Nayel, Mennatallah (2025) Media Representation in Refugee Crises: A Comparative Analysis of Ukrainian and Palestinian Refugee Coverage in News Publications. Masters thesis, Concordia University.
Preview |
Text (application/pdf)
1MBNayel_MA_S2025.pdf - Accepted Version Available under License Spectrum Terms of Access. |
Abstract
This thesis examines the representation of Ukrainian and Palestinian refugees across three news outlets: CBC News, The New York Times, and Al Jazeera. Through a qualitative content analysis (QCA), the research draws on Stuart Hall's representation theory and Johan Galtung's peace journalism framework. While past studies documented how journalism has represented refugees fleeing war (Ajana et at., 2024; Greenbank, 2015; El-Nawawy & Elmasry, 2023; Hoffman & Hameleers, 2024; Elsamni, 2016), this research is motivated by a notable shift in 2022 when opinions positively changed in response to Ukrainians seeking refuge (Kapetanovic, 2022). The research also addresses the relative absence of scholarly attention to Palestinian refugees in news media. This is reflected in the analyzed sample articles where findings revealed significant disparities in news media representation. Ukrainian refugees were humanized through personal narratives, professional identities, and active agency in their lives and communities whereas Palestinian refugees were predominantly represented through statistics, collective representation, and limited agency. The study reveals a pattern of differential representation where Ukrainian refugees were depicted as educated contributors to society, in contrast to Palestinian refugees who were often framed as victims without individuality.
Additionally, the thesis highlights how the overall journalistic coverage of marginalized asylum seekers and refugees could be improved. It is important to note that the goal of this research is not to discredit the reporting on Ukrainian refugees. Instead, this thesis seeks to highlight the positive impacts such reporting may have had on the community while raising questions regarding the unequal coverage that communities in similar circumstances received. By identifying possible disparities in refugee representation, the research contributes to a more nuanced understanding of media representation and its effects.
| Divisions: | Concordia University > Faculty of Arts and Science > Journalism |
|---|---|
| Item Type: | Thesis (Masters) |
| Authors: | Nayel, Mennatallah |
| Institution: | Concordia University |
| Degree Name: | M.A. |
| Program: | Digital Innovation in Journalism Studies |
| Date: | 30 March 2025 |
| Thesis Supervisor(s): | David, Secko |
| Keywords: | Refugees, Asylum Seekers, Al Jazeera, CBC, The New York Times, Qualitative Content Analysis |
| ID Code: | 995297 |
| Deposited By: | Mennatallah Nayel |
| Deposited On: | 17 Jun 2025 16:57 |
| Last Modified: | 17 Jun 2025 16:57 |
References:
Ajana, B., Connell, H., & Liddle, T. (2024). "It could have been us": Media frames and the coverage of Ukrainian, Afghan and Syrian refugee crisis. SN Social Sciences, 4(7). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-024-00943-4Greenbank, E. (2015). Othering and voice: How media framing denies refugees integration opportunities. Open Access Te Herenga Waka-Victoria University of Wellington. https://doi.org/10.25455/wgtn.16967710.v1
El-Nawawy, M., & Elmasry, M. H. (2024). Worthy and unworthy refugees: Framing the Ukrainian and Syrian refugee crises in elite American newspapers. Journalism Practice, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2024.2308527
Hoffmann, L. B., & Hameleers, M. (2024). Unequal framing in times of hardship? How newspapers from Germany, Spain, the United Kingdom and Switzerland portray Syrian and Ukrainian refugees – Evidence from a deductive and inductive automated content analysis. Mass
Communication and Society, 27(6), 1685–1716. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2024.2376598
Elsamni, A. (2016). Framing Arab refugees in global news. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3034271
Kapetanovic, E. (2022). White & welcome? A critical discourse analysis of the media representations of the Ukrainian refugees in Denmark [Master's thesis, Malmö University]. DiVA. https://mau.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1695324&dswid=9049
Matulić, I., & Škokić, V. (2024). Media discourses of the Ukrainian refugees during the war in Ukraine. St Open, 5, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.48188/so.5.5
Stawicki, M. (2009). Framing the Israeli-Palestinian conflict: A study of frames used by three American newspapers [Master's thesis, University of Missouri-Columbia]. https://doi.org/10.32469/10355/5335
Refugee Crisis in Europe. (2025). Ukraine emergency. https://www.unrefugees.org/emergencies/ukraine/
Safdar, A., & Strickland, P. (2021, December 25). 2016: The year the world stopped caring about refugees. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2016/12/29/2016-the-year-the-world-stopped-caring-about-refugees
Germany hate crime: Nearly 10 attacks a day on migrants in 2016. (2017, February 26). BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39096833
Angerer, C. (2016, January 18). Cologne Sex Attacks “Good for Us,” Anti-Refugee Protesters Say. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/europes-border-crisis/cologne-sex-attacks-good-us-anti-refugee-protesters-say-n497376
Higgins, A. (2023, September 25). In Romania, the Traumas of a Bloody Revolution Still Cast a Long Shadow. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/25/world/europe/romania-1989-revolution.html
Editor's Desk. (2006, October 1). Editorial: The 50th Anniversary of the Hungarian Uprising. Refugee Magazine, 144. UNHCR. https://www.unhcr.org/media/refugees-magazine-issue-144-where-are-they-now-hungarian-refugees-50-years
United Nations. (2025, March 8). The UN and the war in Ukraine: key information. United Nations Western Europe. https://unric.org/en/the-un-and-the-war-in-ukraine-key-information/
Ukraine refugee crisis (2025) should be: Ukraine refugee crisis: Aid, Statistics and News. USA FOR UNHCR. (2025). https://www.unrefugees.org/emergencies/ukraine/
Hall, S. (1997). The Work of Representation. In S. Hall (Ed.), Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices (pp. 1-74). Sage Publications and The Open University.
Khalid, F., & Mortensen, N. H. (2022, October 25). Denmark set to keep anti-immigrant policy regardless of vote. Al Jazeera. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2022/10/25/denmark-set-to-keep-anti-migrant-policy-regardless-of-vote-result.
Siddiqui, U. (2023, March 28). Russia-Ukraine war exposed human rights “double standards.” Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/28/ukraine-war-excerbated-human-rights-double-standards-amnesty
UNHCR Canada. (2023). Journalism guide: A helpful guide for reporting on refugees, asylum and forced displacement. https://www.unhcr.ca/journalism-guide
Ozohu-Suleiman, Y. (2014). War journalism on Israel/Palestine: Does contra-flow really make a difference? Media, War & Conflict, 7(1), 85–103. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635213516697
Kapetanovic, E. (2022). White & Welcome? : A Critical Discourse Analysis of the Media Representations of the Ukrainian Refugees in Denmark. DIVA. https://mau.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1695324&dswid=9049
Asylum Access. (2022, May 13). How US and European Media Language Used to Describe the Ukrainian Crisis Reflect Deeply Rooted Racism Against Non-European Refugees. Asylum Access. https://asylumaccess.org/media-language-and-racism-against-non-european-refugees/
Espiritu Gandhi, E. L., & Nguyen, V. (Eds.). (2023). The Routledge handbook of refugee narratives. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003131458
Palmgren, A., Åkerlund, M., & Viklund, L. (2023). Refugees versus 'refugees': The role of Islamophobia in Swedish alternative media's reporting on Ukrainian asylum seekers. Media, Culture & Society, 45(7), 1400-1417. https://doi-org.lib-ezproxy.concordia.ca/10.1177/01634437231179363
Lawlor, A., & Tolley, E. (2017). Deciding who's legitimate: News media framing of immigrants and refugees. International Journal of Communication, 11, 967-991. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/6273
Campbell, C. P. (Ed.). (2016). The Routledge companion to media and race. Taylor and Francis.
Alsultany, E. (2012). The Arabs and Muslims in the Media. NYU Press.
Bayoumi, M. (2022, March 2). They are “civilised” and “look like us”: the racist coverage of Ukraine. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/mar/02/civilised-european-look-like-us-racist-coverage-ukraine
Sales, I. M. (2023). The refugee crisis' double standards: Media framing and the proliferation of positive and negative narratives during the Ukrainian and Syrian crisis. EuroMesco Policy Brief n.125. https://www.euromesco.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Policy-Brief-N%C2%BA129-1.pdf
Al Jazeera Staff. (2022, February 27). "Double standards": Western coverage of Ukraine war criticised. Al Jazeera.
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/27/western-media-coverage-ukraine-russia-invasion-criticism
Gharib, M. (2022, March 4). Not every war gets the same coverage as Russia's invasion — and that has consequences. NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2022/03/04/1084230259/not-every-war-gets-the-same-coverage-as-russias-invasion-and-that-has-consequenc
Iberia, D., & Saddam, R. S. (2023). Media framing of refugees. Journal of Central and Eastern European African Studies, 2(4), 48–63. https://doi.org/10.59569/jceeas.2022.2.4.115
Moise, A. D., Dennison, J., & Kriesi, H. (2023). European attitudes to refugees after the Russian invasion of Ukraine. West European Politics, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2023.2229688
Hall, S. (1997). The Spectacle of the ‘Other’. In S. Hall (Ed.), Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices (pp. 223-290). Sage Publications and The Open University.
Galtung, J., & Fischer, D. (2013). Johan Galtung: Pioneer of Peace Research. Springer.
Hsieh, H.-F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9). https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687
Schreier, M. (2012). Qualitative Content Analysis in Practice. SAGE Publications. https://public.ebookcentral.proquest.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=880849
CBC Mandate (2019). Radio-Canada.ca. https://cbc.radio-canada.ca/en/vision/mandate
The New York Times Passes 2m International Digital Subscribers | The New York Times Company. (2024, June 4). The New York Times Company. https://www.nytco.com/press/the-new-york-times-passes-2m-international-digital-subscribers/#:~:text=June%204%2C%202024-
About Us. About Us | Today’s latest from Al Jazeera. (n.d.). https://www.aljazeera.com/about-us
Al Jazeera Media Network. (n.d.). Editorial standards: Al Jazeera Media Network. https://network.aljazeera.net/sites/default/files/documents/2022/ED_1EN.pdf
Journalistic standards and practices. (n.d.). CBC/Radio-Canada. https://cbc.radio-canada.ca/en/vision/governance/journalistic-standards-and-practices
Journalistic Standards and Practices. (n.d.) CBC/Radio-Canada.
Siegal, M. A., Connolly, G. W. (2015) The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage: The Official Style Guide. Three Rivers Press.
Psaropoulos, J. (2022, August 24). Timeline: Six Months of Russia’s War in Ukraine. AlJazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/8/24/timeline-six-months-of-russias-war-in-ukraine
Bisset, V. (2024, April 7). Six months of the Israel-Gaza war: A timeline of key moments. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/04/07/israel-hamas-gaza-war-timeline-anniversary/
Riffe, D., Aust, C. F., & Lacy, S. R. (1993). The Effectiveness of Random, Consecutive Day and Constructed Week Sampling in Newspaper Content Analysis. Journalism Quarterly, 70(1), 133-139. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769909307000115
Evans, M. (2023, December 16). Israel's military has turned its sights on Jenin refugee camp following deadly Hamas attacks. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/west-bank-jenin-israel-hamas-attacks-1.7061247
Bayoumy, Y., Abu Elouf, S., & Abuheweila, I. (2023, November 28). Fearful, humiliated and desperate: Gazans heading south face horrors. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/28/world/middleeast/gaza-evacuation-israel.html
Fallon, K. (2022, April 1). Greece embraces Ukrainians as picture darkens for other refugees. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/1/greece-embraces-ukrainians-as-picture-darkens-for-other-refugees#:~:text=Greek%20Migration%20Minister%20Notis%20Mitarachi,to%20register%20an%20asylum%20claim.
Tavernise, S. (2022, March 20). 'I don't have the right to cry': Ukrainian women share their stories of escape. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/20/world/europe/ukraine-women-escape-stories.html
Medina, E. (2022, May 4). Saving Ukrainian art, and helping artists, one NFT at a time. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/04/world/europe/ukraine-nft-art.html
Elsiufi, R. (2022, April 4). Ukrainian family fleeing Russia's war receives warm welcome in Ottawa. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/ukrainian-family-arrives-ottawa-1.6407327
Al Jazeera. (2022, March 3). 1 million refugees flee Ukraine in week since Russian invasion. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/3/1-million-refugees-flee-ukraine-in-week-since-russian-invasion
Osborne, Z. (2022, May 5). The Ukrainian refugees who made it to Australia. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/5/the-ukrainian-refugees-who-made-it-to-australia
Martínez, A. R., MacFarquhar, N., & Fuller, T. (2023, December 11). As fighting rages in Gaza, Israel issues warnings on another front. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/11/world/middleeast/israel-hamas-gaza-hezbollah.html
Schmunk, R. (2023, October 11). Food will run out in days under Israel's total blockade of Gaza, humanitarian experts warn. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/israeli-palestinian-conflict-gaza-blockade-1.6990923
Marsi, F., & Amer, R. (2023, November 19). Diseases spread in Gaza amid water and sewage crisis, cholera feared. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/19/diseases-spread-in-gaza-amid-water-and-sewage-crisis-cholera-feared
Rachini, M. (2023, November 24). Some Palestinian and Muslim Canadians fearful 'simply for existing' as Israel-Hamas war continues. CBC Radio. https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/some-palestinian-and-muslim-canadians-fearful-simply-for-existing-as-israel-hamas-war-continues-1.7039380
Jabakhanji, S. (2023, October 26). Palestinian Canadians call on Trudeau to push for end of 'indiscriminate bloodshed' in Gaza. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/palestine-house-toronto-gaza-civilians-trapped-1.7008950
Schmunk, R. (2023, October 21). Amid violence and lack of critical aid, pregnant women in Gaza are at particular risk: UN. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/gaza-pregnancy-medical-supplies-1.7001692
Molina, K. (2023, November 10). His 1st trip to Gaza in 56 years ended in a harrowing escape to Egypt. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/israel-palestine-gaza-war-ottawa-canada-evacuate-1.7022583
CBC News. (2023, October 11). Palestinian Winnipeggers anxiously wait to hear from relatives in Gaza, West Bank amid violence. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/palestinians-winnipeg-family-israel-conflict-1.6993293
Salojärvi, V., & Jensen, R. B. (2021). Active agency, access and power. Media, War & Conflict, 14(3), 263-267. https://doi.org/10.1177/17506352211037318
Thomson Reuters. (2023, October 12). Food and other crucial supplies dangerously low in Gaza, say international aid groups. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/israel-gaza-war-1.6993486
Hall, S. (1973). Encoding and decoding in the television discourse. Paper presented at the Council of Europe Colloquy on "Training in the Critical Reading of Televisual Language," University of Leicester, UK
The Associated Press. (2023, December 21). Half a million people are starving in Gaza: UN report. CBC News.
Martinson, J. (2023, November 17). After a decade apart, Burnaby, B.C., father reunites with his children from war-torn Gaza. CBC Radio. https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/gaza-children-father-burnaby-reunion-1.7030202
McDiarmid, M. (2022, March 13). 'There is no time to grieve': Ukrainian refugees arriving in Warsaw focus on helping each other. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/ukraine-russia-poland-warsaw-refugees-1.6383368
Snowdon, W. (2022, March 29). Ukrainians fleeing Russian invasion arrive in Edmonton on aid flight. CBC News.https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/ukraine-aid-mission-flight-edmonton-1.6401159
Pauls, K. (2022, April 18). 'I can't believe that we are safe,' says Ukrainian refugee beginning a new life in Manitoba. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/i-can-t-believe-that-we-are-safe-says-ukrainian-refugee-beginning-a-new-life-in-manitoba-1.6420854
The Canadian Press. (2022, February 25). Asylum-seeking Ukrainians must be welcomed in Canada, security expert says. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/ukraine-asylum-seekers-canada-1.6364714
Tasker, J. P. (2024, January 22). Canada's population is booming — access to family doctors hasn't kept pace. CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-popuation-booming-family-doctor-access-1.7087794
Labby, B. (2016, December 15). Syrian doctors want to work in Canada, but face 'many, many years' of re-training. CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/syria-refugees-physician-training-employment-certification-1.3896446
Anna, C. (2022, March 24). Russia's war in Ukraine has driven more than half the country's children from their homes. CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/ukraine-war-children-displaced-1.6396356
CBC News. (2022, May 9). Searching for safety: Ukrainians head to N.L. as they seek refuge from war. CBC News.https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/ukrainians-landing-in-nl-1.6446357
Goldbaum, C., & Yazbek, H. (2023, December 24). With Israeli raids in the West Bank, 'there's no such thing as sleeping at night'. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/24/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-war-west-bank-jenin.html
Cruz, L., & Fahy, C. (2023, November 15). Columbia faces protests after suspending 2 pro-Palestinian groups. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/15/nyregion/columbia-university-ban-student-groups-israel-hamas-war.html
Levitt, Z., & Walker, A. S. (2023, December 2). What the scale of displacement in Gaza looks like. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/12/02/world/middleeast/gaza-map-displaced-people.html
Landler, M., & Sella, A. (2023, November 6). Called to serve, Israeli reservists wait to deploy. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/06/world/middleeast/israeli-reservists.html
Kristof, N. (2023, October 14). What does destroying Gaza solve? The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/14/opinion/gaza-hamas-israel-war.html
Schwirtz, M., & Levenson, M. (2022, May 2). Painful stories emerge from Mariupol, while combat rages to the east. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/02/world/europe/mariupol-evacuation-annex-donbas.html#:~:text=Russia's%20Kursk%20Region-,Painful%20Stories%20Emerge%20From%20Mariupol%2C%20While%20Combat%20Rages%20to%20the,sham%20election%2C%20the%20U.S.%20says.
Kramer, A. E. (2022, March 2). 15,000 are sheltering in Kyiv's subway. The New York Times.
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/02/world/europe/russia-ukraine-war-shelters.html
Arraf, J. (2022, April 5). Some Ukrainian refugees are returning home, despite the risks. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/05/world/europe/ukraine-refugee-war-return.html
Kershner, I. (2022, March 23). Ukraine war ignites Israeli debate over purpose of a Jewish state. The New York Times.
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/23/world/middleeast/israel-ukraine-refugees-jewish.html
Specia, M., & Varenikova, M. (2022, April 13). Pencil cases and air-raid sirens: School at war for Ukraine's children. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/13/world/europe/ukraine-schools-war.html
Medina, E. (2022, May 4). Saving Ukrainian art, and helping artists, one NFT at a time. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/04/world/europe/ukraine-nft-art.html
Sokol, B. (2022, February 28). In Miami, a Ukrainian art show becomes unintentionally timely. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/28/arts/design/miami-ukrainian-art-show.html
Jakes, L. (2022, March 5). Blinken arrives in Poland to gauge additional U.S. aid for Ukraine. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/05/us/politics/blinken-ukraine.html
Al Jazeera. (2023, October 29). More children's deaths in Gaza in 3 weeks than annual total since 2019: NGO. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/29/more-childrens-deaths-in-gaza-in-3-weeks-than-annual-total-since-2019-ngo
Marsi, F. (2023, October 21). Gaza's next big threat: Cholera, infectious diseases amid Israeli blockade. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/21/gazas-next-big-threat-cholera-infectious-diseases-amid-total-blockade
Mousa, A. (2023, December 2). 'I miss my routine': A displaced Gaza mother recalls life before the war. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/12/2/my-life-before-the-war-imtithals-story#:~:text=To%20cope%20with%20the%20worry,their%20breakfast%20and%20lunch%20boxes.
Amer, R. (2023, October 17). Even refugee camps aren't safe from Israeli bombs in Gaza. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/17/even-refugee-camps-arent-safe-from-israeli-bombs-in-gaza
Al Jazeera. (2023, December 28). UN agency says 40 percent of Gaza's population 'at risk of famine'. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/28/un-agency-says-40-percent-of-gazas-population-at-risk-of-famine
Coakley, A. (2022, March 4). Anti-migrant town welcomes Ukrainian refugees in Hungary. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/4/anti-migrant-town-welcomes-ukrainian-refugees-in-hungary
Popoviciu, A. (2022, March 7). Ukraine's Roma refugees recount discrimination en route to safety. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/7/ukraines-roma-refugees-recount-discrimination-on-route-to-safety
Sharma, G. (2022, March 31). What do Syrians think about the welcome for Ukrainian refugees? Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/31/what-do-syrians-think-about-the-welcome-for-ukrainian-refugees
Khalid, S. (2022, March 10). Q&A: Understanding Europe's response to Ukrainian refugee crisis. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/10/qa-why-europe-welcomed-ukrainian-refugees-but-not-syrians
Sharma, G. (2022, March 31). What do Syrians think about the welcome for Ukrainian refugees? Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/31/what-do-syrians-think-about-the-welcome-for-ukrainian-refugees
Al Jazeera. (2022, March 14). UK will pay households $456 a month to host Ukrainian refugees. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2022/3/14/uk-will-pay-people-456-to-open-homes-to-ukrainian-refugees
Roussi, A. (2022, April 28). In Bulgaria's 'Little Moscow', Russians help Ukrainian refugees. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2022/4/28/in-bulgarias-little-moscow-ukrainians-find-shelter-and-support
Ong, A. (2022, May 11). A room of their own: The lives of Ukrainian women refugees. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2022/5/11/a-room-of-their-own-the-lives-of-ukrainian-women-refugees
Coakley, A. (2022, March 1). Ukrainian refugees stream into Hungary amid Russian assault. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/1/refugees-stream-into-hungary-as-russian-offensive-continues
Hoelzl, V. (2022, April 6). 'Only the dead feel no guilt': Ukrainian refugees on surviving. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2022/4/6/only-the-dead-feel-no-guilt-ukrainian-refugees-on-surviving
Brewster, M. (2022, March 10). Trudeau meets Polish president to talk about getting Ukrainian refugees to Canada. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/ukraine-russia-trudeau-duda-refugees-1.6380095
Kristof, N. (2023, November 4). Losing hope in the West Bank. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/04/opinion/sunday/palestinians-west-bank-israel.html
Schmemann, S. (2023, November 11). Violence by West Bank settlers cannot be ignored. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/11/opinion/west-bank-settler-violence.html
Entous, A. (2023, November 5). Blinken meets with Palestinian and Iraqi leaders in bid to contain Gaza war. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/05/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-blinken-iraq.html
Nereim, V., Wong, E., & Fuller, T. (2023, December 9). Pressure rising on U.S. after vetoing U.N. call for a cease-fire in Gaza. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/09/world/middleeast/us-cease-fire-gaza-criticism.html
Yee, V., & Bergman, R. (2024, May 10). Actions by Israel and Egypt squeeze Gaza aid routes. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/10/world/middleeast/gaza-aid-rafah-israel-egypt.html
Alderman, L., & Cohen, P. (2022, March 21). Fleeing war in Ukraine, they're met with employers offering paychecks. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/21/business/refugees-ukraine-jobs.html
Lynch, J., & Galtung, J. (2017). Reporting conflict: New directions in peace journalism. University of Queensland Press.
Al Jazeera. (2023, November 3). Israel's military says Gaza City surrounded, rejects ceasefire calls. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/3/israels-military-says-gaza-city-surrounded-rejects-ceasefire-calls
United Nations (2024, October 17). A Year of War in Gaza: Impacts on Employment and Livelihoods in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.https://www.un.org/unispal/document/a-year-of-war-in-gaza-ilo-bulletin-no-5-17oct24/
Morales, M. (2023, November 25). 'A place to fly' – Jenin Freedom Theatre stands defiant amid Israeli raids. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/11/25/a-place-to-fly-jenin-freedom-theatre-stands-defiant-amid-israeli-raids
Kramer, A. E., Erlanger, S., & Troianovski, A. (2022, March 6). Russia keeps up attack, again halting evacuation of Ukrainian port city. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/06/world/europe/russia-ukraine-invasion.html
Troianovski, A., Nechepurenko, I., & Pérez-Peña, R. (2022, April 21). Calling off steel plant assault, Putin prematurely claims victory in Mariupol. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/21/world/europe/putin-mariupol-steel-plant.html
Somin, I. (2022, March 8). How the U.S. can help refugees (and weaken Vladimir Putin). The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/08/opinion/ukraine-putin-russia-refugees.html
The New York Times (2023, December 8). How the Times is covering the Israel-Hamas war. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/article/how-the-times-is-covering-the-israel-hamas-war.html
All items in Spectrum are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved. The use of items is governed by Spectrum's terms of access.
Repository Staff Only: item control page
Download Statistics
Download Statistics