References:

Aberson, C. L. (2015). Positive intergroup contact, negative intergroup contact, and threat as predictors of cognitive and affective dimensions of prejudice. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 18(6), 743–760. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430214556699
Aberson, C. L. (2019). Indirect effects of threat on the contact–prejudice relationship: A meta-analysis. Social Psychology, 50(2), 105-126. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000364
Aberson, C. L., & Gaffney, A. M. (2008). An integrated threat model of explicit and implicit attitudes. European Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 808–830. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.582
Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Addison-Wesley.
Albarello, F., & Rubini, M. (2018). Linguistic discrimination toward Roma: Can intergroup threat enhance bias? Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 37(3), 350–364. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X17725880
Albouy, D. (2008). The wage gap between Francophones and Anglophones: A Canadian perspective, 1970–2000. Canadian Journal of Economics, 41(4), 1211–1238. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5982.2008.00501.x
A minority within a minority: Quebec’s struggle to face racism. CBC Radio. https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/the-current-for-march-9-2018-1.4567875/a-minority-within-a-minority-quebec-s-struggle-to-face-racism-1.4567938
Anderson, T. (2015). Seeking internationalization: The state of Canadian higher education. Canadian Journal of Higher Education, 45(4), 166–187. https://doi.org/10.47678/cjhe.v45i4.184690
Andrade, M. S. (2006). International students in English-speaking universities: Adjustment factors. Journal of Research in International Education, 5(2), 131–154. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475240906065589
Angus Reid Institute. (2022). Canada across the religious spectrum: A portrait of the nation’s inter-faith perspectives during Holy Week. https://angusreid.org/canada-religion-interfaith-holy-week/
Arkoudis, S., Dollinger, M., Baik, C., & Patience, A. (2019). International students’ experience in Australian higher education: can we do better? Higher Education, 77, 799–813. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-018-0302-x
Ballinger, S., Brouillard, M., Ahooja, A., Kircher, R., Polka, L., & Byers-Heinlein, K. (2022): Intersections of official and family language policy in Quebec. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 43(7), 614–628. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2020.1752699
Baril, A. (2017). Intersectionality, lost in translation? (Re)thinking inter-sections between Anglophone and Francophone intersectionality. Atlantis, 38(1), 125–137.
Barron, P. (2006). Stormy outlook? Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism, 6(2), 5–22. https://doi.org/10.1300/J172v06n02_02
Berrada, M. (2024). Is Quebec’s plan to mandate non-francophone students to reach an intermediate level of French justified? University Affairs. Retrieved from https://universityaffairs.ca/news/news-article/is-quebecs-plan-to-mandate-non-francophone-students-to-reach-an-intermediate-level-of-french-justified/?utm_source=University+Affairs+e-newsletter&utm_campaign=5dc21c6323-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2024_02_01&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_314bc2ee29-5dc21c6323-426983236
Berrenberg, J. L., Finlay, K. A., Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. (2002). Prejudice toward people with cancer or AIDS: Applying the integrated threat model. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 7(2), 75–86. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9861.2002.tb00078.x
Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology, 46(1), 5–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01087.x
Berry, J. W. (2005). Acculturation: Living successfully in two cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29(6), 697–712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.07.013
Berry, J. W. (2006). Mutual attitudes among immigrants and ethnocultural groups in Canada. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30(6), 719–734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2006.06.004
Berry, J. W., & Hou, F. (2017). Acculturation, discrimination and wellbeing among second generation of immigrants in Canada. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 61, 29–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2017.08.003
Berry, J. W., Kim, U., Minde, T., & Mok, D. (1987). Comparative studies of acculturative stress. The International Migration Review, 21(3), 491–511.
Bilefsky, D. (2021). A language bill deepens a culture clash in Quebec. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/09/world/canada/quebec-french-language-laws.html
Bill 9: An Act to Increase Québec’s Socioeconomic Prosperity and Adequately Meet Labour Market Needs Through Successful Immigration Integration. 42nd Legislature, 1st Session. Retrieved from the National Assembly of Québec website: https://www.assnat.qc.ca/en/travaux-parlementaires/projets-loi/projet-loi-9-42-1.html?appelant=MC#:~:text=precede%20end%20date.-,Bill%209%2C%20An%20Act%20to%20increase%20Québec%27s%20socio%2Deconomic%20prosperity,needs%20through%20successful%20immigrant%20integration
Bill 21: An Act Respecting the Laicity of the State (2019). 42nd Legislature, 1st Session. Retrieved from the National Assembly of Québec website: http://www.assnat.qc.ca/en/travaux-parlementaires/projets-loi/projet-loi-21-42-1.html
Bill 62: An Act to foster adherence to State religious neutrality and, in particular, to provide a framework for requests for accommodations on religious grounds in certain bodies. (2017). 41st Legislature. Retrieved from the National Assembly of Québec website: https://www.canlii.org/en/qc/laws/astat/sq-2017-c-19/latest/sq-2017-c-19.html
Bill 96: An Act respecting French, the official and common language of Québec. (2021). 42nd Legislature, 1st Session. Retrieved from the National Assembly of Québec website: http://m.assnat.qc.ca/en/travaux-parlementaires/projets-loi/projet-loi-96-42-1.html
Bilodeau, A., & Turgeon, L. (2021). Boundaries of the nation(s) in a multinational state: Comparing Quebecers and other Canadians' perspectives on national identity. Nations and Nationalism, 27(2), 530–547. https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12641
Binder, J., Zagefka, H., Brown, R., Funke, F., Kessler, T., Mummendey, A., Maquil, A., Demoulin, S., & Leyens, J.-P. (2009). Does contact reduce prejudice or does prejudice reduce contact? A longitudinal test of the contact hypothesis among majority and minority groups in three European countries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(4), 843–856. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013470
Blinder, S. (2015). Imagined immigration: The impact of different meanings of ‘immigrants’ in public opinion and policy debates in Britain. Politics Study, 63, 80–100. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.12053
Boafo-Arthur, S. (2014). Acculturative experiences of Black-African international students. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 36(2), 115–124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-013-9194-8
Bonazzo, C., & Wong, Y. J. (2007). Japanese international female students’ experience of discrimination, prejudice, and stereotypes. College Student Journal, 41(3), 631–639.
Bouchard, G. (2011). ‘What is interculturalism?’. McGill Law Journal, 56(2), 435–468. https://lawjournal.mcgill.ca/wp-content/uploads/pdf/2710852-Bouchard_e.pdf
Bouchard, G., & Taylor, C. (2008). Building the future: a time for reconciliation. Report of the Consultation Commission on Accommodation Practices Related to Cultural Differences. Gouvernment du Québec.
Bouchard, M. -E. (2023). Language and racial attitudes toward French varieties in a second language learning context. The Canadian Modern Language Review, 79(1), 16–37. https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr-2021-0078
Bourdieu, P. (1991). Language and symbolic power (G. Raymond & M. Adamson, Trans., J.B. Tompson, Ed.). Polity Press.
Bourhis, R. Y. (1983). Language attitudes and self‐reports of French‐English language usage in Quebec. Journal of Multilingual & Multicultural Development, 4(2-3), 163–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.1983.9994109
Bourhis, R. Y., & Sioufi, R. (2017). Assessing forty years of language planning on the vitality of the francophone and anglophone communities of Quebec. Multilingua, 36(5), 627–661. https://doi.org/10.1515/multi-2017-3048
Brambilla, M., & Butz, D. A. (2012). Intergroup threat and outgroup attitudes: Macro-level symbolic threat increases prejudice against gay men. Social Psychology, 44(5), 311–319. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000127
Bresnahan, M. J., Ohashi, R., Nebashi, R., Liu, W. Y., & Shearman, S. M. (2002). Attitudinal and affective response toward accented English. Language & Communication, 22, 171–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0271-5309(01)00025-8
Briscoe, K. L., Yao, C. W., Oates, E. Q., Rutt, J. N., & Buell, K. J. (2022). Friendship within and across Borders: Perceptions of social networks among first-year international students of color. Journal of International Students, 12(1), 195–215. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v12i1.3353
Brisset, C., Safdar, S., Lewis, J. R., & Sabatier, C. (2010). Psychological and sociocultural adaptation of university students in France: The case of Vietnamese international students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 34(4), 413–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.02.009
Brosseau, L., & Dewing, M. (2018). Background paper: Canadian multiculturalism. Legal and Social Affairs Division Parliamentary Information and Research Service. Library of Parliament. https://lop.parl.ca/sites/PublicWebsite/default/en_CA/ResearchPublications/200920E
Brown, R., Vivian, J., & Hewstone, M. (1999). Changing attitudes through intergroup contact: The effects of group membership salience. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 741–764. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(199908/09)29:5/6<741::AID-EJSP972>3.0.CO;2-8
Buongiorno, J. (2023). Quebec unmoved by English universities' plea to cancel tuition hike. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-english-universities-french-tuition-1.7020062
Busque A.- M. (2022). Quebec language policy. The Canadian encyclopedia. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/quebec-language-policy
Campbell, N. (2012). Promoting intercultural contact on campus: A project to connect and engage international and host students. Journal of Studies in International Education, 16(3), 205-227. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315311403936
CBIE (Canadian Bureau for International Education). (n.d.). https://cbie.ca/infographic/
CBIE (Canadian Bureau for International Education). (2015). The integration challenge: Connecting international students with their Canadian peers. https://cbie.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/CBIE-Research-in-Brief-2-The-Integration-Challenge-EN.pdf
CBIE (Canadian Bureau for International Education). (2018). The student voice: National results of the 2021 CBIE international student survey. https://cbie.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Student_Voice_Report-ENG.pdf
CBIE (Canadian Bureau for International Education). (2021). The student voice: National results of the 2021 CBIE international student survey. https://cbie.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/CBIE-2021-International-Student-Survey-National-Report-FINAL.pdf
Cena, E., Burns, S., & Wilson, P. (2021). Sense of belonging and the intercultural and academic experiences among international students at a university in Northern Ireland. Journal of International Students, 11(4), 812–831. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v11i4.2541
Charles-Toussaint, G. C., & Crowson, H. M. (2010). Prejudice against international students: The role of threat perceptions and authoritarian dispositions in U.S. students. The Journal of Psychology, 144(5), 413–428. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2010.496643
Chataway, C. J., & Berry, J. W. (1989). Acculturation experiences, appraisal, coping and adaptation: A comparison of Hong Kong Chinese, French, and English students in Canada. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 21, 295–309. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0079820
Chira, S. (2017). Learning opportunities: International students and lessons about education, immigration and cultural diversity on and off the (Atlantic) Canadian campus. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 49(3), 133–152. https://doi.org/10.1353/ces.2017.0025
Choi, Y., Crossman, E., & Hou, F. (2021). International students as a source of labour supply: Transition to permanent residency. Economic and Social Reports, 1(6), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.25318/36280001202100600002-ENG
Collins, K. A., & Clément, R. (2012). Language and prejudice: Direct and moderated effects. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 31(4), 376–396. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X12446611
Concordia in numbers. (n.d.). Concordia University. Retrieved June 29, 2022, from https://www.concordia.ca/about/fast-facts.html
Consortium of English-Language CEGEPs, Colleges, and Universities of Quebec (2023). Quebec government tuition changes – fact sheet. https://consortiumquebec.ca/2023/10/18/quebec-government-tuition-changes-fact-sheet/
Constantine, M. G., Okazaki, S., & Utsey, S. O. (2004). Self-concealment, social self-efficacy, acculturative stress, and depression in African, Asian, and Latin American international college students. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 74(3), 230–241. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.74.3.230
Corenblum, B., & Stephan, W. G. (2001). White fears and native apprehensions: An integrated threat theory approach to intergroup attitudes. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 33(4), 251–268. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0087147
Croucher, S. M. (2013). Integrated threat theory and acceptance of immigrant assimilation: An analysis of Muslim immigration in Western Europe. Communication Monographs, 80(1), 46–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2012.739704
Dean, J., & Geloso, V. (2022). The linguistic wage gap in Quebec, 1901 to 1951. Cliometrica, 16, 615–637. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11698-021-00236-3
de Moissac, D., Graham, J. M., Prada, K., Gueye, N. R., & Rocque, R. (2020). Mental health status and help-seeking strategies of international students in Canada. Canadian Journal of Higher Education, 50(4), 52–71. https://doi.org/10.47678/cjhe.vi0.188815
Deschamps, J.-C. (1984). The social psychology of intergroup relations and categorical differentiation. In H. Tajfel (Ed.), European studies in social psychology: The social dimension volume 2 (pp. 541–559). Cambridge University Press.
de Souza, L. E. C., Pereira, C. R., Camino, L., de Lima, T. J. S., & Torres, A. R. R. (2016). The legitimizing role of accent on discrimination against immigrants. European Journal of Social Psychology, 46(5), 609–620. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2216
Dovchin, S. (2020). The psychological damages of linguistic racism and international students in Australia. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 23(7), 804–818. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2020.1759504
Dovidio, J. F., & Gluszek, A. (2012). Accents, nonverbal behavior, and intergroup bias. In H. Giles (Ed.), The handbook of intergroup communication (pp. 87–99). Taylor & Francis.
Douglass, J. A., & Edelstein, R. (2009). The global competition for talent: The rapidly changing market for international students and the need for a strategic approach in the US. Center for Studies in Higher Education Research & Occasional Paper Series. 1-22. https://cshe.berkeley.edu/publications/global-competition-talent-rapidly-changing-market-internationalstudents-and-need
El-Assal, K. (2020, February 20). 642,000 international students: Canada now ranks 3rd globally in foreign student attraction. CIC News. https://www.cicnews.com/2020/02/642000-international-students-canada-now-ranks-3rd-globally-in-foreign-student-attraction-0213763.html#gs.cv7pls
Erudera College News. (2020). Top 20 countries to study abroad as of 2020. https://collegenews.org/top-20-countries-to-study-abroad-as-of-2020/
Esses, V. M. (2021). Prejudice and discrimination toward immigrants. Annual Review of Psychology, 72, 503–531. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-080520-102803
Esses, V. M., Haddock, G., & Zanna, M. P. (1993). Values, stereotypes, and emotions as determinants of intergroup attitudes. In D. M. Mackie & D. L. Hamilton (Eds.), Affect, cognition, and stereotyping: Intergroup processes in group perception (pp. 137–168). Academic Press.
Esses, V., Sutter, A., Ortiz, A., Luo, N., Cui, J., & Deacon, L. (2018). Retaining international students in Canada post-graduation: Understanding the motivations and drivers of the decision to stay. Canadian Bureau for International Education. https://cbie.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Intl-students-post-graduation-RiB-8-EN-1.pdf
Feng, R. Y., Tiv, M., Kutlu, E., Gullifer, J. W., Palma, P., O’Regan, E., Vingron, N., Doucerain, M. M., & Titone, D. (2023). A systems approach to multilingual language attitudes: A case study of Montréal, Québec, Canada. International Journal of Bilingualism, 00(0), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/13670069221133305
Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS Statistics (5th ed.). SAGE Publishing.
Finn, D., & Green, P. (2009). Global world: Global village? Impact of volunteering for international students, Enhancing Learning in the Social Sciences, 2(2), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.11120/elss.2009.02020007
Fraser, G. (2006). Sorry, I don’t speak French: Confronting the Canadian crisis that won’t go away. McClelland & Stewart Ltd.
Friesen, J. (2023). Ontario colleges are fuelling unprecedented growth in international students: As international enrolment grows, some say the influx is feeding into the housing crisis. The Globe and Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-international-students-ontario-colleges-enrolment/
Fritz, M. V., Chin, D., & DeMarinis, V. (2008). Stressors, anxiety, acculturation and adjustment among international and North American students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 32(3), 244–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2008.01.001
Gagnon, J., Geloso, V., & Isabelle, M. (2023). The incubated revolution: Education, cohort effects, and the linguistic wage gap in Quebec during the 20th century. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 207, 327–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2022.12.017
Gareis, E. (2012). Intercultural friendship: Effects of home and host region. Journal of International and Intercultural Communication, 5(4), 309–328. https://doi.org/10.1080/17513057.2012.691525
Garrett, P. (2010). Attitudes to language: Key topics in sociolinguistics. Cambridge University Press.
Gatbonton, E., & Trofimovich, P. (2008). The ethnic group affiliation and L2 proficiency link: Empirical evidence. Language Awareness, 17(3), 229–248. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658410802146867
Gbadamosi, A. (2018). The anatomy of international students’ acculturation in UK universities. Industry and Higher Education, 32(2), 129–138. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950422218760335
Genesee, F., & Holobow, N. E. (1989). Change and stability in intergroup perceptions. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 8(1), 17–38.
Global Affairs Canada. (2020). Economic impact of international education in Canada - 2020 update: Final report. https://www.international.gc.ca/education/report-rapport/impact-2018/index.aspx?lang=eng
González, K. V., Verkuyten, M., Weesie, J., & Poppe, E. (2008). Prejudice towards Muslims in the Netherlands: Testing integrated threat theory. British Journal of Social Psychology, 47, 667–685. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466608X284443
Gopal, A. (2016). Academic experiences of international graduate students: The Canadian perspective in the context of internationalization. In K. Bista & C. Foster (Eds.), Exploring the social and academic experiences of international students in higher education institutions (pp. 21–37). IGI Global.
Government of Canada. (2018). Canadian multiculturalism act. Justice Laws Website. http://Laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/C-18.7.pdf
Government of Canada. (2019). Building on success: International education strategy 2019-2014. International Education Website. https://www.international.gc.ca/education/strategy-2019-2024-strategie.aspx?lang=eng
Grayson, J. P. (2007). Unequal treatment and program satisfaction among students of European and Chinese origin. Canadian Journal of Higher Education, 37(3), 51–85. https://doi.org/10.47678/cjhe.v37i3.530
Grayson, J. P. (2008). The experiences and outcomes of domestic and international students at four Canadian universities. Higher Education Research & Development, 27(3), 215–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360802183788
Grayson, J. P. (2014). Negative racial encounters and academic outcomes of international and domestic students in four Canadian universities. Journal of International Students, 4(3), 262–278. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v4i3.466
Greenfield, N. M. (2023). Shock over Québec’s fee raise for anglophone universities. University World News. Retrieved from https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20231024151230313
Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlman, E. L., & Banaji, M. R. (2009). Understanding and using the implicit association test: III. meta-analysis of predictive validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(1), 17–41. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015575
Gresham, R., & Clayton, V. (2011). Community connections: A programme to enhance domestic and international students’ educational experience. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 33(4), 363–374. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360080X.2011.585736
Groff, C., Pilote, A., & Vieux-Fort, K. (2016) “I am not a francophone”: Identity choices and discourses of youth associating with a powerful minority. Journal of Language, Identity & Education, 15(2), 83–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348458.2015.1137476
Gudykunst, W. B. (1998). Applying anxiety/uncertainty management (AUM) theory to intercultural adjustment training. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 22(2), 227–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(98)00005-4
Guo, S., & Guo, Y. (2016). Immigration, integration and welcoming Communities: Neighbourhood-based initiative to facilitate the integration of newcomers in Calgary. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 48(3), 45–67. https://doi.org/10.1353/ces.2016.0025
Hanassab, S. (2006). Diversity, international students, and perceived discrimination: Implications for educators and counselors. Journal of Studies in International Education, 10(2), 157–172. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315305283051
Hansen, K., Rakić, T., & Steffens, M. C. (2013). When actions speak louder than words: Preventing discrimination of nonstandard speakers. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 33(1), 68–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X13499761
Hansen, K., Rakić, T., & Steffens, M. C. (2018). Foreign-looking native-accented people: More competent when first seen rather than heard. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 9(8), 1001–1009. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550617732389
Harrison, N., & Peacock, N. (2010). Cultural distance, mindfulness and passive xenophobia: Using integrated threat theory to explore home higher education students’ perspectives on ‘internationalisation at home’. British Educational Research Journal, 36(6), 877–902. https://doi.org/10.1080/01411920903191047
Harryba, S. A., Guilfoyle, A. M., & Knight, S. -A. (2013). Intercultural interactions: Understanding the perspectives of university staff members, international and domestic students. The International Journal of Learning, 18(12). 15–34. https://doi.org/10.18848/1447-9494/CGP/v18i12/47836
Haugh, M. (2016). Complaints and troubles talk about the English language skills of international students in Australian universities. Higher Education Research & Development, 35(4), 727–740. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2015.1137878
Hechanova-Alampay, R., Beehr, T.A., Christiansen, N.D., & Van Horn, R.K. (2002). Adjustment and strain among domestic and international student sojourners: A longitudinal study. School Psychology International 23(4), 458–74.
Hegarty, N. (2014). Where we are Now – the presence and importance of international students to universities in the United States. Journal of International Students, 4(3), 223–235. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v4i3.462
Heng, T. T. (2017). Voices of Chinese international students in USA colleges: ‘I want to tell them that ... ’ Studies in Higher Education, 42(5), 833–850. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2017.1293873
Heng, T. T. (2018). Different is not deficient: Contradicting stereotypes of Chinese international students in US higher education. Studies in Higher Education, 43(1), 22–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2016.1152466
Hewstone, M. (2000). Contact and categorization: Social psychological interventions to change intergroup relations. Stereotypes and prejudice: Essential readings (pp. 394–418). Psychology Press.
Hogg, M. A., & Abrams, D. (1998). Social identifications: A social psychology of intergroup relations and group processes. Routledge.
Hosoda, M., & Stone‐Romero, E. (2010). The effects of foreign accents on employment‐related decisions. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 25(2), 113–132. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683941011019339
Internationalization in Canadian universities: Quick facts. (2014). Universities Canada. https://www.univcan.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/quick-facts-internationalization-survey-2014.pdf
Jassi, A., & Safdar, S. (2021). The inclusion of immigrants in Canada: An examination of social markers of acceptance. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 53(4), 433–444. https://doi.org/10.1037/cbs0000199
Jean-Francois, E. (2019). Exploring the perceptions of campus climate and integration strategies used by international students in a US university campus. Studies in Higher Education, 44(6), 1069–1085. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2017.1416461
Jedwab., J. (2020). Multiculturalism. The Canadian encyclopedia. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/multiculturalism
Kennedy Terry, K. M. (2022). At the intersection of SLA and sociolinguistics: The predictive power of social networks during study abroad. The Modern Language Journal, 106(1), 245–266. https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12763
Kircher, R. (2012). How pluricentric is the French language? An investigation of attitudes towards Quebec French compared to European French. French Language Studies, 22, 345–370. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959269512000014
Kircher, R. (2014). Thirty years after Bill 101: A contemporary perspective on attitudes towards English and French in Montreal. The Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 17(1), 20–50.
Kircher, R. (2016). Language attitudes among adolescents in Montreal: Potential lessons for language planning in Québec. Nottingham French Studies, 55(2), 239–259.
Kircher, R. (2022). Intergenerational language transmission in Quebec: patterns and predictors in the light of provincial language planning. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 25(2), 418–435. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2019.1691499
Kitsantas, A. (2004). Studying abroad: The role of college students’ goals on the development of cross-cultural skills and global understanding. College Student Journal, 38(3), 441–452.
Kormos, J., Csizér, K., & Iwaniec, J. (2014). A mixed-method study of language-learning motivation and intercultural contact of international students. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 35(2), 151–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2013.847940
Kukatlapalli, J., Doyle, S., & Bandyopadhyay, S. (2020). An investigation into the English language experiences of Indian international students studying in New Zealand universities. Higher Education Research & Development, 39(3), 485–499. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2019.1685940
Kusek, W. A. (2015). Evaluating the struggles with international students and local community participation. Journal of International Students, 5(2), 121–131. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1060051
La Chambre de commerce du Montréal métropolitain. (2016). La contribution des universités du grand Montréal à l’économie du Québec. https://www.ccmm.ca/en/publications/study-universities-2022/
Laframboise, K. (2019). Quebec mulls banning ‘Bonjour-Hi’ greeting for stores, government services. Global News. https://globalnews.ca/news/5990990/quebec-bonjour-hi-simon-jolin-barrette/
Lambert ,W. E., Hodgson, R. C., Gardner, R. C., & Fillenbaum (1960). Evaluational reactions to spoken languages. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 60(1), 44–51.
Lapierre, M. (2023). Quebec reduces tuition hike for out-of-province students, but they’ll have to learn French. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-university-plan-tuition-increase-french-students-1.7058980
Larson-Hall, J. (2016). A guide to doing statistics in second language research using SPSS and R (2nd Edition). Routledge.
Latif, A., Bhatti, N., Maitlo, G. M., Nazar, M. S., & Shaikh, F. M. (2012). Attitude and perception differences among international students and local students: A case study of Australia and New Zealand. Asian Social Science, 8(2), 34–41. https://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ass/article/view/14606
Lee, J. J., & Rice, C. (2007). Welcome to America? International student perceptions of discrimination. Higher Education, 53(3), 381–409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-005-4508-3
Leimgruber, J. R. E., & Fernández-Mallat, V. (2021). Language attitudes and identity building in the linguistic landscape of Montreal. Open Linguistics, 7, 402–422. https://doi.org/10.1515/opli-2021-0021
Levesque, A. (2022). English only? The emergencies act inquiry showed Canada’s hostility towards francophones. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/english-only-the-emergencies-act-inquiry-showed-canadas-hostility-towards-francophones-195795
Lindemann, S. (2005). Who speaks “broken English”? US undergraduates’ perceptions of non-native English. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 15(2), 187–212. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1473-4192.2005.00087.x
Lippi-Green, R. (2012). English with an accent: Language, ideology, and discrimination in the United States (2nd Edition). Routledge.
Liu, J. (2017). Beyond the cultural approach: Understanding the experience of Chinese international students in Canada from an intersectionality perspective. International Journal of Chinese Education, 6, 236-258. https://10.1163/22125868-12340082
Macdonald, M. (2024). Time to rethink Canada’s international education strategy: With the integrity of the international student system under fire, what can universities do? University Affairs. Retrieved from January 15, 2024, from https://www.universityaffairs.ca/features/feature-article/time-to-rethink-canadas-international-education-strategy/
Maeda, J. (2017). Self-efficacy reduces impediments to classroom discussion for international students: Fear, embarrassment, social isolation, judgment, and discrimination. IAFOR Journal of Education, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.22492/ije.5.2.07
Mak, A. S., Brown, P. M., & Wadey, D. (2014). Contact and attitudes toward international students in Australia: Intergroup anxiety and intercultural communication emotions as mediators. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45(3), 491–504. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022113509883
Makashvili, A., Vardanashvili, I., & Javakishvili, N. (2018). Testing intergroup threat theory: Realistic and symbolic threats, religiosity and gender as predictors of prejudice. Europe's Journal of Psychology, 14(2), 464–484. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v14i2.1483
Marchand, L. (2022). Quebec students see 'no future' for them due to religious symbols law, study suggests. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/bill-21-study-1.6385650
Marginson, S. (2012). “Equals or others?” In S. Sovic & M. Blythman (Eds.), International Students Negotiating Higher Education: Critical Perspectives (pp. 9–27). Routledge.
Masuda, K. (2011). Acquiring interactional competence in a study abroad context: Japanese language learners’ use of interactional particle ne. Modern Language Journal, 95(4), 519–540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2011.01256.x
Mauchand, M., & Pell, M. D. (2022). French or Québécois? How speaker accents shape implicit and explicit intergroup attitudes among francophones in Montréal. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 54, 1, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1037/cbs0000292
McDonough, K., Trofimovich, P., Tekin, O., & Sato, M. (2022). Exploring linguistic stereotyping of international students at a Canadian university. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2022.2115049
McGill’s international student body. (n.d.). International Student Services. Retrieved June 29, 2022, from https://www.mcgill.ca/internationalstudents/issoffice/international-student-body
McKenzie, L., & Baldassar, L. (2017). Missing friendships: understanding the absent relationships of local and international students at an Australian university. Higher Education, 74, 701–715. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-016-0073-1
Monterrubio, C. (2016). The impact of spring break behaviour: An integrated threat theory analysis of residents' prejudice. Tourism Management, 54, 418–427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.12.004
Morasse, M. -E. (2023). L’immigration temporaire profite aux écoles anglaises. La Presse. https://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/education/2023-03-02/l-immigration-temporaire-profite-aux-ecoles-anglaises.php
Munro, B. H. (1981). Dropouts from higher education: Path analysis of a national sample. American Educational Research Journal, 18(2), 133–141. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312018002133
Munro, M. J. (2003). A primer on accent discrimination in the Canadian context. TESL Canada Journal, 20(2), 38. https://doi.org/10.18806/tesl.v20i2.947
Mwangi, C. A. G. (2016). Exploring sense of belonging among Black international students at an HBCU. Journal of International Students, 6(4), 1015–1037. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v6i4.332
Myburgh, C.P.H., Niehaus, L., & Poggenpoel, M. (2002). International learners’ experiences and coping mechanisms within a culturally diverse context. Education, 123(1), 107–128.
Nagle, C. (2019). Developing and validating a methodology for crowdsourcing L2 speech ratings in Amazon Mechanical Turk. Journal of Second Language Pronunciation, 5, 294–323. https://doi.org/10.1075/jslp.18016.nag
Netierman, E., Harrison, L., Freeman, A., Shoyele, G., Esses, V., & Covell, C. (2021). Should I stay or should I go? International students’ decision-making about staying in Canada. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 23, 43–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-021-00825-1
Norton, B. (2000). Identity and language learning: Gender, ethnicity, and educational change. Pearson Education Limited.
Norton, B., & Toohey, K. (2011). State-of-the-art-article: Identity, language learning, and social change. Language Teaching, 44(4), 412–446.
Oakes, L., & Warren, J. (2007). Language, citizenship and identity in Quebec. Palgrave Macmillan.
OECD. (2013). Education indicators in focus. https://www.oecd.org/education/skills-beyond-school/EDIF%202013--N°14%20(eng)-Final.pdf
OECD. (2021). Education at a glance 2021: OECD indicators. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/b35a14e5-en
Paige, R. M. (1990). International students: cross-cultural psychological perspectives. In R. W. Brislin (Ed.), Applied cross-cultural psychology (pp. 161–185). Sage Publications, Inc. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483325392.n8
Pantos, A. J., & Perkins, A. W. (2012). Measuring implicit and explicit attitudes toward foreign accented speech. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 32(1), 3–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X12463005
Paradowski, M. B., Jarynowski, A., Czopek, K., & Jelińska, M. (2021). Peer interactions and second language learning: The contributions of social network analysis in study abroad versus at-home environments. In R. Mitchell & H. Tyne (Eds.), Language, mobility and study abroad in the contemporary European context (pp. 99–116). Routledge.
Pekerti, A. A., van de Vijver, F. J. R., Moeller, M., & Okimoto, T. G. (2020). Intercultural contacts and acculturation resources among international students in Australia: A mixed-methods study. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 75, 56–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2019.12.004
Pettigrew, T. F. (1998). Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 65–85. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.65
Pettigrew, T. F. (2009). Secondary transfer effect of contact: Do intergroup contact effects spread to noncontacted outgroups? Social Psychology, 40(2), 55–65. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335.40.2.55
Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 751–783. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751
Phakiti, A., Hirsh, D., & Woodrow, L. (2013). It’s not only English: Effects of other individual factors on English language learning and academic learning of ESL international students in Australia. Journal of Research in International Education, 12(3), 239–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475240913513520
Pham, L., & Tran, L. (2015). Understanding the symbolic capital of intercultural interactions: a case study of international students in Australia. International Studies in Sociology of Education, 25(3), 204–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/09620214.2015.1069720
Pho, H., & Schartner, A. (2021). Social contact patterns of international students and their impact on academic adaptation. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 42(6), 489-502. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2019.1707214
Poyrazli, S., & Lopez, M. D. (2007). An exploratory study of perceived discrimination and homesickness: A comparison of international students and American students. The Journal of Psychology, 141(3), 263–280. https://doi.org/10.3200/JRLP.141.3.263-280
Pritchard, R. M. O., & Skinner, B. (2002). Cross-cultural partnerships between home and international students. Journal of Studies in International Education, 6(4), 323–353. https://doi.org/10.1177/102831502237639
Quinton, W. J. (2019). Unwelcome on campus? Predictors of prejudice against international students. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 12(2), 156–169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000091
Rajapaksa, S., & Dundes, L. (2002). It’s a long way home: International student adjustment to living in the United States. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 4(1), 15–28. https://doi.org/10.2190/5HCY-U2Q9-KVGL-8M3K
Rakić, T., Steffens, M. C., & Mummendey, A. (2011). Blinded by the accent! The minor role of looks in ethnic categorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(1), 16–29. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021522
Regan, V. (1998). Sociolinguistics and language learning in a study abroad context. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 4(3), 61–91. http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3939
Riek, B. M., Mania, E. W., & Gaertner, S. L. (2006). Intergroup threat and outgroup attitudes: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(4), 336–353. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_4
Rios, K., Sosa, N., & Osborn, H. (2018). An experimental approach to intergroup threat theory: Manipulations, moderators, and consequences of realistic vs. symbolic threat. European Review of Social Psychology, 29(1), 212–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2018.1537049
Ritter, Z. S. (2016). Globalization of racism: Chinese, Japanese, and Korean international students’ racial stereotypes and experiences with cross-racial interactions. In K. Bista & C. Foster (Eds.), Exploring the social and academic experiences of international students in higher education institutions (pp. 132–155). IGI Global.
Rivas, J., Hale, K., & Burke, M. G. (2019). Seeking a sense of belonging: Social and cultural integration of international students with American college students. Journal of International Students, 9(2), 687–704. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v9i2.943
Romero-Rivas, C., Morgan, C., & Collier, T. (2021). Accentism on trial: Categorization/stereotyping and implicit Biases predict harsher sentences for foreign-accented defendants. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X211022785
Rowan, L., Beavis, C., Tran, L., Blackmore, J., McCandless, Hoang, T., Hurem, A., & Halse, C. (2021). International students in the first years of senior secondary schooling in Australia: Longing for belonging. International Journal of Educational Development, 81, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2020.102347
Ruble, R. A., & Zhang, Y. B. (2013). Stereotypes of Chinese international students held by Americans. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 37(2), 202–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2012.12.004
Safdar, S., Mahali, S. C., & Scott, C. (2023). A critical review of multiculturalism and interculturalism as integration frameworks: The case of Canada. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 93, 1–12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2023.101756
Samochowiec, J., & Florack, A. (2010). Intercultural contact under uncertainty: The impact of predictability and anxiety on the willingness to interact with a member from an unknown cultural group. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 34, 507–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.05.003
Samuel, E., & Burney, S. (2003). Racism, eh? Interactions of South Asian students with mainstream faculty in a predominantly White Canadian university. The Canadian Journal of Higher Education, 33(2), 81–114. https://doi.org/10.47678/cjhe.v33i2.183433
Sawir, E., Marginson, S., Forbes-Mewett, Nyland, C., & Ramia, G. (2012). International Student Security and English Language Proficiency. Journal of Studies in International Education, 16(5), 434–454. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315311435418
Scherer, S., & Lone, W. (2024). Canada to cap international student permits amid housing crunch. Reuters. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/canada-set-two-year-cap-international-student-permits-2024-01-22/
Scott, C. (2016). How French Canadians became White folks, or doing things with race in Quebec. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 39(7), 1280–1297. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2015.1103880
Secrétariat du Québec aux relations canadiennes. (2017). Our way of being Canadian: Policy on Québec affirmation and Canadian relations. https://www.sqrc.gouv.qc.ca/documents/relations-canadiennes/politique-affirmation-en.pdf
Senyshyn, R. M., Warford, M. K., & Zhan, J. (2000). Issues of adjustment to higher education: International students’ perspectives. International Education, 30(1), 17–35. https://pennstate.pure.elsevier.com/ws/portalfiles/portal/76176621/Issues_of_adjustment.pdf
Sioufi, R., & Bourhis, R. Y. (2018). Acculturation and linguistic tensions as predictors of Quebec francophone and anglophone desire for internal migration in Canada. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 37(2), 136–159. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X17714571
Smith, C. (2016). International student success. Strategic Enrollment Management Quarterly, 4(2), 61-73. https://doi.org/10.1002/sem3.20084
Smith, R. A., & Khawaja, N. G. (2011). A review of the acculturation experiences of international students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35, 699–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.08.004
Spencer-Rodgers, J. (2001). Consensual and individual stereotypic beliefs about international students among American host nationals. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 25, 639–657. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(01)00029-3
Spencer-Rodgers, J., & McGovern, T. (2002). Attitudes toward the culturally different: The role of intercultural communication barriers, affective responses, consensual stereotypes, and perceived threat. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 26(6), 609–631. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(02)00038-X
Statistics Canada (2021). Census profile, 2021 census of population: Profile table, Montréal, QC [CMA]. Retrieved from https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=montreal&DGUIDlist=2021S0503462&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0
Statistics Canada. (2022a). Immigrants make up the largest share of the population in over 150 years and continue to shape who we are as Canadians. The Daily. Retrieved from https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221026/dq221026a-eng.htm
Statistics Canada. (2022b). While English and French are still the main languages spoken in Canada, the country's linguistic diversity continues to grow. The Daily. Retrieved from https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/220817/dq220817a-eng.htm
Statistiscs Canada. (2023). Record-high population growth continues, fuelled by strong permanent and temporary immigration. The Daily. Retrieved from https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/231219/dq231219c-eng.htm#
Stephan, W. G. (2014). Intergroup anxiety: Theory, research, and practice. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 18(3), 239–255. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868314530518
Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (1985). Intergroup anxiety. Journal of Social Issues, 41(3), 157–175. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1985.tb01134.x
Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (1996). Predicting prejudice. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20(3/4), 409–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-1767(96)00026-0
Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (2000). An integrated threat theory of prejudice. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination (pp. 23-46). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Stephan, W. G., Boniecki, K. A., Ybarra, O., Bettencourt, A., Ervin, K. S., Jackson, L. A., McNatt, P. S., & Renfro, C. L. (2002). The role of threats in the racial attitudes of Blacks and White. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(9), 1242–1254. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672022812009
Stephan, C. W., Demitrakis, K. M., Yamada, A. M., & Clason, D. L. (2000a). Women’s attitudes toward men: An integrated theory approach. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 24, 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2000.tb01022.x
Stephan, W. G., Diaz-Loving, R., & Duran, A. (2000b). Integrated threat theory and intercultural attitudes: Mexico and the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31(2), 240–249. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022100031002006
Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W., & Gudykunst, W. B. (1999a). Anxiety in intergroup relations: A comparison of anxiety/uncertainty management theory and integrated threat theory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 23(24), 613–628.
Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, O., Bachman, G. (1999b). Prejudice towards immigrants. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29(11), 2221–2237. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb00107.x
Surtees, V. (2019). Challenging deficit constructions of the international student category in Canadian higher education. TESL Canada Journal, 36(1), 48–70. https://doi.org/10.18806/tesl.v36i1.1302
Taguchi, N. (2011). The effect of L2 proficiency and study-abroad experience on pragmatic comprehension. Language Learning, 61(3), 904–939. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2011.00633.x
Tajfel, H. (1970). Experiments in intergroup discrimination. Scientific American, 223(5), 96–102. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1170-96
Tajfel, H. (1974). Social identity and intergroup behaviour. Social Science Information, 13(2), 65–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/053901847401300204
Tajfel, H., Billig, M. G., Bundy, R. P., & Flament, C. (1971). Social categorization and intergroup behaviour. European Journal of Social Psychology, 1(2), 149–178. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420010202
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. (2001). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In M. A. Hogg & D. Abrams (Eds.), Intergroup relations: Essential readings (pp. 94-109). Taylor & Francis.
Tas, M. (2013). Promoting diversity: Recruitment, selection, orientation, and retention of international students. Journal of International Education and Leadership, 3(2). https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1136026.pdf
Tausch, N., Hewstone, M., & Roy, R. (2009). The relationships between contact, status and prejudice: An integrated threat theory analysis of Hindu–Muslim relations in India. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 19, 83–94. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.984
Tawagi, A. L., & Mak, A. S. (2015). Cultural inclusiveness contributing to international students’ intercultural attitudes: Mediating role of intergroup contact variables. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 25, 340–354. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2218
The Environic Institute for Survey Research (2023). Canadian public opinion about immigration & refugees. https://www.environicsinstitute.org/docs/default-source/focus-canada-fall-2023/focus-canada-fall-2023---canadian-public-opinion-about-immigration-refugees---final-report.pdf?sfvrsn=75312743_2
The World Bank. (2020). Population growth (annual %): Canada, United States, Australia, United Kingdom. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.GROW?locations=CA-US-AU-GB
Thompson, A. S. (2021). The role of context in language teachers’ self development and motivation. Multilingual Matters.
Thompson, A. S. (2022). Attitudes and beliefs. In T. Gregersen & S. Mercer (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of language learning and teaching (pp. 149–160). Routledge.
Warren, J., & Oakes, L. (2011). Language policy and citizenship in Quebec: French as a force for unity in a diverse society? In C. Norrby & J. Hajek (Eds.), Uniformity and diversity in language policy: Global perspectives (pp. 7–21). Multilingual Matters.
Tinto, V. (1975). Dropout from higher education: A theoretical synthesis of recent research. Review of Educational Research, 45(1), 89–125. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543045001089
Tomic, P. (2013). The colour of language: Accent, devaluation and resistance in Latin American immigrant lives in Canada. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 45(1–2), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1353/ces.2013.0018
Tran, L. T. (2017). ‘I am really expecting people to judge me by my skills’: Ethnicity and identity of international students. Journal of Vocational Education & Training, 69(3), 390–404. https://doi.org/10.1080/13636820.2016.1275033
Tran, L. T., & Pham, L. (2016). International students in transnational mobility: intercultural connectedness with domestic and international peers, institutions and the wider community. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 46(4), 560–581. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2015.1057479
Trice, A. G. (2003). Faculty perceptions of graduate international students: The benefits and challenges. Journal of Studies in International Education, 7(4), 379–403. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315303257120
Tropp, L. R. (2003). The psychological impact of prejudice: Implications for intergroup contact. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 6(2), 131–149. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430203006002001
UNESCO Institute for Statistics. (2006). Global education digest: Comparing education statistics across the world. http://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/global-education-digest-2006-comparing-education-statistics-across-the-world-en_0.pdf
UKCISA (UK Council for International Student Affairs). (2004). Broadening our horizons: International students in UK universities and colleges. Report of the UKCOSA Survey. https://www.ukcisa.org .uk/Research--Policy/Resource-bank/resources/90/Broadening-Our-Horizons-Survey-2004
Vaillancourt, F., Lemay, D., & Vaillancourt, L. (2007). Laggards no more: The changed socioeconomic status of francophones in Quebec. C. D. Howe Institute. https://www.cdhowe.org/sites/default/files/attachments/research_papers/mixed/backgrounder_103_english.pdf
Van Laar, C., Levin, S., Sinclair, S., & Sidanius, J. (2005). The effect of university roommate contact on ethnic attitudes and behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41(4), 329–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2004.08.002
Voci, A., & Hewstone, M. (2003). Intergroup contact and prejudice toward immigrants in Italy: The mediational role of anxiety and the moderational role of group salience. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 6(1), 37–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430203006001011
Volet, S. E., & Ang, G. (2012). Culturally mixed groups on international campuses: An opportunity for inter-cultural learning, Higher Education Research & Development, 31(1), 21–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2012.642838
Wadsworth, B. C., Hecht, M. L., & Jung, E. (2008). The role of identity daps, discrimination, and acculturation in international students’ educational satisfaction in American classrooms. Communication Education, 57(1), 64–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634520701668407
Ward, C., & Masgoret, A.-M. (2004). The experiences of international students in New Zealand: Reports on the results of the national survey. Centre for Applied Cross-cultural Research, Victoria University of Wellington. https://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/publications/international/14700
Ward, C., & Masgoret, A.-M. (2006). An integrative model of attitudes toward immigrants. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30(6), 671–682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2006.06.002
Ward, C., Masgoret, A.-M., Newton, J., & Crabbe, D. (2005). Interactions with international students: Report prepared for Education New Zealand. Centre for Applied Cross-cultural Research, Victoria University of Wellington. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.3642.4404
Ward, C., Masgoret, A.-M., Gezentsvey, M. (2009). Investigating attitudes toward international students: Program and policy implications for social integration and international education. Social Issues and Policy Review, 3(1), 79–102. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-2409.2009.01011.x
Warren, J. -P. (2020). Secularism in Quebec. The Canadian encyclopedia. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/secularism-in-quebec
Warren, J. -P., & Langlois, S. (2020). Quebec as a distinct society. The Canadian encyclopedia. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/quebec-as-a-distinct-society
Warren, J., & Oakes, L. (2011). Language policy and citizenship in Quebec: French as a force for unity in a diverse society? In C. Norrby & J. Hajek (Eds.), Uniformity and diversity in language policy: Global perspectives (pp. 7–21). Multilingual Matters.
Webb, B. (2013). Attitudes and perceptions of international students towards their life in Australia. In D. Gabryś-Barker & J. Bielska (Eds.), The affective dimension in second language acquisition (pp. 138–149). Multilingual Matters.
Wherry, A. (2024). Federal government announces 2-year cap on student permits: Measure to limit international student permits comes in response to housing crunch. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/miller-cap-international-students-1.7090779
Whichelo, L. (2021). En français s’il vous plaît: Language, culture, and inclusion in Quebec. McGill Journal of Political Studies. https://mjps.ssmu.ca/2021/01/11/en-francais-sil-vous-plait-language-culture-and-inclusion-in-quebec/
Williams, C. T., & Johnson, L. R. (2011). Why can’t we be friends?: Multicultural attitudes and friendships with international students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35, 41–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.11.001
Wilson, T. C. (2001). Americans’ views on immigration policy: Testing the role of threatened group interests. Sociological Perspectives, 44(4), 485–501. https://doi.org/10.1525/sop.2001.44.4.485
World university rankings. (2023). Times Higher Education. Retrieved July 6, 2023, from https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2023/world-ranking#!/length/-1/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats
Yakaboski, K. (2016). Why Quebec needs more immigrants. The Globe and Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/why-quebec-needs-more-immigrants/article30020823/
Yakunina, E. S., Weigold, I. K., Weigold, A., Hercegovac, S., & Elsayed, N. (2013). International students’ personal and multicultural strengths: Reducing acculturative stress and promoting adjustment. Journal of Counseling & Development, 91, 216–223. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2013.00088.x
Yan, Z. (2020). Acculturation and well-being among international students: Challenges and Opportunities. In U. Gaulee, S. Sharma, & Bista, K. (Eds.), Rethinking education across borders (pp. 303–315). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2399-1_18
Yang, J. -S. (2016). The effectiveness of study-abroad on second language learning: A meta-analysis. The Canadian Modern Language Review, 71(1), 66–94. https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.2344
Ye, J. (2006). An examination of acculturative stress, interpersonal social support, and use of online ethnic social groups among Chinese international students. Howard Journal of Communication, 17(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/10646170500487764
Yeh, C. J., & Inose, M. (2003). International students’ reported English fluency, social support satisfaction, and social connectedness as predictors of acculturative stress. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 16(1), 15–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/0951507031000114058
Ying, Y.-W., & Han, M. (2006). The contribution of personality, acculturative stressors, and social affiliation to adjustment: A longitudinal study of Taiwanese students in the United States. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30(5), 623–635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2006.02.001
Zhang, Z., & Zhou, G. (2010). Understanding Chinese international students at a Canadian university: Perspectives, expectations, and experiences. Comparative and International Education, 39(3). https://doi.org/10.5206/cie-eci.v39i3.9162
Zhou, G., & Zhang, Z. (2014). A study of the first year international students at a Canadian university: Challenges and experiences with social integration. Comparative and International Education, 43(2). https://doi.org/10.5206/cie-eci.v43i2.9253