Habibi, Omid (2024) Experimental and Analytical Investigation of Bond between GFRP Bars and Concrete. PhD thesis, Concordia University.
![[thumbnail of Habibi_PhD_F2024.pdf]](https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/style/images/fileicons/text.png) |
Text (application/pdf)
14MBHabibi_PhD_F2024.pdf - Accepted Version Restricted to Repository staff only until 26 August 2026. Available under License Spectrum Terms of Access. |
Abstract
The utilization of fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars in concrete structures has seen a consistent increase in recent years. This growth is attributed to the properties of FRP bars, including corrosion resistance, low density, fatigue resistance, and high tensile capacity. Among various FRP bars, glass FRP (GFRP) bars have attracted notable interest because of their advantageous characteristics, such as exceptional chemical resistance, cost-effectiveness, and versatile applicability. The bond strength between GFRP bars and concrete is crucial for the serviceability and ultimate performance of GFRP-reinforced concrete (RC) structures. GFRP bars exhibit anisotropy, linear elasticity, and a lower modulus of elasticity compared to steel bars, rendering the design guidelines for steel inapplicable to GFRP. Therefore, a thorough investigation into the bond is essential to ensure effective force transfer between GFRP bars and concrete.
In this thesis, the bond strength and bond-slip behaviour of high-modulus GFRP bars were investigated using pullout and beam splice tests. In Phase 1 of the experimental study, 48 pullout specimens were constructed and tested to investigate the local bond-slip behaviour between single and bundled ribbed GFRP bar in concrete. The study considered the effects of bar embedded length, specimen dimensions, GFRP surface profiles, the presence of steel transverse reinforcement, and bundling of the bars on the pullout strength. The experimental data were used to calibrate existing analytical bond-slip models for ribbed GFRP bars. The calibrated values could be utilized in numerical modelling for concrete elements internally reinforced with ribbed GFRP bar. In second Phase, lap splice tests have been conducted on 20 full-scale beams with a focus on investigating the effects of GFRP bar’s surface profile and GFRP transverse reinforcement on the bond strength. The study evaluated the influence of different surface profiles, including ribbed, sand-coated, and grooved, as well as GFRP stirrup spacing, bar splice length, and bar diameter, on splice strength. A comprehensive dataset was collected from both the literature and the present study to evaluate the reliability of existing bond models. A new model was proposed to enhance bond prediction accuracy. Additionally, the bond contributions of steel and GFRP transverse reinforcement were assessed and compared.
Furthermore, the lower modulus of elasticity in GFRP compared to steel bars leads to increased crack width and deflections in GFRP-RC structures. Consequently, the design of GFRP-RC structures is usually governed by the serviceability limit state. Effective control of crack width during the service stage of GFRP-RC structures is of paramount importance. To address this, the present research also investigated the capability of machine learning (ML) models to predict crack width in GFRP-RC structures, with the aim of enhancing prediction accuracy compared to existing code and literature models. Various ML models, including extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), random forest (RF), K-nearest neighbours (KNN), light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM), gradient boosting (GB), adaptive boosting (AdaBoost), Ridge, and Lasso, were utilized to improve the prediction accuracy of crack width in GFRP-RC beams.
| Divisions: | Concordia University > Gina Cody School of Engineering and Computer Science > Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering |
|---|---|
| Item Type: | Thesis (PhD) |
| Authors: | Habibi, Omid |
| Institution: | Concordia University |
| Degree Name: | Ph. D. |
| Program: | Civil Engineering |
| Date: | 8 July 2024 |
| Thesis Supervisor(s): | Galal, Khaled |
| Keywords: | GFRP bar-reinforced concrete-bond-beam splice test-pullout test-GFRP stirrup-machine learning |
| ID Code: | 994391 |
| Deposited By: | Omid Habibi |
| Deposited On: | 24 Oct 2024 16:09 |
| Last Modified: | 24 Oct 2024 16:09 |
References:
AASHTO LRFD. (2018). bridge design specifications guide for design-build procurement. American Associate of State Highway and Transportation Officials Washington, DC.Abbas, H., Elsanadedy, H., Alaoud, L., Almusallam, T., & Al-Salloum, Y. (2023). Effect of confining stirrups and bar gap in improving bond behavior of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bar lap splices in RC beams. Construction and Building Materials, 365, 129943.
Achillides, Z. (1998). Bond behaviour of FRP bars in concrete. University of Sheffield.
Achillides, Z., & Pilakoutas, K. (2004). Bond behavior of fiber reinforced polymer bars under direct pullout conditions. Journal of composites for construction, 8(2), 173-181.
ACI committee 318. (2014). Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-14): An ACI Standard; Commentary on Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318R-14). American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan, USA.
ACI Committee 408. (2003). Bond and Development of Straight Reinforcing Bars in Tension (ACI 408R-03). American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan, USA.
ACI Committee 440. (2015). Guide for the Design and Construction of Structural Concrete Reinforced with Fiber-reinforced Polymer FRP Bars (ACI 440.1R–15). American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan, USA.
ACI Committee 440. (2022). Guide for the design and construction of structural concrete reinforced with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars (ACI 440.11–22). American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan, USA.
Adeli, H. (2001). Neural networks in civil engineering: 1989–2000. Computer‐Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, 16(2), 126-142.
Al-Salloum, Y., Alaoud, L., Elsanadedy, H., Albidah, A., Almusallam, T., & Abbas, H. (2022). Bond performance of GFRP bar-splicing in reinforced concrete beams. Journal of composites for construction, 26(2), 04022006.
Altman, N. S. (1992). An introduction to kernel and nearest-neighbor nonparametric regression. The American Statistician, 46(3), 175-185.
Aly, R. S. M. (2005). Experimental and analytical studies on bond behaviour of tensile lap spliced FRP reinforcing bars in concrete.
Asadian, A., Eslami, A., Farghaly, A. S., & Benmokrane, B. (2019). Lap-Splice Length of Bundled Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Bars in Unconfined Concrete. ACI Structural Journal, 116(5).
Asadian, A., Eslami, A., Farghaly, A. S., & Benmokrane, B. (2020). Effects of Confinement on the Splice Strength of Bundled Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Bars in Concrete Beams. ACI Structural Journal, 117(5).
ASTM. (2010). Standard test method for flexural strength of concrete (ASTM C78).
ASTM. (2014a). Standard test method for bond strength of fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite bars to concrete by pullout testing.
ASTM. (2014b). Standard test method for compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens (ASTM C39/C39M).
ASTM. (2017). Standard specification for solid round glass fiber reinforced polymer bars for concrete reinforcement.
ASTM A944-10. (2015). Standard test method for comparing bond strength of steel reinforcement bars to concrete using beam-end specimens.
ASTM, D. (2011a). Standard test method for tensile properties of fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite bars. ASTM D7205-11.
ASTM, D. (2011b). Standard test method for tensile properties of fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite bars. In: PA West Conshohocken.
Baena, M., Torres, L., Turon, A., & Barris, C. (2009). Experimental study of bond behaviour between concrete and FRP bars using a pull-out test. Composites Part B: Engineering, 40(8), 784-797.
Bakis, C. E., Ospina, C. E., Bradberry, T. E., Benmokrane, B., Gross, S. P., Newhook, J. P., & Thiagarajan, G. (2020). Evaluation of crack widths in concrete flexural members reinforced with FRP bars. 3rd International Conference on Composites in Civil Engineering, CICE 2006,
Barris, C., Torres, L., Comas, J., & Mias, C. (2013). Cracking and deflections in GFRP RC beams: an experimental study. Composites Part B: Engineering, 55, 580-590.
Basaran, B., & Kalkan, I. (2020a). Development length and bond strength equations for FRP bars embedded in concrete. Composite Structures, 251, 112662.
Basaran, B., & Kalkan, I. (2020b). Investigation on variables affecting bond strength between FRP reinforcing bar and concrete by modified hinged beam tests. Composite Structures, 242, 112185. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112185.
Başaran, B., Kalkan, İ., Beycioğlu, A., & Kasprzyk, I. (2022). A review on the physical parameters affecting the bond behavior of FRP bars embedded in concrete. Polymers, 14(9), 1796.
Bashandy, T. R. (2009). Evaluation of Bundled Bar Lap Splices. ACI Structural Journal, 106(2).
Benmokrane, B., El-Salakawy, E., El-Ragaby, A., & Lackey, T. (2006). Designing and testing of concrete bridge decks reinforced with glass FRP bars. Journal of Bridge Engineering, 11(2), 217-229.
Benzecry, V., Emparanza, A. R., Basalo, F. D. C., & Nanni, A. (2021). Bond coefficient, kb, of GFRP bars. Construction and Building Materials, 292, 123380.
Bischoff, P., Gross, S., & Ospina, C. (2009). The story behind proposed changes to ACI 440 deflection requirements for FRP-reinforced concrete. Special Publication, 264, 53-76.
Broms, B. B. (1965). Crack width and crack spacing in reinforced concrete members. Journal Proceedings,
Canadian Standards Association. (2002). Design and construction of building components with fibre-reinforced polymers (CSA S806-02). Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.
Canadian Standards Association. (2012). Design and construction of building structures with fibre-reinforced polymers (CSA S806-12). Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.
Canadian Standards Association. (2014). Design of concrete structures (CSA A23. 3-14). Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.
Canadian Standards Association. (2019). Canadian Highway Bridge Design (CAN/CSA S6-19). Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.
Canbay, E., & Frosch, R. J. (2005). Bond strength of lap-spliced bars. ACI Structural Journal, 102(4), 605.
Choi, D.-U., Chun, S.-C., & Ha, S.-S. (2012). Bond strength of glass fibre-reinforced polymer bars in unconfined concrete. Engineering Structures, 34, 303-313.
Choi, Y.-C., Cho, K.-H., Bae, B.-I., & Choi, H.-K. (2014). Experimental study on the performance of tensile lap-spliced GFRP rebars in concrete beam. Magazine of concrete research, 66(24), 1250-1262.
Committee, ACI (2006). Guide for the Design and Construction of Concrete Reinforced with FRP Bars (ACI 440.1 R-06). American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Michigan.
Cosenza, E., Manfredi, G., & Realfonzo, R. (1997). Behavior and modeling of bond of FRP rebars to concrete. Journal of composites for construction, 1(2), 40-51.
Dahou, Z., Sbartaï, Z. M., Castel, A., & Ghomari, F. (2009). Artificial neural network model for steel–concrete bond prediction. Engineering Structures, 31(8), 1724-1733.
DeFreese, J. M., & Roberts-Wollmann, C. L. (2002). Glass fiber reinforced polymer bars as top mat reinforcement for bridge decks.
Degtyarev, V. V. (2022). Machine Learning Models for Predicting Bond Strength of Deformed Bars in Concrete. ACI Structural Journal, 119(5).
Ehsani, M. R., Saadatmanesh, H., & Tao, S. (1996). Design recommendations for bond of GFRP rebars to concrete. Journal of structural engineering, 122(3), 247-254.
El-Nemr, A., Ahmed, E. A., Barris, C., & Benmokrane, B. (2016). Bond-dependent coefficient of glass-and carbon-FRP bars in normal-and high-strength concretes. Construction and Building Materials, 113, 77-89.
El-Nemr, A., Ahmed, E. A., & Benmokrane, B. (2013). Flexural Behavior and Serviceability of Normal-and High-Strength Concrete Beams Reinforced with Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Bars. ACI Structural Journal, 110(6).
El-Nemr, A., Ahmed, E. A., El-Safty, A., & Benmokrane, B. (2018). Evaluation of the flexural strength and serviceability of concrete beams reinforced with different types of GFRP bars. Engineering Structures, 173, 606-619.
Eligehausen, R., Popov, E. P., & Bertero, V. V. (1982). Local bond stress-slip relationships of deformed bars under generalized excitations.
Emparanza, A. R., Kampmann, R., & De Caso y Basalo, F. (2017). State-of-the-practice of global manufacturing of FRP rebar and specifications. ACI Fall Conv, 327, 45.41-45.14.
Engineers, J. S. o. C. (1997). Recommendation for design and construction of
concrete structures using continuous fiber reinforcing materials (JSCE-1997). Tokyo, Japan.
Esfahani, M. R., Rakhshanimehr, M., & Mousavi, S. R. (2013). Bond strength of lap-spliced GFRP bars in concrete beams. Journal of composites for construction, 17(3), 314-323.
fib. (2000). Bond of Reinforcement in Concrete, Bulletin N.10, State-of-Art Report, T.G. “Bond Models”.
fib. (2020). International Federation for Structural Concrete. Draft model code for concrete structures.
Friedman, J. (2009). The elements of statistical learning: Data mining, inference, and prediction. (No Title).
Frosch, R. J. (1999). Another look at cracking and crack control in reinforced concrete. Structural Journal, 96(3), 437-442.
Gao, K., Li, Z., Zhang, J., Tu, J., & Li, X. (2019a). Experimental research on bond behavior between GFRP bars and stirrups-confined concrete. Applied Sciences, 9(7), 1340.
Gao, K., Li, Z., Zhang, J., Tu, J., & Li, X. (2019b). Experimental Research on Bond Behavior Between GFRP Bars and Stirrups-Confined Concrete. Applied Sciences, 9(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/app9071340
Garg, N., & Shrivastava, S. (2019). Environmental and economic comparison of FRP reinforcements and steel reinforcements in concrete beams based on design strength parameter. Proceedings of the UKIERI Concrete Congress, Jalandhar, India,
Gergely, P., & Lutz, L. A. (1968). Maximum crack width in reinforced concrete flexural members. Special Publication, 20, 87-117.
Golafshani, E. M., Rahai, A., Sebt, M. H., & Akbarpour, H. (2012). Prediction of bond strength of spliced steel bars in concrete using artificial neural network and fuzzy logic. Construction and Building Materials, 36, 411-418.
Gooranorimi, O., Suaris, W., & Nanni, A. (2017). A model for the bond-slip of a GFRP bar in concrete. Engineering Structures, 146, 34-42.
Gouda, O., Asadian, A., & Galal, K. (2023). Investigation of different parameters affecting the crack width and kb coefficient of GFRP-RC beams. Engineering Structures, 297, 116181.
Gross, S., Yost, J., & Stefanski, D. (2009). Effect of sustained loads on flexural crack width in concrete beams reinforced with internal FRP reinforcement. Special Publication, 264, 13-32.
Habibi, O., Khaloo, A., & Abdoos, H. (2021). Seismic behavior comparison of RC shear walls strengthened using FRP composites and steel elements. Scientia Iranica, 28(3), 1167-1181.
Habibi, O., Youssef, T., Naseri, H., & Ibrahim, K. (2024). Ensemble Learning Models for Prediction of Punching Shear Strength in RC Slab-Column Connections. Civil Engineering Journal, 10, 1-20.
Harajli, M., & Abouniaj, M. (2010). Bond performance of GFRP bars in tension: Experimental evaluation and assessment of ACI 440 guidelines. Journal of composites for construction, 14(6), 659-668.
Henin, E., & Morcous, G. (2021). Bond behavior of helically wrapped sand coated deformed Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) bars in concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123120
Hosseini, S. A., Farghaly, A. S., Eslami, A., Nanni, A., & Benmokrane, B. (2024). Bond behaviour of lap spliced GFRP bars in concrete members: A state-of-the-art review and design recommendations. Construction and Building Materials, 411, 134714.
ISIS Manual No.3. (2007). Reinforcing Concrete Structures with Fibre Reinforced Polymers. ISIS Canada Research Network, Univertsity of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
Kassem, C., Farghaly, A. S., & Benmokrane, B. (2011). Evaluation of flexural behavior and serviceability performance of concrete beams reinforced with FRP bars. Journal of composites for construction, 15(5), 682-695.
Khaloo, A., Borhani, M. H., Habibi, O., Tabatabaeian, M., & Askari, S. M. (2023). Experimental and numerical investigation on the performance of GFRP-confined expansive concrete-filled unplasticized polyvinyl chloride tubes. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 08927057231190558.
Liang, M., Yu, Y., Xu, G., Li, Q., & Pan, Y. (2023). Experimental study on bond performance between carbon/glass-hybrid-fiber-reinforced polymer bars and concrete. Advances in Structural Engineering, 13694332231224126.
Lin, X., & Zhang, Y. (2014). Evaluation of bond stress-slip models for FRP reinforcing bars in concrete. Composite Structures, 107, 131-141.
Lu, J., Afefy, H. M., Azimi, H., Sennah, K., & Sayed-Ahmed, M. (2021a). Bond performance of sand-coated and ribbed-surface glass fiber reinforced polymer bars in high-performance concrete. Structures,
Lu, J., Afefy, H. M., Azimi, H., Sennah, K., & Sayed-Ahmed, M. (2021b). Bond performance of sand-coated and ribbed-surface glass fiber reinforced polymer bars in high-performance concrete. Structures, 34, 10-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2021.07.060
Lundberg, S. M., Erion, G. G., & Lee, S.-I. (2018). Consistent individualized feature attribution for tree ensembles. arXiv preprint arXiv:1802.03888.
Lundberg, S. M., & Lee, S.-I. (2017). A unified approach to interpreting model predictions. Advances in neural information processing systems, 30.
Luo, Y., Liao, P., Pan, R., Zou, J., & Zhou, X. (2024). Effect of bar diameter on bond performance of helically ribbed GFRP bar to UHPC. Journal of Building Engineering, 91, 109577.
Malvar, L. J. (1995). Tensile and bond properties of GFRP reinforcing bars. Materials Journal, 92(3), 276-285.
Mangalathu, S., Shin, H., Choi, E., & Jeon, J.-S. (2021). Explainable machine learning models for punching shear strength estimation of flat slabs without transverse reinforcement. Journal of Building Engineering, 39, 102300.
Mazaheripour, H., Barros, J. A., Sena-Cruz, J., Pepe, M., & Martinelli, E. (2013). Experimental study on bond performance of GFRP bars in self-compacting steel fiber reinforced concrete. Composite Structures, 95, 202-212.
McCallum, B. (2013). Experimental evaluation of the bond dependent coefficient and parameters which influence crack width in GFRP reinforced concrete
Metelli, G., Cairns, J., Conforti, A., & Plizzari, G. A. (2021). Local bond behavior of bundled bars: Experimental investigation. Structural Concrete, 22(4), 2322-2337.
Metelli, G., Cairns, J., & Plizzari, G. (2015). The influence of percentage of bars lapped on performance of splices. Materials and Structures, 48, 2983-2996.
Metelli, G., Cairns, J., & Plizzari, G. (2023). A new fib Model Code proposal for a beam‐end type bond test. Structural Concrete, 24(4), 4446-4463.
Mosley, C. P., Tureyen, A. K., & Frosch, R. J. (2008). Bond strength of nonmetallic reinforcing bars. ACI Structural Journal, 105(5), 634.
Nanni, A. (2005). Guide for the design and construction of concrete reinforced with FRP bars (ACI 440.1 R-03). Structures Congress 2005: Metropolis and Beyond,
Nguyen, H. D., Truong, G. T., & Shin, M. (2021). Development of extreme gradient boosting model for prediction of punching shear resistance of r/c interior slabs. Engineering Structures, 235, 112067.
Okelo, R., & Yuan, R. L. (2005). Bond strength of fiber reinforced polymer rebars in normal strength concrete. Journal of Composites for Construction, 9(3), 203-213. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2005)9:3(203)
Orangun, C., Jirsa, J., & Breen, J. (1977). A reevaulation of test data on development length and splices. Journal Proceedings,
Ortiz, J. D., Hussain, Z., Hosseini, S.-A., Benmokrane, B., & Nanni, A. (2024). Lap splice assessment of GFRP rebars in reinforced concrete beams under flexure. Construction and Building Materials, 419, 135408.
Pan, R., Liao, P., Zou, J., Zhou, X., & Li, C. (2022). Experimental investigation on bond performance of helically ribbed GFRP rebar embedded in Ultra-high performance concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 357, 129295.
Parvizi, M., Noël, M., Vasquez, J., Rios, A., & González, M. (2020). Assessing the bond strength of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) bars in Portland Cement Concrete fabricated with seawater through pullout tests. Construction and Building Materials, 263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120952
Pay, A. C., Canbay, E., & Frosch, R. J. (2014). Bond Strength of Spliced Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Reinforcement. ACI Structural Journal, 111(2).
Salehi, H., & Burgueño, R. (2018). Emerging artificial intelligence methods in structural engineering. Engineering Structures, 171, 170-189.
Sbahieh, S., Mckay, G., & Al-Ghamdi, S. G. (2023). A comparative life cycle assessment of fiber-reinforced polymers as a sustainable reinforcement option in concrete beams. Frontiers in Built Environment, 9, 1194121.
Shang, C. (2019). Evaluation of the bond-dependent coefficient for GFRP bars in concrete beams.
Shen, Y., Wu, L., & Liang, S. (2022). Explainable machine learning-based model for failure mode identification of RC flat slabs without transverse reinforcement. Engineering Failure Analysis, 141, 106647.
Shield, C., Brown, V., Bakis, C. E., & Gross, S. (2019). A recalibration of the crack width bond-dependent coefficient for GFRP-reinforced concrete. Journal of composites for construction, 23(4), 04019020.
Shield, C., French, C., & Retika, A. (1997). Thermal and mechanical fatigue effects on GFRP rebar-concrete bond. Proceedings of the 3rd international symposium on non-metallic (FRP) reinforcement for concrete structures (FRPRCS-3), Sapporo,
Shield, C. K., French, C. W., & Hanus, J. P. (1999). Bond of glass fiber reinforced plastic reinforcing bar for consideration in bridge decks. Special Publication, 188, 393-406.
Smarsly, K., Dragos, K., & Wiggenbrock, J. (2016). Machine learning techniques for structural health monitoring. Proceedings of the 8th European workshop on structural health monitoring (EWSHM 2016), Bilbao, Spain,
Sólyom, S., Balázs, G., & Borosnyói, A. (2015). Material characteristics and bond tests for FRP rebars. Concrete Structures, 16, 38-44.
Solyom, S., & Balázs, G. L. (2020). Bond of FRP bars with different surface characteristics. Construction and Building Materials, 264, 119839.
Solyom, S., & Balázs, G. L. (2020). Bond of FRP bars with different surface characteristics. Construction and Building Materials, 264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119839
Sólyom, S., Di Benedetti, M., Szijártó, A., & Balázs, G. L. (2018). Non-metallic reinforcements with different moduli of elasticity and surfaces for concrete structures. Architecture, Civil Engineering, Environment, 11(2), 79-88.
Thai, H.-T. (2022). Machine learning for structural engineering: A state-of-the-art review. Structures,
Tighiouart, B., Benmokrane, B., & Gao, D. (1998). Investigation of bond in concrete member with fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) bars. Construction and Building Materials, 12, 453-462.
Tighiouart, B., Benmokrane, B., & Gao, D. (1998). Investigation of bond in concrete member with fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) bars. Construction and Building Materials, 12(8), 453-462. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-0618(98)00027-0
Tighiouart, B., Benmokrane, B., & Mukhopadhyaya, P. (1999). Bond strength of glass FRP rebar splices in beams under static loading. Construction and Building Materials, 13(7), 383-392.
Wakjira, T. G., Ibrahim, M., Ebead, U., & Alam, M. S. (2022). Explainable machine learning model and reliability analysis for flexural capacity prediction of RC beams strengthened in flexure with FRCM. Engineering Structures, 255, 113903.
Wambeke, B. W., & Shield, C. K. (2006). Development length of glass fiber-reinforced polymer bars in concrete. ACI Materials Journal, 103(1), 11.
Wu, C., Hwang, H.-J., & Ma, G. (2022). Effect of stirrups on the bond behavior of lap spliced GFRP bars in concrete beams. Engineering Structures, 266, 114552.
Wu, L., Xu, X., Wang, H., & Yang, J.-Q. (2022). Experimental study on bond properties between GFRP bars and self-compacting concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 320, 126186.
Xue, W., Zheng, Q., Yang, Y., & Fang, Z. (2014). Bond behavior of sand-coated deformed glass fiber reinforced polymer rebars. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 33(10), 895-910.
Yan, F., Lin, Z., & Yang, M. (2016). Bond mechanism and bond strength of GFRP bars to concrete: A review. Composites Part B: Engineering, 98, 56-69.
Yi, J., Wang, L., Floyd, R. W., & Zhang, J. (2020). Rotation-affected bond strength model between steel strand and concrete. Engineering Structures, 204, 110060. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.110060
Yost, J. R., Gross, S. P., & Dinehart, D. W. (2003). Effective moment of inertia for glass fiber-reinforced polymer-reinforced concrete beams. Structural Journal, 100(6), 732-739.
Zemour, N., Asadian, A., Ahmed, E. A., Khayat, K. H., & Benmokrane, B. (2018). Experimental study on the bond behavior of GFRP bars in normal and self-consolidating concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 189, 869-881.
Zhang, H., & Li, J. (2007). Bond behavior and modeling of Fiber Reinforced Polymer bars to concrete under direct pullout. Asia-Pacific Conference.
All items in Spectrum are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved. The use of items is governed by Spectrum's terms of access.
Repository Staff Only: item control page
Download Statistics
Download Statistics