. No. 03CH37480) (pp. 543-550). IEEE.
[61] Xu, W., Chen, H., Zhao, H., & Ren, B. (2019). Torque optimization control for electric vehicles with four in-wheel motors equipped with regenerative braking system. Mechatronics, 57, 95-108.
[62] Vražić, M., Vuljaj, D., Pavasović, A., & Pauković, H. (2014, May). Study of a vehicle conversion from internal combustion engine to electric drive. In 2014 IEEE international energy conference (ENERGYCON) (pp. 1544-1548). IEEE.
[63] Davis, R. I., & Lorenz, R. D. (2003). Engine torque ripple cancellation with an integrated starter alternator in a hybrid electric vehicle: implementation and control. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 39(6), 1765-1774.
[64] Ralev, I., Qi, F., Burkhart, B., Klein-Hessling, A., & De Doncker, R. W. (2017). Impact of smooth torque control on the efficiency of a high-speed automotive switched reluctance drive. IEEE Transactions on industry applications, 53(6), 5509-5517.
[65] Wang, H., & Leng, J. (2018, June). Summary on development of permanent magnet synchronous motor. In 2018 Chinese Control And Decision Conference (CCDC) (pp. 689-693). IEEE.
[66] Marlino, L. D. (2005). Report on Toyota Prius motor thermal management. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 11-36.Petrov, I., & Pyrhonen, J. (2012). Performance of low-cost permanent magnet material in PM synchronous machines. IEEE transactions on Industrial Electronics, 60(6), 2131-2138.
[67] Li, Z., Feng, G., Lai, C., Banerjee, D., Li, W., & Kar, N. C. (2019). Current injection-based multi-parameter estimation for dual three-phase IPMSM considering VSI nonlinearity. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, 5(2), 405-415.
[68] Ibrahim, M., & Pillay, P. (2018, September). Aligning the reluctance and magnet torque in permanent magnet synchronous motors for improved performance. In 2018 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE) (pp. 2286-2291). IEEE.
[69] Yan, X., & Patterson, D. (1999, July). Improvement of drive range, acceleration and deceleration performance in an electric vehicle propulsion system. In 30th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference. Record.(Cat. No. 99CH36321) (Vol. 2, pp. 638-643). IEEE.
[70] Li, M., He, J., & Demerdash, N. A. (2014, June). A flux-weakening control approach for interior permanent magnet synchronous motors based on Z-source inverters. In 2014 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
[71] Bilgin, B., & Emadi, A. (2014). Electric motors in electrified transportation: A step toward achieving a sustainable and highly efficient transportation system. IEEE Power Electronics Magazine, 1(2), 10-17.
[72] Ali, S. N., Hanif, A., & Ahmed, Q. (2016, January). Review in thermal effects on the performance of electric motors. In 2016 International Conference on Intelligent Systems Engineering (ICISE) (pp. 83-88). IEEE.
[73] Zhang, Z., Li, G., Qian, Z., Ye, Q., & Xia, Y. (2016, June). Research on effect of temperature on performance and temperature compensation of interior permanent magnet motor. In 2016 IEEE 11th Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA) (pp. 411-414). IEEE.
[74] Zhang, B., Song, Z., Liu, S., Huang, R., & Liu, C. (2022). Overview of integrated electric motor drives: Opportunities and challenges. Energies, 15(21), 8299.
[75] Akram, S., Wang, P., Nazir, M. T., Zhou, K., Bhutta, M. S., & Hussain, H. (2020). Impact of impulse voltage frequency on the partial discharge characteristic of electric vehicles motor insulation. Engineering Failure Analysis, 116, 104767.
[76] [online] Available: https://electrical-engineering-portal.com. [Accessed 2023]
[77] Ost, W., & De Baets, P. (2005). Failure analysis of the deep groove ball bearings of an electric motor. Engineering Failure Analysis, 12(5), 772-783.
[78] Wallscheid, O., Huber, T., Peters, W., & Böcker, J. (2014, October). Real-time capable methods to determine the magnet temperature of permanent magnet synchronous motors—A review. In IECON 2014-40th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (pp. 811-818). IEEE.
[79] Schützhold, J., & Hofmann, W. (2013, September). Analysis of the temperature dependence of losses in electrical machines. In 2013 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (pp. 3159-3165). IEEE
[80] Desai, C., & Pillay, P. (2019). Back EMF, torque–angle, and core loss characterization of a variable-flux permanent-magnet machine. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, 5(2), 371-384.
[81] Schmitz, D., Sadowski, N., Nau, S. L., Batistela, N. J., & Bastos, J. P. A. (2014). Three-phase electromagnetic device for the evaluation of the magnetic losses in electric motors’ stators. IEEE Transactions on energy conversion, 30(2), 515-521.
[82] Muthusamy, M., & Pillay, P. (2021, October). Design of an Outer Rotor PMSM with Soft Magnetic Composite Stator Core. In 2021 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE) (pp. 3987-3992). IEEE.
[83] Ilina, I. D. (2011, May). Experimental determination of moment to inertia and mechanical losses vs. speed, in electrical machines. In 2011 7th International Symposium on Advanced Topics in Electrical Engineering (ATEE) (pp. 1-4). IEEE.
[84] Boglietti, A., Cavagnino, A., Staton, D., Shanel, M., Mueller, M., & Mejuto, C. (2009). Evolution and modern approaches for thermal analysis of electrical machines. IEEE Transactions on industrial electronics, 56(3), 871-882.
[85] Nategh, S. (2013). Thermal analysis and management of high-performance electrical machines (Doctoral dissertation, KTH Royal Institute of Technology).
[86] Roy, P. (2020). Thermal Modeling of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors for Electric Vehicle Application (Doctoral dissertation, University of Windsor (Canada)).
[87] Bergman, T. L., Lavine, A. S., Incropera, F. P., & DeWitt, D. P. (2011). Introduction to heat transfer. John Wiley & Sons.
[88] Kirchgässner, W., Wallscheid, O., & Böcker, J. (2023). Thermal neural networks: Lumped-parameter thermal modeling with state-space machine learning. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 117, 105537.
[89] Madonna, V., Giangrande, P., Gerada, C., & Galea, M. (2019). Thermal analysis of fault‐tolerant electrical machines for aerospace actuators. IET Electric Power Applications, 13(7), 843-852.
[90] Kačenka, A., Pop, A. C., Vintiloiu, I., & Fodorean, D. (2019, October). Lumped parameter thermal modeling of permanent magnet synchronous motor. In 2019 Electric Vehicles International Conference (EV) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
[91] Wang, X., Li, B., Gerada, D., Huang, K., Stone, I., Worrall, S., & Yan, Y. (2022). A critical review on thermal management technologies for motors in electric cars. Applied Thermal Engineering, 201, 117758.
[92] Boglietti, A., Cavagnino, A., & Staton, D. (2008). Determination of critical parameters in electrical machine thermal models. IEEE transactions on Industry Applications, 44(4), 1150-1159.
[93] Nerg, J., Rilla, M., & Pyrhonen, J. (2008). Thermal analysis of radial-flux electrical machines with a high power density. IEEE Transactions on industrial electronics, 55(10), 3543-3554.
[94] Tam, A. C., & Sontag, H. (1986). Measurement of air gap thickness underneath an opaque film by pulsed photothermal radiometry. Applied physics letters, 49(26), 1761-1763.
[95] He, H., & Yu, Z. (2018). Effect of air gap entrapped in firefighter protective clothing on thermal resistance and evaporative resistance. Autex Research Journal, 18(1), 28-34.
[96] Anderssson, B. (2013). Lumped parameter thermal modelling of electric machines.
[97] Yang, Y., Bilgin, B., Kasprzak, M., Nalakath, S., Sadek, H., Preindl, M., ... & Emadi, A. (2017). Thermal management of electric machines. IET Electrical Systems in Transportation, 7(2), 104-116.
[98] Muthusamy, M., Hendershot, J., & Pillay, P. (2022). Design of a Spoke Type PMSM With SMC Stator Core for Traction Applications. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 59(2), 1418-1436.
[99] Boylestad, R. L. (2010). Introductory circuit analysis. Prentice Hall Press.
Repository Staff Only: item control page