Abstract

Latin America grapples with stark inequality and stringent abortion policies, with only five out of thirty-three countries permitting elective abortions. Brazil faces challenges due to its conservative climate and stark economic inequalities, hindering the pro-choice movement since the 1970s. Despite historic activism and a brief window for legal reform in 2012 and 2018, progress remains elusive. Criminalizing abortion in Brazil has not deterred people from seeking to terminate their pregnancy, but rather jeopardizes their lives. Brazil's reproductive healthcare reveals systemic issues: a misogynistic approach, limited contraceptive choices, and commercialized childbirth. Maternal mortality, particularly affecting marginalized groups, persists, challenging the notion that anti-abortion legislation protects women and gender minorities. This research aims to explore the apparent stagnation of the pro-choice movement in Brazil. Focusing on political opportunity structure theory, the study seeks to understand the strengths and constraints within the movement. Why hasn't the pro-choice movement succeeded in legalizing elective abortions, and how can it improve? The research delves into civil society networks, feminist activists' strategies, and potential collaborations among activists and organizations. It will critically assess the impact of Brazil's healthcare system inequalities on reproductive rights, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Understanding the challenges faced by the pro-choice movement is crucial in the current context, as neighboring countries (Argentina and Colombia) recently legalized abortion following the pro-choice social movement dubbed “The Green Wave” (La Marea Verde). Furthermore, Brazil experienced a shift in political leadership and is facing mounting pressure from health practitioners, thus requiring a closer examination of pro-choice mobilizations. The study aims to contribute valuable insights that may inform strategies not only for Brazil but also for pro-choice movements globally, where the fight for reproductive rights remains a persistent and urgent issue.