References:

Adam, B. (1994a). 'Perceptions of Time', in: T. Ingold (ed.) Companion Encyclopedia of
Anthropology: Humanity, Culture and Social Life. London: Routledge.

Adam, B. (1994b). Time and Social Theory, Cambridge, Polity.
Anderson, B. (1991). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of
Nationalism. London: Verso.

Atak, I. (2018) "Safe Country of Origin: Constructing the Irregularity of Asylum Seekers in Canada." International Migration 56(6): 179.

Atak, I., Hudson, G., & Nakache, D. (2019). Policing Canada’s refugee system: A critical analysis of the Canada border services agency. International Journal of Refugee Law31(4), 464–491. https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/agispt.20200526030793

Bartelson, J. (1995). A Genealogy of Sovereignty (Cambridge Studies in International Relations) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511586385

Bélanger, D., & Candiz, G. (2020). The politics of “waiting” for care: immigration policy and family reunification in Canada. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 46(16), 3472– 3490. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2019.1592399

Bond, J., & Kwadrans, A. (2019). Resettling Refugees through Community Sponsorship: A Revolutionary Operational Approach Built on Traditional Legal Infrastructure. Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees, 35(2), 87–109. https://doi.org/10.7202/1064822ar

Boyce, G. A. (2020). Immigration, policing, and the politics of time. Geography Compass, 14(8). https://doi.org/10.1111/GEC3.12496

Boyd, M., & Alboim, N. (2012). Managing International Migration: The Canadian Case. Chapter 4 in Managing Immigration and Diversity in Canada: A Transatlantic Dialogue in the New Age of Migration, pp.123-150, McGill-Queen’s University Press, Queen’s Public
Policy Study Series.

Bures, O., Klvanova, R. and Stojanov, R. (2020), Strengths and Weaknesses of Canadian Express Entry System: Experts’ Perceptions. Population and Development Review, 46:
787-812. https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12354

Carens, J. H. (1987). Aliens and Citizens: The Case for Open Borders. The Review of Politics,
49(2), 251–273. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0034670500033817

Carling, J. (2017). On conjunctures in transnational lives: Linear time, relative mobility and
individual experience. Timespace and international migration (pp. 33-47) Edward Elgar Publishing. doi:10.4337/9781786433237.00008

Chen, Xi., Thorpe, S. (2015). “Temporary Families? Neoliberal Regime of Immigration Governance and Family Reunification Policy Changes in Canada.” Migration, Mobility, and Displacement 1(1): pp.81 –
98. http://journals.uvic.ca/index.php/mmd/issue/view/786/showToc

Cockram, L., Veronis, L., Gabriel, C., Mesana, V. (2021), “Structures of Governance and the Role of Canada’s Federal Government in Immigration and Settlement.”

Cohen, E. (2011), “Reconsidering US Immigration Reform: The Temporal Principle of Citizenship,” Perspectives on Politics 9, no. 3 575–83.
Cohen, E. (2018). The Political Value of Time: Citizenship, Duration, and Democratic Justice

Cwerner, S. (2001). 'The Times of Migration', Ethnic and Racial Studies 27 (1).

Ellermann, A., & Gorokhovskaia, Y. (2020). The impermanence of permanence: The rise of probationary immigration in canada. International Migration, 58(6), 45-60. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12645

Ellermann, A. (2021). The Making of Canadian Immigration Policy: Explaining Economic and Family Admissions. In The Comparative Politics of Immigration: Policy Choices in Germany, Canada, Switzerland, and the United States (pp. 194–267). chapter, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Elrick, J. (2022). Bureaucratic implementation practices and the making of Canada’s merit-based immigration policy. in The Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 48:1, pp.110-
128, DOI: 10.1080/1369183X.2020.1817731

Franklin, D. (2015). The Parent and Grandparent Sponsorship Program Reforms: The Consequence of a Neoliberal Shift (Working paper No. 2015/15), Toronto, ON (RCIS) – Ryerson Centre for Immigration and Resettlement.

Government of Canada (2017). Changes to Regulations Will See Age Increased for Dependent Child. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees citizenship/news/2017/05/changestoregulationswillseeageincreasedfordependentchild.html

Government of Canada (2021) Canada expands resettlement program to bring more Afghans to safety. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/news/2021/08/canada-expands-resettlement-program-to-bring-more-afghans-to-safety.html


Government of Canada (2022). Notice – Supplementary Information for the 2023-2025 Immigration Levels Plan. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees
citizenship/news/notices/supplementary-immigration-levels-2023-2025.html

Government of Canada (2024a) How Express Entry Works. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/immigrate-canada/express-entry/works.html

Government of Canada (2024b). Comprehensive Ranking System (CRS) tool: skilled immigrants
(Express Entry). https://ircc.canada.ca/english/immigrate/skilled/crs-tool.asp

Government of Canada (2024c). Ministerial Instructions respecting invitations to apply for
permanent residence under the Express Entry system #.
https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/mandate/policies- operational-instructions-agreements/ministerial-instructions/express-entry- rounds/invitations.html.

Government of Canada, (2024d). Create an Express Entry profile: Rounds of invitations. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/immigrate-canada/express-entry/submit-profile/rounds-invitations.html

Government of Canada. (2024e) Eligibility for Express Entry programs: Who can apply for the Canadian Experience Class. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees- citizenship/services/immigrate-canada/express-entry/eligibility/canadian-experience- class.html

Government of Canada. (2024f). Eligibility for Express Entry programs: Who can apply as a Federal Skilled Worker. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees- citizenship/services/immigrate-canada/express-entry/eligibility/federal-skilled- workers.html

Government of Canada. (2024g). Eligibility for Express Entry Programs: Who can apply as a Federal Trades Worker. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees- citizenship/services/immigrate-canada/express-entry/eligibility/skilled-trades.html

Government of Canada (2024i) Sponsor Your Family Members. Sponsor your spouse, common- law partner, conjugal partner, or dependent child – Complete Guide (IMM 5289). https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees- citizenship/services/application/application-forms-guides/guide-5289-sponsor-your- spouse-common-law-partner-conjugal-partner-dependent-child-complete-guide.html

Government of Canada, (2024j). Guide 5772 – Application to Sponsor Parents and Grandparents. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees- citizenship/services/application/application-forms-guides/guide-5772-application- sponsor-parents-grandparents.html#overview

Government of Canada. (2024k). IRCC applications at a glance: inventories and backlogs
https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/mandate/stronger-immigration-system.html

Government of Canada. (2024l) Super visa for parents and grandparents. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/visit-canada/parent-grandparent-super-visa/eligibility.html

Government of Canada. (2024m). Support your relatives: who you can sponsor. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/immigrate-canada/family-sponsorship/other-relatives/eligibility.html

Government of Canada (2024n) Guide to the Private Sponsorship of Refugees Program. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/publications- manuals/guide-private-sponsorship-refugees-program.html

Green, A., Green, D (1999). The Economic Goals of Canada's Immigration Policy, Past and Present, Canadian Public Policy, 25, issue 4, pp. 425-451

Green, A. G., & Green, D. (2004). The Goals of Canada’s Immigration Policy: A Historical Perspective. Canadian Journal of Urban Research, 13(1), 102–139. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44320798

Griffiths, M. (2013). Frenzied, Decelerating and Suspended: The Temporal Uncertainties of Failed Asylum Seekers and Immigration Detainees.

Griffiths, M. (2014). Out of Time: The Temporal Uncertainties of Refused Asylum Seekers and Immigration Detainees. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 40(12), 1991–2009.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2014.907737

Hamlin, R. (2012). International Law and Administrative Insulation: A Comparison of Refugee Status Determination Regimes in the United States, Canada, and Australia. Law& Social Inquiry, 37(4), 933–968. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.2012.01292.x

Harvey, D. (1989) ‘Time-Space Compression and the Postmodern Condition’, in D. Harvey (ed.) The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 284-307

Hassan, R. (2010) ‘Globalization and the “Temporal Turn”’: Recent Trends and Issues in Time Studies.’ The Korean Journal of Policy Studies. 25(2): 83–102

Hiebert, D. (2019) The Canadian Express Entry System for Selecting Economic Migrants:
Progress and Persistent Challenges. Migration Policy Institute.

Bures, O., Klvanova, R. and Stojanov, R. (2020), Strengths and Weaknesses of Canadian Express Entry System: Experts’ Perceptions. Population and Development Review, 46: 787-812. https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12354

Howlett, M., & Goetz, K. H. (2014). Introduction: time, temporality and timescapes in administration and policy. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 80(3), 477-492.

Howlett, M. and Mukherjee, I. (2017), Policy design: From tools to patches. Can Public Admin, 60: 140-144. https://doi.org/10.1111/capa.12209 IRCC. (2019). Privately Sponsored Refugees (PSR) Annual Data Summary. Annual Report 2019.

Kamran, N. (2023). Private Refugee Sponsorship in Canada: Sharing the Lessons of a Good Practice, KNOMAD Paper 49.

Korteweg, A., Labman, S., & Macklin, A. (2023). Humanitarian bargains: private refugee sponsorship and the limits of humanitarian reason. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 49(15), 3958–3975. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2245149

Kaushal, A. (2019). “Do the Means Change the Ends? Express Entry and Economic access to justice for immigration detainees in Canada.” Immigration in Canada,”Dalhousie Law Journal 42 (83-1)

Kelley, N. & Trebilcock, M.. (2010). The making of the Mosaic: A history of Canadian immigration policy, second edition.

Miller, M. (2022). 2023 Annual Report to Parliament on Immigration. Immigration Citizenship Refugees Canada (Report No. ISSN 1706-3329). Retrieved from the Government of

Labman, S., Cameron, G. (Eds.). (2020). Strangers to Neighbours: Refugee Sponsorship in Context (Vol. 3). McGill-Queen’s University Press.
https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv176ktqs

Larsen, M. (2014). Indefinitely pending: Security certificates and permanent temporariness. In Leah F. Vosko, Valerie Preston & Robert Latham (Eds.), Liberating temporariness? (pp. 76). MQUP

Lipskey, M. (1980). Street Level Bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Services. Russell Sage Foundation.http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 10.7758/9781610447713

Mahboubi, P. (2024). Quality Over Quantity: How Canada’s Immigration System Can Catch Up
With Its Competitors. SSRN Electronic Journal. 10.2139/ssrn.4741072.

Mohamadien, M., Javdani, M., Heroux-Legault, M. (2024). Public Attitudes Toward Immigration in Canada: Decreased Support and Increased Political Polarization: Working paper. Utah, USA – Centre for Growth and Opportunity at Utah State University

Missbach, A., McNevin, A. (2018). Luxury limbo: temporal techniques of border control and the humanitarianisation of waiting. International Journal of Migration and Border Studies. 4. 12. 10.1504/IJMBS.2018.10012229.

Okeke-Ihejirika, P., Yohani, S., Salami, B., & Rzeszutek, N. (2020). Canada’s Sub-Saharan African migrants: A scoping review. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 79, 191–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2020.10.001

Pötzschke, S., & Rinken, S. (2022). Migration Research in a Digitized World : Using Innovative Technology to Tackle Methodological Challenges. Springer International Publishing AG

Paquet, M., & Boucher, A. (2022) The Politics of Administrative Immigration Backlogs. [Paper presentation] American Political Science Association General Meeting,Montreal, QC, Canada.

Paquet, M. (2019a). Province Building and the Federalization of Immigration in Canada /Mireille Paquet. University of Toronto Press,. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781487513092

Paquet, M. (2019b). “Selection, Humanitarism, and Performance: Trudeau’s Immigration Promises.” In Assessing Justin Trudeau’s Liberal Government: 353 Promises and a Mandate for Change, edited by Lisa Birch and François Pétry. Vancouver: UBC Press 115-128.

Pierson, P. (2004). Politics in Time: History, Institutions, and Social Analysis. Princeton University Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7sgkg

Pierce, P., & Siddikki, S., & Jones, M., & Schumacher, K., & Pattison, A., & Peterson, H. (2014). Social Construction and Policy Design: A Review of Past Applications. Policy Studies Journal. 42. 10.1111/psj.12040

Ramos, H., & Haan, M. (2022). How Canada’s Data Ecosystem Offers Insights on the Options for Studying Migration in an Unprecedented Era of Information.https://doi.org/ 10.1007/978-3-031-01319-5_8.

Reneman, M., & Stronks, M. (2021). What are they waiting for? The use of acceleration and deceleration in asylum procedures by the Dutch Government. Time & Society, 30(3), 302–331. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X211006053

Robertson, S. (2019). Migrant, interrupted: The temporalities of ‘staggered’ migration from asia to australia. Current Sociology, 67(2), 169-185. doi:10.1177/0011392118792920

Rotter, R. (2016). Waiting in the asylum determination process: Just an empty interlude? Time & Society, 25(1), 80 101.https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X15613654

Sætermo, T. F. (2018). Migration across intersecting temporalities: Venezuelan migrants and ‘Readiness’ in montreal. Migration, temporality, and capitalism (pp. 141-159). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72781-3_8

Sakamoto, I., Jeypal, D., Bhuyan, R., Ku, J., Fang, L., Zhang, H., & Genovese, F. (2013). An overview of discourses of skilled immigrants and “Canadian experience”: An English-language print media analysis (Working paper No. 98). Toronto, ON: CERIS – The
Ontario Metropolis Centre.

Sabchev, T., & Hennessey, I. (2024). The Causes and Consequences of Administrative Burdens in the Canadian Private Sponsorship of Refugees Program. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2024.2327559

Scheuerman, W.E. (2009). 'Citizenship and speed', in: H. Rosa & W. E. Scheuerman (eds.) High-Speed Society: Social Acceleration, Power, and Modernity. Penn State University Press.

Schneider, A.L., & Ingram, H.M. (1993). Social Construction of Target Populations: Implications for Politics and Policy. American Political Science Review,87, pp. 334 –347.

Schneider, A.L., & Ingram, H.M. (2017). Framing the target in policy formulation: the importance of social constructions: Handbook of Policy Formation. Social and Political Science, 19, pp. 320-336

Tabboni, S. (2001). The Idea of Social Time in Norbert Elias. Time & Society, 10(1), 5–27.

Taylor, M. C. (1973). Time’s Struggle with Space: Kierkegaard’s Understanding of Temporality. The Harvard Theological Review, 66(3), 311 329.http://www.jstor.org/stable/1509004

Turnbull, S. (2016). “Stuck in the middle”: Waiting and uncertainty in immigrationdetention. Time & Society, 25(1), 61–79. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X15604518

Weber, M., & Roth, G. (1978). Economy and society: an outline of interpretive sociology. Berkeley, University of California Press.

VanderPlaat, M., Ramos, H. & Yoshida, Y. (2013). What do Sponsored Parents and Grandparents Contribute? Canadian Ethnic Studies, 44(3), 79-96.

Zuboff, S. (2019). The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. New York: Hachette Book Group.