References:

1. Spiegel B. VRx: How Virtual Therapeutics Will Revolutionize Medicine. Basic Books; 2020.
Accessed March 15, 2023. https://www.goodreads.com/en/book/show/50998982
2. Malloy KM, Milling LS. The effectiveness of virtual reality distraction for pain reduction: A
systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review. 2010;30(8):1011-1018.
doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.07.001
3. Burdea G. Virtual Rehabilitation - Benefits and Challenges. Yearbook of Medical
Informatics. Published online 2003:7.
4. Hoffman HG, Patterson DR, Magula J, et al. Water-friendly virtual reality pain control
during wound care. J Clin Psychol. 2004;60(2):189-195. doi:10.1002/jclp.10244
5. Barcatta K, Holl E, Battistutta L, van der Meulen M, Rischer KM. When Less Is More:
Investigating Factors Influencing the Distraction Effect of Virtual Reality From Pain. Front
Pain Res. 2022;2:800258. doi:10.3389/fpain.2021.800258
6. Kahneman D. Attention and Effort. Prentice-Hall Inc.; 1973.
7. Hoffman HG, Richards TL, Bills AR, et al. Using fMRI to Study the Neural Correlates of
Virtual Reality Analgesia. CNS spectr. 2006;11(1):45-51. doi:10.1017/S1092852900024202
8. Carter L, River B, Sachs M. Flow in Sport, Exercise, and Performance: A Review with
Implications for Future Research. 2013;5(3):17-31.
9. Gray R. Transfer of Training from Virtual to Real Baseball Batting. Frontiers in Psychology.
2017;8. Accessed September 27, 2022.
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02183
10. Kóbor I, Gál V, Vidnyánszky Z. Attentional modulation of perceived pain intensity in
capsaicin-induced secondary hyperalgesia. Exp Brain Res. 2009;195(3):467-472.
doi:10.1007/s00221-009-1799-0
11. Matsangidou M, Ang CS, Mauger AR, Intarasirisawat J, Otkhmezuri B, Avraamides MN.
Virtual Reality: The Effect of Body Consciousness on the Experience of Exercise. Published
online 2018:29.
12. Apstein S. Sports Illustrated’s Innovation of the Year: Virtual reality. Sports Illustrated.
https://www.si.com/sportsperson/2015/12/18/innovation-of-the-year-virtual-reality. 2015.
Accessed October 28, 2022.
13. Miles HC, Pop SR, Watt SJ, Lawrence GP, John NW. A review of virtual environments for
training in ball sports. Computers & Graphics. 2012;36(6):714-726.
doi:10.1016/j.cag.2012.04.007
48
14. Saldana D, Neureither M, Schmiesing A, et al. Applications of Head-Mounted Displays for
Virtual Reality in Adult Physical Rehabilitation: A Scoping Review. Am J Occup Ther.
2020;74(5):7405205060p1-7405205060p15. doi:10.5014/ajot.2020.041442
15. Gilmour C, Blaes S, Bush NJ, et al. Pain and alcohol consumption in virtual reality.
Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2023;31(2):433-442.
doi:10.1037/pha0000602
16. Lemmens JS, Von Münchhausen CF. Let the beat flow: How game difficulty in virtual
reality affects flow. Acta Psychologica. 2023;232:103812. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103812
17. Saby A, Alvarez A, Smolins D, et al. Effects of Embodiment in Virtual Reality for
Treatment of Chronic Pain: Pilot Open-Label Study. JMIR Form Res. 2024;8:e34162.
doi:10.2196/34162
18. Michalski SC, Szpak A, Saredakis D, Ross TJ, Billinghurst M, Loetscher T. Getting your
game on: Using virtual reality to improve real table tennis skills. Capio CM, ed. PLoS ONE.
2019;14(9):e0222351. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0222351
19. Reneker JC, Pannell WC, Babl RM, et al. Virtual immersive sensorimotor training (VIST) in
collegiate soccer athletes: A quasi-experimental study. Heliyon. 2020;6(7):e04527.
doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04527
20. Harrison K, Potts E, King AC, Braun-Trocchio R. The Effectiveness of Virtual Reality on
Anxiety and Performance in Female Soccer Players. Sports. 2021;9(12):167.
doi:10.3390/sports9120167
21. Soltanabadi S, Minoonejad H, Bayattork M, Seyedahmadi M. Effect of Virtual Reality and
Augmented Reality Training for Injury Prevention and Accelerating Rehabilitation of
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in Athletes: A Scoping Review. Asian J Sports Med.
2023;14(4). doi:10.5812/asjsm-139704
22. Stafford J, Williams N, Johnson A, White D, Craig C. An Evaluation of a Low-Cost Virtual
Reality Rehabilitation Tool in an Elite Soccer. Published online 2022.
23. Off The Bench. Corey Seager and A.J. Pollock Used VR for Injury Rehabilitation. 2019.
Accessed September 24, 2022. https://www.offthebenchbaseball.com/2019/07/26/corey-
seager-and-a-j-pollock-used-vr-for-injury-rehabilitation/
24. Athletic trainer uses technology to help student-athletes heal. Spectrum News. Published
online September 26, 2022. https://spectrumlocalnews.com/tx/south-texas-el-
paso/news/2022/09/26/high-tech-healing
25. Vicknair R, Gsell J, Keith C. Seeing Things Differently: University of Alabama using VR in
athlete rehab. Training and Conditioning. 2019. Accessed October 29, 2022. https://training-
conditioning.com/article/see-things-differently-d66/
49
26. Witmer BG, Singer MJ. Measuring Presence in Virtual Environments: A Presence
Questionnaire. Presence. 1998;7(3):225-240. doi:10.1162/105474698565686
27. Csikszentmihalyi M. Finding flow. Psychology Today. 2007;(Finding Flow):7.
28. Csikszentmihalyi M. FLOW: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. Published online
2000:6.
29. Csikszentmihalyi M. INTRINSIC REWARDS AND EMERGENT MOTIVATION. In:
Greene D, ed. The Hidden Costs of Reward. 0 ed. Psychology Press; 2015:223-234.
doi:10.4324/9781315666983-19
30. Seligman MEP, Csikszentmihalyi M. Positive psychology: An introduction. American
Psychologist. 2000;55(1):5-14. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5
31. Norsworthy C, Dimmock JA, Miller DJ, Krause A, Jackson B. Psychological Flow Scale
(PFS): Development and Preliminary Validation of a New Flow Instrument that Measures
the Core Experience of Flow to Reflect Recent Conceptual Advancements. Int J Appl Posit
Psychol. Published online April 19, 2023. doi:10.1007/s41042-023-00092-8
32. Jennett C, Cox AL, Cairns P, et al. Measuring and defining the experience of immersion in
games. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies. 2008;66(9):641-661.
doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2008.04.004
33. Tabry V, Vogel TA, Lussier M, et al. Inter-individual predictors of pain inhibition during
performance of a competing cognitive task. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):21785. doi:10.1038/s41598-
020-78653-z
34. Vogel TA, Falk CF, Otto AR, Roy M. Distraction from pain depends on task demands and
motivation. PR9. 2022;7(6):e1041. doi:10.1097/PR9.0000000000001041
35. Gajewski PD, Hanisch E, Falkenstein M, Thönes S, Wascher E. What Does the n-Back Task
Measure as We Get Older? Relations Between Working-Memory Measures and Other
Cognitive Functions Across the Lifespan. Front Psychol. 2018;9:2208.
doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02208
36. Balk SA, Bertola MA, Inman VW. Simulator Sickness Questionnaire: Twenty Years Later.
In: Proceedings of the 7th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver
Assessment, Training, and Vehicle Design : Driving Assessment 2013. University of Iowa;
2013:257-263. doi:10.17077/drivingassessment.1498
37. Raja SN, Carr DB, Cohen M, et al. The revised International Association for the Study of
Pain definition of pain: concepts, challenges, and compromises. Pain. 2020;161(9):1976-
1982. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001939
38. Aguggia M. Neurophysiology of pain. Neurological Sciences. 2003;24(2):s57-s60.
doi:10.1007/s100720300042
50
39. Staahl C, Drewes AM. Experimental Human Pain Models: A Review of Standardised
Methods for Preclinical Testing of Analgesics. Pharmacol Toxicol. 2004;95(3):97-111.
doi:10.1111/j.1742-7843.2004.950301.x
40. Meeker TJ, Schmid A, Liu Y, et al. During capsaicin‐induced central sensitization, brush
allodynia is associated with baseline warmth sensitivity, whereas mechanical hyperalgesia is
associated with painful mechanical sensibility, anxiety and somatization. Eur J Pain.
2021;25(9):1971-1993. doi:10.1002/ejp.1815
41. Stephens DP, Charkoudian N, Benevento JM, Johnson JM, Saumet JL. The influence of
topical capsaicin on the local thermal control of skin blood flow in humans. American
Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology.
2001;281(3):R894-R901. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.2001.281.3.R894
42. Fulton BA, Burton EF, Nance S, Letzen JE, Campbell CM. Experimenter- and Infrared
Thermography–Derived Measures of Capsaicin-Induced Neurogenic Flare Among Non-
Hispanic White and Black Adults. Pain Medicine. 2020;21(10):2262-2270.
doi:10.1093/pm/pnaa006
43. Serra J, Campero M, Ochoa J. Flare and Hyperalgesia After Intradermal Capsaicin Injection
in Human Skin. Journal of Neurophysiology. 1998;80(6):2801-2810.
doi:10.1152/jn.1998.80.6.2801
44. Pressman A, McCauley L, Edwards R, Haythornthwaite J, Campbell C. Endogenous opioid
function mediates the relationship between pain catastrophizing and capsaicin pain in healthy
participants. The Journal of Pain. 2016;17(4):S57. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2016.01.233
45. Linde LD, Srbely JZ. The Acute Effect of Skin Preheating on Capsaicin‐Induced Central
Sensitization in Humans. Pain Practice. 2019;19(8):811-820. doi:10.1111/papr.12811
46. Linde LD, Bent LR, Dickey JP, Kumbhare DA, Srbely JZ. Exploring the effect of capsaicin-
induced central sensitization on the upper limb nociceptive withdrawal reflex threshold. Exp
Brain Res. 2021;239(11):3405-3415. doi:10.1007/s00221-021-06216-3
47. Enax-Krumova EK, Pohl S, Westermann A, Maier C. Ipsilateral and contralateral sensory
changes in healthy subjects after experimentally induced concomitant sensitization and
hypoesthesia. BMC Neurol. 2017;17(1):60. doi:10.1186/s12883-017-0839-9
48. Pressman AJ, Peterlin BL, Tompkins DA, et al. Pain catastrophizing may moderate the
association between pain and secondary hyperalgesia. J Appl Behav Res. 2017;22(1):e12096.
doi:10.1111/jabr.12096
49. Nielsen TA. The effect of topical capsaicin-induced sensitization on heat-evoked cutaneous
vasomotor responses. Int J Physiol Pathophysiol Pharmacol. 2013;5(3):148-160.
50. Eccleston C. Role of psychology in pain management. British Journal of Anaesthesia.
2001;87(1):144-152. doi:10.1093/bja/87.1.144
51
51. Hoffman HG, Richards TL, Coda B, et al. Modulation of thermal pain-related brain activity
with virtual reality: evidence from fMRI: NeuroReport. 2004;15(8):1245-1248.
doi:10.1097/01.wnr.0000127826.73576.91
52. Berlucchi G, Buchtel HA. Neuronal plasticity: historical roots and evolution of meaning. Exp
Brain Res. 2009;192(3):307-319. doi:10.1007/s00221-008-1611-6
53. Neumann DL, Moffitt RL, Thomas PR, et al. A systematic review of the application of
interactive virtual reality to sport. Virtual Reality. 2018;22(3):183-198. doi:10.1007/s10055-
017-0320-5
54. Demeter N, Josman N, Eisenberg E, Pud D. Who can benefit from virtual reality to reduce
experimental pain? A crossover study in healthy subjects. Eur J Pain. 2015;19(10):1467-
1475. doi:10.1002/ejp.678
55. Lindsay Ross-Stewart, Jeffrey Price, Daniel Jackson, Christopher Hawkins. A Preliminary
Investigation into the Use of an Imagery Assisted Virtual Reality Intervention in Sport. JSS.
2018;6(1). doi:10.17265/2332-7839/2018.01.003
56. Fernández-Cuevas I, Bouzas Marins JC, Arnáiz Lastras J, et al. Classification of factors
influencing the use of infrared thermography in humans: A review. Infrared Physics &
Technology. 2015;71:28-55. doi:10.1016/j.infrared.2015.02.007
57. Jensen MP. The validity and reliability of pain measures in adults with cancer. The Journal
of Pain. 2003;4(1):2-21. doi:10.1054/jpai.2003.1
58. Jackson SA, Eklund RC. Assessing Flow in Physical Activity: The Flow State Scale–2 and
Dispositional Flow Scale–2. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2002;24(2):133-150.
doi:10.1123/jsep.24.2.133
59. Witmer BG, Jerome CJ, Singer MJ. The Factor Structure of the Presence Questionnaire.
Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments. 2005;14(3):298-312.
doi:10.1162/105474605323384654
60. Lessiter J, Freeman J, Keogh E, Davidoff J. A Cross-Media Presence Questionnaire: The
ITC-Sense of Presence Inventory. Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments.
2001;10(3):282-297. doi:10.1162/105474601300343612
61. Vogel TA, Falk CF, Otto AR, Roy M. Distraction from pain depends on task demands and
motivation. PR9. 2022;7(6):e1041. doi:10.1097/PR9.0000000000001041
62. Ruthvik C. Measurement of Game Immersion through Subjective Approach. Master’s.
Blekinge Institute of Technology; 2017.
63. Roy M, Shohamy D, Daw N, Jepma M, Wimmer GE, Wager TD. Representation of aversive
prediction errors in the human periaqueductal gray. Nat Neurosci. 2014;17(11):1607-1612.
doi:10.1038/nn.3832