References:

Aboshosha, H., Bitsuamlak, G., el Damatty, A., 2015a. Turbulence characterization of downbursts using LES. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 136, 44–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2014.10.020.
Aboshosha, H., Elshaer, A., Bitsuamlak, G.T., el Damatty, A., 2015b. Consistent inflow turbulence generator for LES evaluation of wind-induced responses for tall buildings. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 142, 198–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2015.04.004.
Abu-Zidan, Y., & Nguyen, K., 2023. A machine learning approach for calibrating ABL profiles in large-eddy simulations. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 232, 105277. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2022.105277
AIAA, 1998. Guide for the verification and validation of computational fluid dynamics simulations, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, AIAA, Reston, VA (AIAA-G-077-1998).
Al-Chalabi, R., Elshaer, A., & Aboshosha, H., 2024. Enhancing LES efficacy in wind load evaluation of low-rise buildings using synthesized inflow turbulence. Journal of Building Engineering, 95, 110233. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JOBE.2024.110233
Alminhana, G.W., Braun, A.L., Loredo-Souza, A.M., 2018. A numerical-experimental investigation on the aerodynamic performance of CAARC building models with geometric modifications. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 180, 34–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2018.07.001.
Architectural Institute of Japan, 2016. AIJ Benchmarks for Validation of CFD Simulations Applied to Pedestrian Wind Environment around Buildings, Architectural Institute of Japan. ISBN978-4-8189-5001-6. https://www.aij.or.jp/eng/publish/index_ddonly.htm.
Architectural Institute of Japan. https://www.aij.or.jp/jpn/publish/cfdguide/index.htm. (Retrieved 2023.07.07)
AIJ-2019. AIJ Recommendations for Loads on Buildings, 2015. Architectural Institute of Japan., March 25, 2019, ISBN978-4-8189-5003-0.
ASCE/SEI 49-21, 2022. Wind Tunnel Testing for Buildings and Other Structures, American Society of Civil Engineers. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784415740.
Asmerom, H., Filmon, H., Gan, C. A., & DongHun, Y., 2014. Comparisons of Two Wind Tunnel Pressure Databases and Partial Validation against Full-Scale Measurements. Journal of Structural Engineering, 140(10), 04014065. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001001
Barlow, J.F., 2013. The wind that shakes the buildings: wind engineering from a boundary layer meteorology perspective, in: Fifty Years of Wind Engineering: Prestige Lectures from the Sixth European and African Conference on Wind Engineering, Owen J.S. et al. (Eds.), University of Birmingham, UK.
Barlow, J.F., 2014. Progress in observing and modelling the urban boundary layer. Urban Climate, 10, 216–240.
Bervida, M., Patruno, L., Stanič, S., de Miranda, S., 2020. Synthetic generation of the atmospheric boundary layer for wind loading assessment using spectral methods Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 196, 104040. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2019.104040.
Blocken, B., 2014. 50 years of computational wind engineering: Past, present and future. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 129, 69–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2014.03.008.
Blocken, B., 2015. Computational Fluid Dynamics for urban physics: Importance, scales, possibilities, limitations and ten tips and tricks towards accurate and reliable simulations. Building and Environment, 91, 219–245.
Blocken, B., Stathopoulos, T., Carmeliet, J., 2007. CFD simulation of the atmospheric boundary layer: wall function problems. Atmospheric Environment 41(2), 238–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ATMOSENV.2006.08.019.
Bruno, L., Coste, N., Mannini, C., Mariotti, A., Patruno, L., Schito, P., & Vairo, G., 2023. Codes and standards on computational wind engineering for structural design: State of art and recent trends. Wind and Structures, 37(2), 133-151. https://doi.org/10.12989/WAS.2023.37.2.133

Buffa, E., Jacob, J., Sagaut, P., 2021. Lattice-Boltzmann-based large-eddy simulation of high-rise building aerodynamics with inlet turbulence reconstruction Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 212, 104560. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2021.104560.
Canadian Commission on Building and Fire Codes. ‘National Building Code of Canada: 2020’. National Research Council of Canada, 28 March 2022. https://doi.org/10.4224/w324-hv93.
Cao, Y., Tamura, T., Kawai, H., 2019. Investigation of wall pressures and surface flow patterns on a wall-mounted square cylinder using very high-resolution Cartesian mesh. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 188, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2019.02.013.
Castro, H.G., Paz, R.R., 2013. A time and space correlated turbulence synthesis method for Large Eddy Simulations. Journal of Computational Physics, 235, 742–763. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCP.2012.10.035.
CEDVAL, 2006. Compilation of Experimental Data for Validation of Microscale Dispersion Models. <https://mi-pub.cen.uni-hamburg.de/index.php?id=433> (retrieved 2022.12.13).
Celik, I. B., Cehreli, Z. N., & Yavuz, I., 2005. Index of Resolution Quality for Large Eddy Simulations. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 127(5), 949–958. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1990201
Cermak, J.E., 1975. Applications of fluid mechanics to wind engineering – A Freeman Scholar Lecture. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 97(1), 9–38.
Chavez, M., Baskaran, A., Aldoum, M., Stathopoulos, T., Geleta, T. N., & Bitsuamlak, G. T., 2022. Wind loading on a low-slope gabled roof: Comparison of field measurements, wind tunnel data, and code provisions. Engineering Structures, 267, 114646. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.114646
Cheng, Y., Lien, F.S., Yee, E., Sinclair, R., 2003. A comparison of large Eddy simulations with a standard k-ε Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes model for the prediction of a fully developed turbulent flow over a matrix of cubes. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 91(11), 1301–1328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2003.08.001.
Ciarlatani, M. F., Huang, Z., Philips, D., & Gorlé, C., 2023. Investigation of peak wind loading on a high-rise building in the atmospheric boundary layer using large-eddy simulations. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 236, 105408. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2023.105408
Daniels, S., Xie, Z.-T., 2022. Overview of large-eddy simulation for wind loading on slender structures. Engineering and Computational Mechanics, 175(2), 41–71. https://doi.org/10.1680/jencm.18.00028.
Daniels, S.J., Castro, I.P., Xie, Z.T., 2013. Peak loading and surface pressure fluctuations of a tall model building. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 120, 19–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2013.06.014.
Davenport, A., 1960. Rationale for determining design wind velocities. ASCE Journal of the Structural Division. 86, 39–68.
Davenport, A.G., 1961. The spectrum of horizontal gustiness near the ground in high winds. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 87(372), 194–211. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49708737208.
Delaunay, D., Lakehal, D., Pierrat, D., 1995. Numerical approach for wind loads prediction on buildings and structures Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 57(2–3), 307–321.
Dhamankar, N. S., & Blaisdell, G. A., 2018. Overview of Turbulent Inflow Boundary Conditions for Large-Eddy Simulations. AIAA JOURNAL, 56(4). https://doi.org/10.2514/1.J055528
Di Sabatino, S., Buccolieri, R., Olesen, H.R., Ketzel, M., Berkowicz, R., Franke, J., Schatzmann, M.K., Schlunzen, H., Leitl, B., Britter, R., Borrego, C., Margari, A., 2011. COST 732 in practice: the MUST model evaluation exercise. International Journal of Environment and Pollution, 44, 403–418.
Elkhoury, M., 2016. Assessment of turbulence models for the simulation of turbulent flows past bluff bodies. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 154, 10–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2016.03.011.
Elshaer, A., Aboshosha, H., Bitsuamlak, G., el Damatty, A., & Dagnew, A., 2016. LES evaluation of wind-induced responses for an isolated and a surrounded tall building. Engineering Structures, 115, 179–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGSTRUCT.2016.02.026
Emil Simiu, DongHun Yeo, Wind Effects on Structures, Fourth Edition, ©2019 John Wiley Sons Ltd
ESDU, 1993. Characteristics of atmospheric turbulence near the ground, Part II: single point data for strong winds (neutral atmosphere), Item No. 85020.
Feng, C., Gu, M., Zheng, D., 2019. Numerical simulation of wind effects on super high-rise buildings considering wind veering with height based on CFD. Journal of Fluid and Structures, 91, 102715. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JFLUIDSTRUCTS.2019.102715.
Fernando, H.J.S., 2010. Fluid dynamics of urban atmospheres in complex terrain. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 42, 365–389.
Fernando, H.J.S., Zajiic, D., Di Sabatino, S., Dimitrova, R., Hedquist, B., Dallman, A., 2010. Flow, turbulence and pollutant dispersion in urban atmospheres. Physics of Fluids, 22, 051301-1-20.
Ferziger, J.H., Peric M., 2002. Computational Methods for Fluid Dynamics, third ed. Springer-Verlag, ISBN 3-540-42074-6.
Gavanski, E., Gurley, K. R., & Kopp, G. A., 2016. Uncertainties in the Estimation of Local Peak Pressures on Low-Rise Buildings by Using the Gumbel Distribution Fitting Approach. Journal of Structural Engineering, 142(11), 4016106. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001556
Geleta, T. N., & Bitsuamlak, G., 2022. Validation metrics and turbulence frequency limits for LES-based wind load evaluation for low-rise buildings. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 231, 105210. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2022.105210
Germano M., Piomelli U., Moin P., et al., 1991. A dynamic subgrid-scale eddy viscosity model. Physics of Fluids, A 3 (3), 1760–1765.
Gimenez, J.M., Bre, F., 2019. Optimization of RANS turbulence models using genetic algorithms to improve the prediction of wind pressure coefficients on low-rise buildings. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 193, 103978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2019.103978.
Gorlé, C., van Beeck, J., Rambaud, P., van Tendeloo, G., 2009. CFD modelling of small particle dispersion: the influence of the turbulent kinetic energy in the atmospheric boundary layer. Atmospheric Environment, 43, 673–681.
Gough, H., King, M.F., Nathan, P., Grimmond, C.S.B., Robins, A., Noakes, C.J., Luo, Z., Barlow, J.F., 2019. Influence of neighbouring structures on building façade pressures: Comparison between full-scale, wind-tunnel, CFD and practitioner guidelines Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 189, 22–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2019.03.011.
Gousseau, P., Blocken, B., & van Heijst, G. J. F., 2013. Quality assessment of Large-Eddy Simulation of wind flow around a high-rise building: Validation and solution verification. Computers & Fluids, 79, 120–133. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compfluid.2013.03.006
Guichard, R., 2019. Assessment of an improved Random Flow Generation method to predict unsteady wind pressures on an isolated building using Large-Eddy Simulation. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 189, 304–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2019.04.006
Guillas, S., Glover, N., Malki-Epshtein, L., 2014. Bayesian calibration of the constants of the k–ε turbulence model for a CFD model of street canyon flow. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 279, 536–553.
Harms, F., Leitl, B., Schatzmann, M., Patnaik, G., 2011. Validating LES-based flow and dispersion models. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 99(4), 289–295.
Hertwig, D., Leitl, B., Schatzmann, M., 2011. Organized turbulent structures: Link between experimental data and LES. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 99(4), 296–307.
Hirsch, C., 2006. The development of a framework for CFD validation and best practice: The QNET-CFD knowledge base. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, 19(2), 105–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1000-9361(11)60290-2.
Hu, J., Xuan, H.B., Kwok, K.C.S., Zhang, Y., Yu, Y., 2018. Study of wind flow over a 6 m cube using improved delayed detached Eddy simulation. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 179, 463–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2018.07.003.
Huang, S.H., Li, Q.S., Wu, J.R., 2010. A general inflow turbulence generator for large eddy simulation. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 98(10–11), 600–617. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2010.06.002.
Irtaza, H., Beale, R.G., Godley, M.H.R., Jameel, A., 2013. Comparison of wind pressure measurements on Silsoe experimental building from full-scale observation, wind-tunnel experiments and various CFD techniques. International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 5. 28–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijest.v5i1.3.
Jarrin, N., Benhamadouche, S., Laurence, D., & Prosser, R., 2006. A synthetic-eddy-method for generating inflow conditions for large-eddy simulations. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 27(4), 585–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJHEATFLUIDFLOW.2006.02.006
Jayakumari, A. K. R., Gillmeier, S., Ricci, A., Guichard, R., & Blocken, B., 2023. Scaling effects on experimentally obtained pressures on an idealized building: Possible implications towards asbestos containment. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 239, 105442. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2023.105442
Jeong, J., & Hussain, F., 1995. On the identification of a vortex. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 285, 69–94. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112095000462
Khaled, M. F., & Aly, A. M., 2022. Assessing aerodynamic loads on low-rise buildings considering Reynolds number and turbulence effects: a review. Advances in Aerodynamics, 4(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42774-022-00114-0
Kim, J., Hangan, H., 2007. Numerical simulations of impinging jets with application to downbursts. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 95(4), 279–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2006.07.002.
Kim, Y., Castro, I. P., & Xie, Z. T., 2013. Divergence-free turbulence inflow conditions for large-eddy simulations with incompressible flow solvers. Computers and Fluids, 84, 56–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPFLUID.2013.06.001
Klein, M., Sadiki, A., & Janicka, J., 2003. A digital filter based generation of inflow data for spatially developing direct numerical or large eddy simulations. Journal of Computational Physics, 186(2), 652–665. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9991(03)00090-1
Kondo, K., Murakami, S., & Mochida, A., 1997. Generation of velocity fluctuations for inflow boundary condition of LES. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 67–68, 51–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(97)00062-7
Lamberti, G., García-Sánchez, C., Sousa, J., Gorlé, C., 2018. Optimizing turbulent inflow conditions for large-eddy simulations of the atmospheric boundary layer. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 177, 32–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2018.04.004.
Lamberti, G., Gorlé, C., 2020. Sensitivity of LES predictions of wind loading on a high-rise building to the inflow boundary condition. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 206, 104370. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2020.104370.
Lamberti, G., Gorlé, C., 2021. A multi-fidelity machine learning framework to predict wind loads on buildings. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 214, 104647. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2021.104647.
Lettau, H., 1969. Note on Aerodynamic Roughness-Parameter Estimation on the Basis of Roughness-Element Description. Journal of Applied Meteorology (1962-1982), 8(5), 828–832. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26174682
Lim, H.C., Thomas, T.G., Castro, I.P., 2009. Flow around a cube in a turbulent boundary layer: LES and experiment. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 97(2), 96–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2009.01.001.
Lund, T. S., Wu, X., & Squires, K. D., 1998. Generation of Turbulent Inflow Data for Spatially-Developing Boundary Layer Simulations. Journal of Computational Physics, 140(2), 233–258. https://doi.org/10.1006/JCPH.1998.5882
Luo, Y., Liu, H., Huang, Q., Xue, H., Lin, K., 2017. A multi-scale synthetic eddy method for generating inflow data for LES. Computers and Fluids, 156, 103–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPFLUID.2017.06.017.
Melaku, A. F., & Bitsuamlak, G. T., 2024. Prospect of LES for predicting wind loads and responses of tall buildings: A validation study. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 244, 105613. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2023.105613
Melaku, A. F., Doddipatla, L. S., Bitsuamlak, G. T., 2022. Large-eddy simulation of wind loads on a roof-mounted cube: application for interpolation of experimental aerodynamic data. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 231, 105230. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2022.105230
Melaku, A.F., Bitsuamlak, G.T., 2021. A divergence-free inflow turbulence generator using spectral representation method for large-eddy simulation of ABL flows. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 212, 104580. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2021.104580.
Mochida, A., Iizuka, S., Tominaga, Y., Lun, I.Y.-F., 2011. Up-scaling CWE models to include mesoscale meteorological influences. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 99, 187–198.
Mochida, A., Murakami, S., Shoji, M., Ishida, Y., 1993. Numerical Simulation of flow field around Texas Tech Building by Large Eddy Simulation. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 46–47, 455–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(93)90312-C.
Mochida, A., Tabata, Y., Iwata, T., Yoshino, H., 2008. Examining tree canopy models for CFD prediction of wind environment at pedestrian level. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 96, 1667–1677.
Mochida, A., Tominaga, Y., Murakami, S., Yoshie, R., Ishihara, T., Ooka, R., 2002. Comparison of various k-ε models and DSM applied to flow around a high-rise building. Wind and Structures, 5, 227–244.
Moen, A., Mauri, L., Narasimhamurthy, V.D., 2019. Comparison of k-ε models in gaseous release and dispersion simulations using the CFD code FLACS. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 130, 306–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2019.08.016.
Morrison, M. J., & Kopp, G. A., 2018. Effects of turbulence intensity and scale on surface pressure fluctuations on the roof of a low-rise building in the atmospheric boundary layer. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 183, 140–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2018.10.017
Murakami, S., 1990. Computational wind engineering. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 36, 517–538.
Murakami, S., 1993. Comparison of various turbulence models applied to a bluff body. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 46-47, 21–36.
Murakami, S., 1997. Current status and future trends in computational wind engineering. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 67 & 68, 3–34.
Murakami, S., Mochida, A., Hayashi, Y., 1990. Examining the k-ε model by means of a wind tunnel test and large-eddy simulation of the turbulence structure around a cube. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 35, 87–100.
Murakami, S., Mochida, A., Hayashi, Y., Sakamoto, S., 1992. Numerical study on velocity-pressure field and wind forces for bluff bodies by k-e, ASM and LES. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 41–44, 2841–2852.
Murakami. S., Mochida, A., Ooka, R., Kato, Iizuka, S., 1996. Numerical prediction of flow around a building with various turbulence models - Comparison of k-ε EVM, ASM, DSM, and LES with wind tunnel tests. ASHRAE Transactions, 102 (Part1), 741–753.
Nicoud, F., & Ducros, F., 1999. Subgrid-Scale Stress Modelling Based on the Square of the Velocity Gradient Tensor. Flow, Turbulence and Combustion (Vol. 62).
Nicoud, F., Ducros, F., 1999. Subgrid-scale stress modelling based on the square of the velocity gradient tensor. Flow, Turbulence and Combustion, 62, 183–200.
NIST, 2003. <https://www.nist.gov/el/materials-and-structural-systems-division-73100/nist-aerodynamic-database> (retrieved 2022.12.13)
Nozawa, K., & Tamura, T., 2002. Large eddy simulation of the flow around a low-rise building immersed in a rough-wall turbulent boundary layer. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 90(10), 1151–1162. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(02)00228-3
Nozawa, K., 2003. Numerical prediction of pressure on a high-rise building immersed in a turbulent boundary layer using LES. Proc. Annual Meeting of JACWE 95. https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1572824500080232448.
Nozu, T., Tamura, T., Takeshi, K., Akira, K., 2015. Mesh-adaptive LES for wind load estimation of a high-rise building in a city. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 144, 62–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2015.05.007.
Oberkampf, W.L., Trucano, T.G., 2002. Verification and validation in computational fluid dynamics. Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 38(3), 209–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-0421(02)00005-2.
Oberkampf, W.L., Trucano, T.G., Hirsch, C., 2004. Verification, validation, and predictive capability in computational engineering and physics. Applied Mechanics Reviews, 57(5), 345–384.
Oke, T.R., 1987. Boundary layer climates, 2nd ed. Routledge, London, 435 pp.
Ong, R.H., Patruno, L., Yeo, D., He, Y., Kwok, K.C.S., 2020. Numerical simulation of wind-induced mean and peak pressures around a low-rise structure. Engineering Structures, 214, 110583. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGSTRUCT.2020.110583.
Ono, Y., Tamura, T., Kataoka, H., 2008. LES analysis of unsteady characteristics of conical vortex on a flat roof. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 96(10–11), 2007–2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2008.02.021.
Papp, B., Kristóf, G., Gromke, C., 2021. Application and assessment of a GPU-based LES method for predicting dynamic wind loads on buildings. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 217, 104739. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2021.104739.
Parente, A., Gorlé, C., van Beeck, J., Benocci, C., 2011. Improved k-ε model and wall function formulation for the RANS simulation of ABL flows. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 99(4), 267–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2010.12.017.
Paterson, D.A., 1993. Predicting r.m.s. pressures from computed velocities and mean pressures. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 46–47, 431–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(93)90309-C.
Patruno, L., & de Miranda, S., 2020. Unsteady inflow conditions: A variationally based solution to the insurgence of pressure fluctuations. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 363, 112894. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CMA.2020.112894
Patruno, L., & Ricci, M., 2018. A systematic approach to the generation of synthetic turbulence using spectral methods. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 340, 881–904. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CMA.2018.06.028
Peng, X., Yang, L., Gavanski, E., Gurley, K., & Prevatt, D., 2014. A comparison of methods to estimate peak wind loads on buildings. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 126, 11–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2013.12.013
Piringer, M., Joffre, S., Baklanov, A., 2007. The surface energy balance and the mixing height in urban areas—activities and recommendations of COST-Action 715. Boundary Layer Meteorology, 124, 3–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-007-9170-0.
Poletto, R., Craft, T., & Revell, A., 2013. A new divergence free synthetic eddy method for the reproduction of inlet flow conditions for les. Flow, Turbulence and Combustion, 91(3), 519–539. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10494-013-9488-2
Pope, S. B., 2000. Turbulent Flows. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511840531
Porté-Agel, F., Wu, Y. T., Lu, H., & Conzemius, R. J., 2011. Large-eddy simulation of atmospheric boundary layer flow through wind turbines and wind farms. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 99(4), 154–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2011.01.011
Potsis, T., Stathopoulos, T., 2022. A Novel Computational Approach for an Improved Expression of the Spectral Content in the Lower Atmospheric Boundary Layer. Buildings 12(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060788.
Potsis, T., Tominaga, Y., & Stathopoulos, T., 2023. Computational wind engineering: 30 years of research progress in building structures and environment. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 234, 105346. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2023.105346
Potsis, T., & Stathopoulos, T., 2024. Wind induced peak pressures on low-rise building roofs via dynamic terrain computational methodology. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 245, 105630. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2023.105630
Potsis, T., Ricci, A., & Stathopoulos, T., 2024. On the reliability of the dynamic terrain method to generate ABL winds for environmental applications. Meccanica. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11012-024-01810-5
Potsis, Theodore and Stathopoulos, Ted, Evaluation of Wind Flow and Structural Loads by the Dynamic Terrain Approach (June 2, 2024b). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4944018 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4944018
Potsis, T. and Stathopoulos, T. 2024c, Design criteria for wind loads on buildings in Canada: Review of current Code provisions, wind tunnel data and CFD results, CSCE 2024, Conference Proceedings
Potsis. T., 2024. “DTv1.0” Github. https://github.com/tpotsis/DTv1.0 (accessed Oct. 14, 2024)
Ricci, M., Patruno, L., de Miranda, S., 2017. Wind loads and structural response: Benchmarking LES on a low-rise building. Engineering Structures,144, 26–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGSTRUCT.2017.04.027.
Ricci, M., Patruno, L., Kalkman, I., de Miranda, S., Blocken, B., 2018. Towards LES as a design tool: Wind loads assessment on a high-rise building. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 180, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2018.07.009.
Richards, P. J., & Hoxey, R. P., 1992. Computational and wind tunnel modelling of mean wind loads on the Silsoe structures building. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 43(1–3), 1641–1652. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(92)90574-T
Richards, P. J., & Hoxey, R. P., 2012. Pressures on a cubic building—Part 1: Full-scale results. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 102, 72–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2011.11.004
Richards, P., Norris, S., 2015. LES modelling of unsteady flow around the Silsoe cube. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 144, 70–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2015.03.018.
Richards, P.J., Hoxey, R.P., 1993. Appropriate boundary conditions for computational wind engineering models using the k-ϵ turbulence model. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 46–47, 145–153. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(93)90124-7.
Richards, P.J., Norris, S.E., 2011. Appropriate boundary conditions for computational wind engineering models revisited. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 99(4), 257–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2010.12.008.
Robins, A.G., Hall, R., Cowan, I.R., Bartzis, J.G., Albergel, A., 2000. Evaluating modelling uncertainty in CFD predictions of building affected dispersion. International Journal of Environment and Pollution, 14, 52–64.
Rodi, W., 1997. Comparison of LES and RANS calculations of the flow around bluff bodies. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 69–71, 55–75.
Rotach, M.W., Vogt, R., Bernhofer, C., Batchvarova, E., Christen, A., Clappier, A., Feddersen, B., Gryning, S.-E., Martucci, G., Mayer. H., Mitev. V., Oke. T.R., Parlow. E., Richner. H., Roth. M., Roulet, Y.A., Ruffieux, D., Salmond, J., Schatzmann, M., Voogt, J.A., 2005. BUBBLE – an Urban Boundary Layer Meteorology Project. Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 81, 231–261.
Sagaut, P., 2006. Large Eddy Simulation for Incompressible Flows. https://doi.org/10.1007/b137536
Schatzmann, M., Olesen, H., Franke, J., 2010. Cost 732 Model Evaluation Case Studies: Approach and Results, COST Action 732, COST Office.
Scott, D., Goupil, J., Burton, M., Gorle, C., Kareem, A., Stathopoulos, T., and Young, B., 2023. Advancements in Computational Wind Engineering: Workshop Report. (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD), NIST Grant Contractor Report (GCR) NIST GCR 23-047. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.GCR.23-047
Selvam, R.P., 1992. Computation of pressures on Texas Tech Building. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 43(1–3), 1619–1627. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(92)90572-R.
Selvam, R.P., 1997. Computation of pressures on Texas Tech University building using large eddy simulation. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 67–68, 647–657. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(97)00107-4.
Shelley, E., Hubbard, E., & Zhang, W., 2023. Comparison and uncertainty quantification of roof pressure measurements using the NIST and TPU aerodynamic databases. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 232, 105246. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2022.105246
Shirzadi, M., Mirzaei, P.A., Tominaga, Y., 2020c. RANS model calibration using stochastic optimization for accuracy improvement of urban airflow CFD modeling. Journal of Building Engineering. 32, 101756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101756.
Smagorinsky J., 1963. General Circulation Experiments with the Primitive Equations: I. the Basic Experiment. Monthly Weather Review, 91(3), 99–164.
Smirnov, A., Shi, S., & Celik, I., 2001. Random Flow Generation Technique for Large Eddy Simulations and Particle-Dynamics Modeling. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 123(2), 359–371. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1369598
Solari, G., Burlando, M., Repetto, M.P., 2020. Detection, simulation, modelling and loading of thunderstorm outflows to design wind-safer and cost-efficient structures. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 200, 104142. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2020.104142.
Stathopoulos, T. (1984). Design and fabrication of a wind tunnel for building aerodynamics. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 16(2–3), 361–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(84)90018-7
Stathopoulos, T., & Surry, D., 1983. Scale effects in wind tunnel testing of low buildings. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 13(1–3), 313–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(83)90152-6
Stathopoulos, T., & Zhou, Y. S., 1993. Numerical simulation of wind-induced pressures on buildings of various geometries. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 46–47(C), 419–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(93)90308-B
Stathopoulos, T., 1997. Computational wind engineering: Past achievements and future challenges. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 67–68, 509–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(97)00097-4.
Stathopoulos, T., 2002. The numerical wind tunnel for industrial aerodynamics-Real or virtual in the new millennium? Wind and Structures, 5(2–4), 193–208.
Stathopoulos, T., Zhou, Y.S., 1993. Numerical simulation of wind-induced pressures on buildings of various geometries. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 46–47, 419–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(93)90308-B.
Stathopoulos, T., Zhou, Y.S., 1995. Numerical evaluation of wind pressures on flat roofs with the k-ε model. Building and Environment, 30(2), 267–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-1323(94)00038-T.
Stathopoulos, T., 2020, “Wind on the globe”, Lecture, BLDG 6071 Wind Engineering and Building Aerodynamics, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada.
Sun, L., Wu, J., & Tamura, Y., 2024. Large eddy simulation of aerodynamic wind pressure on a tall rectangular building by modified synthetic volume forcing method. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 247, 105697. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2024.105697
Tamura, T., 1999. Reliability on CFD estimation for wind-structure interaction problems. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 81(1–3), 117–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(99)00012-4.
Tamura, T., 2008. Towards practical use of LES in wind engineering. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 96(10–11), 1451–1471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2008.02.034.
Tamura, T., Kawai, H., Kawamoto, S., Nozawa, K., Sakamoto, S., Ohkuma, T., 1997. Numerical prediction of wind loading on buildings and structures — Activities of AIJ cooperative project on CFD. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 67–68, 671–685. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(97)00109-8.
Tamura, T., Nozawa, K., Kondo, K., 2008. AIJ guide for numerical prediction of wind loads on buildings. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 96(10–11), 1974–1984. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2008.02.020.
Thordal, M.S., Bennetsen, J.C., Capra, S., Koss, H.H.H., 2020a. Towards a standard CFD setup for wind load assessment of high-rise buildings: Part 1 – Benchmark of the CAARC building. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 205, 104283. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2020.104283.
Thordal, M.S., Bennetsen, J.C., Capra, S., Koss, H.H.H., 2020b. Engineering approach for a CFD inflow condition using the precursor database method. J. W. Ind. Aerod. 203, 104210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2020.104210.
Thordal, M.S., Bennetsen, J.C., Capra, S., Kragh, A.K., Koss, H.H.H., 2020c. Towards a standard CFD setup for wind load assessment of high-rise buildings: Part 2 – Blind test of chamfered and rounded corner high-rise buildings. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 205, 104282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2020.104282.
Tieleman, H. W., Reinhold, T. A., & Hajj, M. R., 1997. Importance of turbulence for the prediction of surface pressures on low-rise structures. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 69–71, 519–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(97)00182-7
Tokyo Polytechnic University, TPU Aerodynamic Database, 2013. <http://wind.arch.t-kougei.ac.jp/system/eng/contents/code/tpu> (retrieved 2022.12.13)
Tominaga, Y., Mochida, A., Murakami, S., &Sawaki, S., 2008a. Comparison of various revised k–ε models and LES applied to flow around a high-rise building model with 1:1:2 shape placed within the surface boundary layer. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 96(4), 389–411. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2008.01.004
Tominaga, Y., Mochida, A., Yoshie, R., Kataoka, H., Nozu, T., Yoshikawa, M., & Shirasawa, T., 2008b. AIJ guidelines for practical applications of CFD to pedestrian wind environment around buildings. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 96(10–11), 1749–1761. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2008.02.058
Tominaga, Y., Stathopoulos, T., 2009. Numerical simulation of dispersion around an isolated cubic building: Comparison of various types of k-ε models. Atmospheric Environment, 43, 3200–3210.
Tsuchiya, M., Murakami, S., Mochida, A., Kondo, K., Ishida, Y., 1997. Development of a new k-ε, model for flow and pressure fields around bluff body. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 67 & 68, 169–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(97)00071-8.
Vatistas G.., 2020, “Control volume of a fluid in incompressible flow conditions”, Lecture, ENGR 6201 Fluid Mechanics, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada,
Vasaturo, R., Kalkman, I., Blocken, B., & van Wesemael, P. J. V. 2018. Large eddy simulation of the neutral atmospheric boundary layer: performance evaluation of three inflow methods for terrains with different roughness. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 173, 241–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2017.11.025
Versteeg, H.K., Malalasekera, W., 2007. An introduction to computational fluid dynamics, Second ed. Pearson Education, ISBN: 978-0-13-127498-3.
von Kármán, T. (1948). Progress in the Statistical Theory of Turbulence*. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 34(11), 530–539. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.34.11.530
Vranešević, K.K., Vita, G., Bordas, S.P.A., Glumac, A.Š., 2022. Furthering knowledge on the flow pattern around high-rise buildings: LES investigation of the wind energy potential. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 226, 105029. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2022.105029.
Vranešević, K. K., & Glumac, A. Š., 2024. Peak pressures on high-rise buildings roof: A dual approach through validated LES and wind tunnel experiments with uncertainty quantification. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 250, 105784. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2024.105784
Wang, J., Li, C., Huang, S., Zheng, Q., Xiao, Y., & Ou, J., 2023. Large eddy simulation of turbulent atmospheric boundary layer flow based on a synthetic volume forcing method. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 233, 105326. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2023.105326
Wang, Y., & Chen, X., 2022. Evaluation of wind loads on high-rise buildings at various angles of attack by wall-modeled large-eddy simulation. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 229, 105160. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2022.105160
Wang, Y., Chen, X., 2020. Simulation of approaching boundary layer flow and wind loads on high-rise buildings by wall-modeled LES. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 207, 104410. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2020.104410.
Wang, Y., Vita, G., Fraga, B., Lyu, C., Wang, J., & Hemida, H., 2022. Influence of Turbulent Inlet Boundary Condition on Large Eddy Simulation Over a Flat Plate Boundary Layer. International Journal of Computational Fluid Dynamics, 36(3), 232–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/10618562.2022.2085255
Xing, J., 2023. Simulation of a ground-mounted prism in ABL flow using LES: on overview of error metrics and distribution. Advances in Aerodynamics, 5(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42774-023-00139-z
Xing, J., Patruno, L., Pozzuoli, C., Pedro, G., de Miranda, S., & Ubertini, F., 2022. Wind loads prediction using LES: Inflow generation, accuracy and cost assessment for the case of Torre Gioia 22. Engineering Structures, 262, 114292. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.114292
Yan, B. W., & Li, Q. S. 2015. Inflow turbulence generation methods with large eddy simulation for wind effects on tall buildings. Computers & Fluids, 116, 158–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPFLUID.2015.04.020
Yan, B., Yuan, Y., Ma, C., Dong, Z., Huang, H., Wang, Z., 2022. Modeling of downburst outflows and wind pressures on a high-rise building under different terrain conditions. J. Build. Eng. 48, 103738. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JOBE.2021.103738.
Yang, Y., Gu, M., Chen, S., Jin, X., 2009. New inflow boundary conditions for modelling the neutral equilibrium atmospheric boundary layer in computational wind engineering. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 97, 88–95.
Yoshie, R., Mochida, A., Tominaga, Y., Kataoka, H., Harimoto, K., Nozu, T., Shirasawa, T., 2007. Cooperative project for CFD prediction of pedestrian wind environment in the Architectural Institute of Japan. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 95(9-11), 1551–1578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2007.02.023.
Yu, Y., Yang, Y., Xie, Z., 2018. A new inflow turbulence generator for large eddy simulation evaluation of wind effects on a standard high-rise building. Build. Environ. 138, 300–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BUILDENV.2018.03.059.
Yu, J., Stathopoulos, T., & Li, M., 2023. Exposure factors and their specifications in current wind codes and standards. Journal of Building Engineering, 76, 107207. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JOBE.2023.107207