Login | Register

Mineralogical Mythmaking and the Roots of the Canadian Mining Industry in Colonial Tanganyika: The Williamson Diamond Mine (1940-1958)

Title:

Mineralogical Mythmaking and the Roots of the Canadian Mining Industry in Colonial Tanganyika: The Williamson Diamond Mine (1940-1958)

Murray, Devin (2024) Mineralogical Mythmaking and the Roots of the Canadian Mining Industry in Colonial Tanganyika: The Williamson Diamond Mine (1940-1958). Masters thesis, Concordia University.

[thumbnail of Murray_MA_S2024.pdf]
Text (application/pdf)
Murray_MA_S2024.pdf - Accepted Version
Restricted to Repository staff only until 15 December 2024.
Available under License Spectrum Terms of Access.
4MB

Abstract

In the 1980s the Canadian mining industry began a process of global expansion, transforming into a world-leading industry that tapped into mineral resources on virtually every continent. Many scholars associate this development with the economic changes brought about by Structural Adjustment, which opened large swathes of the planet to foreign investment, but there is a much longer history of Canadian mining abroad. This thesis explores the Imperial roots of the mining industry through an analysis of a lesser-known mining project undertaken by a McGill geologist in the late 1930s, the much-mythologized Williamson Diamond Mine of Tanzania. The Williamson Diamond Mine provided invaluable industrial material during the Second World War, eventually becoming one of the most technologically advanced schemes in British Africa. The mine hosted a unique community of Canadian and European experts tasked with operating that technology while supervising the much larger African workforce, a situation reflected in the segregated, racial division of labor and associated investment in security of the mine, which still haunts contemporary Canadian mining projects. By locating the origins of Canada’s global mining industry in colonial Africa —and the life trajectory of Williamson himself —this thesis also aims to draw attention to the unstable yet durable transnational connections that linked different sites within the British Empire, Canada and Tanzania, through decolonization and past the Cold War period. In the process, this work sets out to make a contribution to Canadian Global History that highlights the importance of further study into Canada-Africa relations.

Divisions:Concordia University > Faculty of Arts and Science > History
Item Type:Thesis (Masters)
Authors:Murray, Devin
Institution:Concordia University
Degree Name:M.A.
Program:History
Date:4 March 2024
Thesis Supervisor(s):Ivaska, Andrew
Keywords:Canada Tanzania Africa Empire Colonialism Mining McGill Geology
ID Code:993764
Deposited By: Devin Francis Murray
Deposited On:05 Jun 2024 15:45
Last Modified:05 Jun 2024 15:45

References:

Bibliography

Archival Sources
Bibliothèque et Archives Nationales du Québec
Collections de BAnQ en ligne
Library and Archives Canada
RG53 Fonds de l’Office national du film
R6430-0-1-E, MG30-B171 John Johnston O’Neill fonds
McGill University Archive
MG4184 Jean Rogers Fonds
Frank Cyril James Fonds MG 1017
United Nations Digital Archive
Trusteeship Council Fonds
The National Archives UK.
Colonial Office photographic collection

Primary Sources
Abrahams, R.G. The Peoples of Greater Unyamwezi, Tanzania : Nyamwezi, Sukuma, Sumbwa, Kimbu, Konongo. London: International African Institute, 1967.
Albin-Lackey, Chris, and Arvind Ganesan. Gold’s Costly Dividend: Human Rights Impacts of Papua New Guinea’s Porgera Gold Mine. New York, NY: Human Rights Watch, 2011.
Baldi, Stefano. Italians in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam: Embassy of Italy, 1994.
“Biography – McDONELL, JOHN, Le Prêtre (1768-1850) – Volume VII (1836-1850) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography.” Accessed November 27, 2023. http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/mcdonell_john_7F.html.
“Briefing Paper: Police Violence at the North Mara Gold Mine.” RAID, March 14, 2022. https://raid-uk.org/post-library/briefing-paper-police-violence-at-the-north-mara-gold-mine/.
“British Mandate for East Africa (Tanganyika Territory).” In Terms of League of Nations Mandates/Textes Des Mandats de La Societe Des Nations, 101–9. Lake Success, N.Y.: The United Nations, 1946.
Burgess, P. H. E. Diamonds Unlimited. London: The Adventurers Club, 1960.
Canada, Natural Resources. “Canadian Mining Assets (CMAs), by Country and Region, 2020 and 2021 (p).” Natural Resources Canada, February 2023. https://natural-resources.canada.ca/maps-tools-and-publications/publications/minerals-mining-publications/canadian-mining-assets/canadian-mining-assets-cma-country-and-region-2020-and-2021/15406.
Canadian Press. “Diamond King’s Aide May Be New Mine Boss.” Unknown Publication, 1958. MG4184 Jean Rogers Fonds. McGill University Archives.
Chancellor, David. “Intruders.” David Chancellor Photography. Accessed February 26, 2024. https://www.davidchancellor.com/works/intruders/.
Chopra, Jarat. “The Pink Diamond.” Sikh Heritage: Sikh Heritage in East Africa Part 3. Accessed March 25, 2023. http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/heritage/sikhhert%20EAfrica/sikhsEAfricapart3.htm.
“Clause 1. - Functions of Colonial Development Corporation.” London: Hansard’s, July 27, 1956.
“Colonial Affairs.” London: Hansard’s, July 29, 1947.
Conway, Noel. “Nyerere’s Dilemma: White Man’s Praise Is No Help.” The Irish Times, March 21, 1961. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Irish Times and The Weekly Irish Times.
Deindorfer, Bob. “Penniless Canadian Geologist Became Richest Man.” The Gazette, April 24, 1958. MG4184 Jean Rogers Fonds. McGill University Archives.
Denis, Bertrand T. “The Chromite Deposits of the Eastern Townships of the Province of Quebec.” In Annual Report of the Quebec Bureau of Mines for the Calendar Year 1931. Paradis, 1932.
“Dr. Williamson Faces Invasion: Princess, 40 Newsmen to Visit Fabulous Diamond Mine.” October 9, 1956. Frank Cyril James Fonds MG 1017. McGill University Archives.
Financial Post. “Petra Diamonds Suspends Operations at Tanzania Mine after Dam Breach.” Accessed February 8, 2024. https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/petra-diamonds-suspends-operations-at-tanzania-mine-after-dam-breach.
Financial Times. “Diamond Miners’ Strike Ends.” December 20, 1960. Financial Times Historical Archive.
Financial Times. “Diamond Strike Men Warned.” December 16, 1960. Financial Times Historical Archive.
Financial Times. “Williamson Diamonds Share Deal Near.” July 12, 1958. Financial Times Historical Archive. link.gale.com/apps/doc/HS2304264864/FTHA?u=concordi_main&sid= bookmark-FTHA.
Financial Times Reporter. “Dr. J.T. Williamson: Diamond Millionaire.” Financial Times, January 9, 1958. Financial Times Historical Archive. link.gale.com/apps/doc/HS2304261678/FTHA?u=concordi_main&sid=bookmark-FTHA.
Gawaine, John. The Diamond Seeker. Johannsburg, South Africa: Macmillan, South Africa, 1976.
Gerryts, Bert. A Diamond Digger’s Anecdotes and Stories. Wandsbeck, South Africa: Reach Publishers, 2016.
Global Affairs Canada. “Minister Ng Promotes Canada’s Mining Industry at Virtual Prospectors & Developers Association of Canada 2021 Convention.” March 17, 2021. https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2021/03/minister-ng-promotes-canadas-mining-industry-at-virtual-prospectors--developers-association-of-canada-2021-convention.html.
Gunther, John. “Diamonds Have Made Him: The World’s Richest Bachelor.” The Washington Post and Times-Herald, October 17, 1954. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Washington Post.
———. Inside Africa. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1955.
Harrington, Richard. Des Travailleurs de La Mine Mwadui. 1957. Photograph. Fonds de l’Office national du film. Library and Archives Canada. https://recherche-collection-search.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/home/record?app=fonandcol&IdNumber=4951640&q=rg53%20box%2075.
———. “Photostory #142: Canada’s Late ‘King of Diamonds.’” National Film Board of Canada, January 28, 1958. NFB: box 75. Library and Archives Canada.
Hickey, William. “The Williamson Diamonds Stay in the Family.” Daily Express, January 18, 1958. MG4184 Jean Rogers Fonds. McGill University Archives.
Hide, David. “Williamson, the Diamond Seeker of Mwadui.” Accessed March 26, 2023. http://www.mwadui.com/.
“Honours and Awards; United Kingdom Request for Knighthood for Doctor John Thoburn Williamson.” Cabinet Meeting, August 29, 1957. RG2 Privy Council Office. https://recherche-collection-search.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/home/record?app=cabcon&IdNumber=16215&q=knighthood%20and%20Williamson.
“House of Commons Debate: Tanganyika.” London: Hansard’s, April 7, 1955.
Jeffay, John. “Petra Sells Williamson Stake for $15m.” IDEX - International Diamond Exchange. Accessed February 8, 2024. http://www.idexonline.com/FullArticle?Id=48600.
“John T. Williamson (1907 – 1958),” August 9, 2022. https://www.mininghalloffame.ca/bert-wasmund-copy.
Kipp, Robert. “My Strange Encounter with the Diamond King.” Maclean’s Magazine, July 6, 1957.
Kuntz, Julius. “Beitrag zur Geologie der Hochländer Deutsche-Ostafrikas mit Besonderer Berücksichtigung der Goldvorkommen.” Zeitschrift für Praktische Geologie 17 (1909).
La Presse. “Don d’un Canadien.” November 12, 1947. Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec.
La Presse. “Indécision Sur La Mine Williamson.” juillet 1958. Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec.
Le Droit. “Etudiants Du Tanganyika à Haileybury.” September 24, 1964. Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec.
Le Droit. “Palmarès de l’Institut Des Mines.” June 11, 1966. Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec.
L’événement Journal. “Mineurs Africains En Grève.” Aout 1958. Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec.
Ludington, Tracey. “Rotary Hears Williamson Story: Diamonds, Diamonds Everywhere, But Scientists a Queer Breed.” The Westmount Examiner, n.d. MG4184 Jean Rogers Fonds. McGill University Archives.
MacFarlane, D. B. “‘Diamond King’: McGill Graduate Doing Great Community Work.” The Montreal Daily Star, January 14, 1950. R6430-0-1-E, MG30-B171 John Johnston O’Neill fonds. Library and Archives Canada.
Mining.com. “Petra Diamonds Probes New Claims of Human Rights Abuses in Tanzania.” February 9, 2021. https://www.mining.com/petra-diamonds-probes-fresh-claims-of-human-rights-abuses-in-tanzania/.
Mining.com. “Petra Diamonds Shares Crater after Tanzania Seizes $15 Million Shipment.” September 11, 2017. https://www.mining.com/petra-diamonds-shares-crater-tanzania-seizes-15-million-shipment/.
Montreal Matin. “La Fameuse Mine de Diamant de Williamson Vendue Pour $27 Millions.” Aout 1958. Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec.
Montreal Star. “Dr. J. T. Williamson, Quebec Geologist, Won Africa Empire.” January 8, 1958. MG4184 Jean Rogers Fonds. McGill University Archives.
Mostert, Noel. “Kin of Dr. Williamson to Operate Diamond Mine.” Montreal Star, March 18, 1958. MG4184 Jean Rogers Fonds. McGill University Archives.
“Mwadui Airport MWN.” Accessed February 15, 2024. http://www.mwadui.com/Airport.htm.
Natural Resources Canada. “Canadian Mining Assets.” Government of Canada, January 2021. https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/maps-tools-and-publications/publications/minerals-mining-publications/canadian-mining-assets/19323.
Natural Resources Canada. “Minister Wilkinson Provides Update at PDAC on Federal Initiatives to Improve Regulatory Processes for Major Projects.” March 7, 2023. https://www.canada.ca/en/natural-resources-canada/news/2023/03/minister-wilkinson-provides-update-at-pdac-on-federal-initiatives-to-improve-regulatory-processes-for-major-projects.html.
New York Times. “John Williamson, Diamond Miner, 50.” January 9, 1958. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times.
News ·, Trinh Theresa Do · CBC. “Mining Transparency Bill Finally Gets to Parliament - to Die | CBC News.” CBC, January 31, 2014. https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/mp-john-mckay-resigned-to-glorious-death-of-mining-transparency-bill-1.2517581.
Ontario Heritage Trust. “Macdonell-Williamson House.” Accessed November 27, 2023. https://www.heritagetrust.on.ca/properties/macdonell-williamson-house.
Pelletier, R. A. “J. Austen Bancroft, B.A., A.M., Ph.D.” Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa 61 (1958): 1–4.
Petra Diamonds. “Williamson Diamond Mine.” Accessed March 27, 2023. https://www.petradiamonds.com/our-operations/our-mines/williamson/.
RAID. “The Deadly Cost of ‘Ethical’ Diamonds: Human Rights Abuses at Petra Diamonds’ Tanzanian Mine.” Accessed February 8, 2024. https://raid-uk.org/post-library/the-deadly-cost-of-ethical-diamonds/.
Redfern, John. “Diamond King’s Brother Flies to End Mystery.” London Daily Express, January 1958. MG4184 Jean Rogers Fonds. McGill University Archives.
———. “The Williamson Millions Mean Life behind Bars.” Scottish Daily Express, January 23, 1958. MG4184 Jean Rogers Fonds. McGill University Archives.
Reuters ·, Thomson. “Thousands Protest at Turkish Gold Mine Owned by Canadian Company | CBC News.” CBC, August 6, 2019. https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/turkey-cdn-mine-alamos-protest-1.5237104.
Robillard, Jean-Paul. “Ce Geologue Fait Un Voyage de Noces de Trous Ans En Afrique.” Le Petit Journal, Juin 1954. Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec.
Rogers, Jean A. “Diary, October 9th 1957 - January 29th 1958,” October 9, 1957. MG4184 Jean Rogers Fonds. McGill University Archives. https://archivalcollections.library.mcgill.ca/index.php/jean-rogers-fonds.
———. “Funeral Documentation, Flyer,” October 9, 1957. MG4184 Jean Rogers Fonds. McGill University Archives. https://archivalcollections.library.mcgill.ca/index.php/jean-rogers-fonds.
———. “Funeral Documentation, Order of Service for Funeral,” October 9, 1957. MG4184 Jean Rogers Fonds. McGill University Archives. https://archivalcollections.library.mcgill.ca/index.php/jean-rogers-fonds.
Secretary-General. “Administration of the Trust Territory of Tanganyika: Report of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland for the Year 1957.” UN, September 10, 1959. T/1405. United Nations Digital Library. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/841733.
———. “Administration of the Trust Territory of Tanganyika: Report of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland for the Year 1960.” UN, August 11, 1961. T/1577. United Nations Digital Library. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/841256.
———. “Administration of the Trust Territory of Tanganyika: Report of the United Kingdom Government for the Year 1952.” UN, July 28, 1954. T/1083. United Nations Digital Library. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/856485.
———. “Administration of the Trust Territory of Tanganyika: Report of the United Kingdom Governmet for the Year 1947.” Administering Authority Report, Tanganyika (United Kingdom). New York: United Nations, May 28, 1948. Trusteeship Council. United Nations Digital Library.
Sirois, Jacqueline. “Diamond King: Canadian Placid Over Owning Richest Mine in World.” The Standard, August 13, 1949. John Johnston O’Neill fonds. Library and Archives Canada.
Tanganyika. Tanganyika Territory Blue Book. Government printer., 1932. https://books.google.ca/books?id=_Ee9_J-88wYC.
“Tanganyika Gazette.” Law Library Microform Consortium, July 19, 1940. https://llmc.com/titledescfull.aspx?type=2&coll=239&div=611&set=68855
“Tanganyika Independence Bill.” London: Hansard’s, November 8, 1961.
“Tanganyika Independence Bill.” London: Hansard’s, November 16, 1961.
Teale, E. O. Tanganyika Territory, Its Geology and Mineral Resources. London, 1928.
“The Benton Museum of Art at Pomona College - George Rodger.” Accessed March 4, 2024. https://embarkweb1.campus.pomona.edu/artist-maker/info/1542.
The Citizen. “Tanzania Halts Petra Diamonds’ Decision to Sell Williamson Diamond Mine.” November 1, 2020. https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/international/tanzania-halts-petra-diamonds-decision-to-sell-williamson-diamond-mine-2712024.
The Evening Telegram. “‘Never Would Amount to Anything,’ Canadian May Become Richest Man.” October 26, 1946. John Johnston O’Neill fonds. Library and Archives Canada.
the Gazette. “Williamson Mine Shares’ Selling.” July 10, 1958. MG4184 Jean Rogers Fonds. McGill University Archives.
The Irish Times. “Big Diamond Deal in Tanganyika.” August 18, 1958. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Irish Times and the Weekly Irish Times.
The Irish Times. “Diamond Millionaire Dies at Mine.” January 9, 1958. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Irish Times and the Weekly Irish Times.
The Irish Tims. “Tanganyika-De Beers Diamond Link.” August 18, 1964. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Irish Times and The Weekly Irish Times.
The Montreal Daily Star. “World’s ‘Richest’ Man Expected Home Soon to Visit Father.” September 25, 1946. John Johnston O’Neill fonds. Library and Archives Canada.
The Montreal Star. “‘Diamond King’ Interested in Developing East Africa.” October 1, 1946. John Johnston O’Neill fonds. Library and Archives Canada.
The National Archives UK. Aerial View of Williamson Diamond Mines, Shinyanga, with the Plant and Industrial Area in the Centre. January 31, 2011. Photo. Colonial Office photographic collection. The National Archives UK. https://www.flickr.com/photos/nationalarchives/5405319514/.
The Times. “African Diamond Men’s Strike: Williamson Mine at Standstill.” August 27, 1958. The Times Digital Archive.
The Times. “Dr. John Williamson.” January 9, 1958. The Times Digital Archive.
Tremblay, Mousseau. “Geology of the Williamson Diamond Mine, Mwadui, Tanganyika.” McGill University, 1956.
Trueman, Peter. “How Canada Is Involved in East Africa.” Toronto Daily Star, November 29, 1965.
“Trusteeship Agreement for the Territory of Tanganyika as Approved by the General Assembly on 13 December 1946.” New York, N.Y: United Nations, June 9, 1947. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3995999.
“United Nations Visiting Mission to East Africa Report on Tanganyika and Related Documents.” Trusteeship Council Official Records. Lake Success, N.Y.: United Nations, March 19, 1951. Trusteeship Council. Official Records. Supplement. United Nations Digital Library.
Uys, Stanley. “Jack of Diamonds.” Maclean’s Magazine, November 15, 1947.
Verity, Valerie. The Williamsons, MacLaurins and Redferns: An Illustrated Family Memoir. Chute-à-Blondeau, ON: Heritage Press, 2002.
Williamson, John T. “A Detailed Petrographic Study of Ten Mile Rock Occurences Hall’s Bay Road Newfoundland.” McGill University, 1930.
———. “The Origin and Occurence of the Chromite Deposits of the Eastern Townships, Quebec.” McGill University, 1933.
Williamson, John Thoburn. “The Williamson Diamond Mine.” In Rhodesia and East Africa, edited by Ferdinand Stephen Joelson, 99–112. London: East Africa and Rhodesia, 1958.
“Williamson, the Diamond Seeker of Mwadui.” Accessed October 30, 2023. http://www.mwadui.com/index.htm.

Secondary Sources
Appel, Hannah. The Licit Life of Capitalism: U.S. Oil in Equatorial Guinea. Durham: Duke University Press, 2019.
Bjerk, Paul. Building a Peaceful Nation: Julius Nyerere and the Establishment of Sovereignty in Tanzania, 1960-1964. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2018.
Black, Megan. The Global Interior: Mineral Frontiers and American Power. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2018.
Brennan, James R. Taifa: Making Nation and Race in Urban Tanzania. New African Histories. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2012.
Brouwer, Ruth Compton. Canada’s Global Villagers: Cuso in Development, 1961-86. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2014.
Brown, Kendall W. A History of Mining in Latin America: From the Colonial Era to the Present. Diálogos Series. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2012.
Bryceson, Deborah Fahy, Jesper Bosse Jønsson, Crispin Kinabo, and Mike Shand. “Unearthing Treasure and Trouble: Mining as an Impetus to Urbanisation in Tanzania.” Journal of Contemporary African Studies 30, no. 4 (October 2012): 631–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2012.724866.
Bryceson, Deborah Fahy, Jesper Bosse Jønsson, and Michael Clarke Shand. “Wealth and Poverty in Mining Africa: Migration, Settlement and Occupational Change in Tanzania during the Global Mineral Boom, 2002–2012.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 17, no. 3 (July 3, 2023): 489–514. https://doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2023.2265726.
Bueckert, Michael. “CIDA and the Capitalist State: Shifting Structures of Representation Under the Harper Government.” Studies in Political Economy 96, no. 1 (2015): 3–22.
Butler, Paula. Colonial Extractions: Race and Canadian Mining in Contemporary Africa. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2015.
Campbell, Bonnie. Mining in Africa: Regulations and Development. New York: Pluto Press, 2009.
———. “Regulation & Legitimacy in the Mining Industry in Africa: Where Does Canada Stand?” Review of African Political Economy 35, no. 117 (September 2008): 367–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056240802410984.
Castonguay, Stephane. The Government of Natural Resources: Science, Territory, and State Power in Quebec, 1867-1939. Nature, History, Society. Vancouver ; Toronto: UBC Press, 2021.
Chachage, Chachage Seithy L. “The Meek Shall Inherit the Earth but Not the Mining Rights: The Mining Industry and Accumulation in Tanzania.” In Liberalized Development in Tanzania: Studies on Accumulation Processes and Local Institutions, 37–108. Uppsala, Sweden: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 1995.
Chimhete, Nathaniel. “Prosperity in a Crisis Economy: The Nyamongo Gold Boom, Tanzania, 1970s–1993.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 14, no. 3 (July 2, 2020): 572–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2020.1774706.
Cooper, Frederick. Decolonization and African Society: The Labor Question in French and British Africa. African Studies Series 89. Cambridge, [England] ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Dubinsky, Karen, and Marc Epprecht. “Canadian Business and the Business of Development in the ‘Third World.’” In Canada and the Third World: Overlapping Histories, edited by Karen Dubinsky, Sean Mills, and Scott Rutherford, 60–87. Chapter 3. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2016.
Dummet, Raymond. “Africa’s Strategic Minerals During the Second World War.” The Journal of African History 26, no. 4 (1985): 381–408.
Engler, Yves. Canada in Africa: 300 Years of Aid and Exploitation. Black Point, Nova Scotia ; Winnipeg, Manitoba : Vancouver, B.C: Fernwood Publishing ; RED Publishing, 2015.
Epstein, Edward Jay. The Diamond Invention. London: Hutchinson and Co., 1982.
Ferguson, James. Expectations of Modernity: Myths and Meanings of Urban Life on the Zambian Copperbelt. Perspectives on Southern Africa 57. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.
———. Global Shadows: Africa in the Neoliberal World Order. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006.
Freeman, Linda. “CIDA, Wheat, and Rural Development in Tanzania.” Canadian Journal of African Studies 16, no. 3 (1982): 479–504.
Godefroy, Andrew B. “The Canadian Armed Forces Advisory Training Team Tanzania 1965–1970.” Canadian Military History 11, no. 3 (2002): 31–47.
Gordon, Todd, and Jeffery R. Webber. Blood of Extraction: Canadian Imperialism in Latin America. Halifax ; Winnipeg: Fernwood Publishing, 2016.
Harvey, David. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Hilson, Gavin, and James McQuilken. “Four Decades of Support for Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Critical Review.” The Extractive Industries and Society 1, no. 1 (March 2014): 104–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2014.01.002.
Iliffe, John. A Modern History of Tanganyika. African Studies Series 25. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
———. Tanganyika Under German Rule 1905-1912. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969.
Innis, Harold A. “Factors in Canadian Economic Development.” In Essays in Canadian Economic History, edited by Mary Quayle Innis, 200–210. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2017.
———. “The Canadian Mining Industry.” In Essays in Canadian Economic History, edited by Mary Quayle Innis, 309–20. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2017.
———. The Fur Trade in Canada: An Introduction to Canadian Economic History. Toronto ; Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, 1999.
Ivaska, Andrew. “Leveraging Alternatives Early FRELIMO, the Soviet Union, and the Infrastructure of African Political Exile.” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 41, no. 1 (May 2021): 11–26.
Janse, A. J. A. “A History of Diamond Sources in Africa: Part II.” Gems & Gemology 32, no. 1 (Spring 1996): 2–30.
Jones, Daniel Stedman. Masters of the Universe: Hayek, Friedman, and the Birth of Neoliberal Politics. 1. paperback print. with a new preface by the author. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014.
Jønsson, Jesper Bosse, and Deborah Fahy Bryceson. “Beyond the Artisanal Mining Site: Migration, Housing Capital Accumulation and Indirect Urbanization in East Africa.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 11, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2017.1287245.
Kinyondo, Abel, and Christopher Huggins. “Resource Nationalism in Tanzania: Implications for Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining.” The Extractive Industries and Society 6, no. 1 (January 2019): 181–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2018.08.005.
Knight, John, and Heather Stevenson. “The Williamson Diamond Mine, De Beers, and the Colonial Office: A Case-Study of the Quest for Control.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 24, no. 3 (September 1986): 423–45.
Lange, Siri, and Abel Kinyondo. “Resource Nationalism and Local Content in Tanzania: Experiences from Mining and Consequences for the Petroleum Sector.” The Extractive Industries and Society 3, no. 4 (November 2016): 1095–1104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2016.09.006.
Langford, Will. “International Development and the State in Question: Liberal Internationalism, the New Left, and Canadian University Service Overseas in Tanzania, 1963-1977 / 184.” In Undiplomatic History: The New Study of Canada and the World, 184–205. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2019.
Lissu, Tundu Antiphas. “In Gold We Trust: The Political Economy of Law, Human Rights and the Environment in Tanzania’s Mining Industry.” Law, Social Justice & Global Development Journal (LGD) 2 (2001). http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/law/elj/lgd/2001_2/lissu1/.
Loxley, John. “The Devaluation Debate in Tanzania.” In Structural Adjustment in Africa, edited by Bonnie K. Campbell and John Loxley, 13–36. London: Palgrave MacMillan UK, 1989.
Macguire, Andrew. “The Emergence of the Tanganyika African National Union in the Lake Province.” In Protest and Power in Black Africa, edited by Robert I. Rotberg and Ali A. Mazrui, 639–70. New York: Oxford University Press, 1970.
Mathieu, Jacques. “Napou Jacques Cartier.” Cap-Aux-Diamants: La Revue d’histoire Du Québec, no. 41 (Spring 1995): 10–14.
Morrison, David R. Aid and Ebb Tide: A History of CIDA and Canadian Development Assistance. Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1998.
Moyes, Samantha. “Dis-Trusting Human Rights: The UN Trusteeship in Late Colonial Tanganyika (Tanzania).” Concordia University, 2022. https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/id/eprint/991131/.
Mwaipopo, Rosemarie A. “Ubeshi - Negotiating Co-Existence: Artisanal and Large-Scale Relations in Diamond Mining.” In Mining and Social Transformation in Africa: Mineralizing and Democratizing Trends in Artisanal Production, edited by Deborah Fahy Bryceson, Eleanor Fisher, Jesper Bosse Jønsson, and Rosemarie A. Mwaipopo, 161–76. Routledge Studies in Development and Society 37. Lodon New York: Routledge, 2014.
Nkrumah, Kwame. Neo-Colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism. New York: International Publishers, 1966.
Pedersen, Rasmus Hundsbæk, Thabit Jacob, Faustin Maganga, and Opportuna Kweka. “Rights to Land and Extractive Resources in Tanzania (1/2):” Danish Institute for International Studies, 2016. JSTOR. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep13445.
Poncian, Japhace. “Extractive Resource Ownership and the Subnational Resource Curse: Insights from Tanzania.” The Extractive Industries and Society 6, no. 2 (April 2019): 332–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2018.08.013.
Roberts, A.D. “The Gold Boom of the 1930s in Eastern Africa.” African Affairs 85, no. 341 (October 1986): 545–62.
Ross, Alistair. “The Capricorn Africa Society and European Reactions to African Nationalism in Tanganyika, 1948-60.” African Affairs 76, no. 305 (October 1977): 519–35. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096898.
Sandlos, John, and Arn Keeling. Mining Country: A History of Canada’s Mines and Miners. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: James Lorimer & Company Ltd., Publishers, 2021.
Shivji, Issa G. Law, State and the Working Class in Tanzania: C. 1920-1964. London Portsmouth, NH Dar es Salam: J. Currey Heinemann Tanzania publishing house, 1986.
Spooner, Kevin A. “‘Awakening Africa’ Race and Canadian Views of Decolonizing Africa.” In Dominion of Race: Rethinking Canada’s International History., 206–27. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2018.
Studnicki-Gizbert, Daviken. “Canadian Mining in Latin America (1990 to Present): A Provisional History.” Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies / Revue Canadienne Des Études Latino-Américaines et Caraïbes 41, no. 1 (January 2, 2016): 95–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/08263663.2015.1134498.
Tuffnell, Stephen. “Engineering Inter-Imperialism: American Miners and the Transformation of Global Mining, 1871–1910.” Journal of Global History 10, no. 1 (March 2015): 53–76. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1740022814000369.
Van Horssen, Jessica. A Town Called Asbestos: Environmental Contamination, Health, and Resilience in a Resource Community. Nature, History, Society. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press, 2016.
Vitalis, Robert. America’s Kingdom: Mythmaking on the Saudi Oil Frontier. London: Verso, 2009.
Welker, Marina. Enacting the Corporation: An American Mining Firm in Post-Authoritarian Indonesia. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2014.
Zaslow, Morris. Reading the Rocks: The Story of the Geological Survey of Canada, 1842-1972. Toronto : Ottawa : Ottawa: Macmillan Company of Canada ; Department of Energy, Mines and Resources ; Information Canada, 1975.
Zeller, Suzanne Elizabeth. Inventing Canada: Early Victorian Science and the Idea of a Transcontinental Nation. Carleton Library Series 214. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2009.
Zimmerman, Andrew. “Africa in Imperial and Transnational History: Multi-Sited Historiography and the Necessity of Theory.” The Journal of African History 54, no. 3 (November 2013): 331–40. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853713000728.
All items in Spectrum are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved. The use of items is governed by Spectrum's terms of access.

Repository Staff Only: item control page

Downloads per month over past year

Research related to the current document (at the CORE website)
- Research related to the current document (at the CORE website)
Back to top Back to top