Bigras-Burrogano, Raphaelle (0025) Apocalyptic Identities and the Other in Nazi-Occupied Poland. Masters thesis, Concordia University.
Preview |
Text (application/pdf)
4MBBigras-Burrogano_MA_F2025.pdf - Accepted Version Available under License Spectrum Terms of Access. |
Abstract
The Apocalyptic identity binary was used by the Nazis to transform the identities of Germans and Jews into those of the Elect and the Apocalyptic Other. This was achieved through propaganda which was shaped by the Nazi apocalyptic worldview. The intent behind the construction of these identities being to elevate that of the Elect as the chosen ones and to otherize and dehumanize the Other with the eventual goal of destroying them.
This propaganda proved successful in a German context. In occupied Poland, their apocalyptic worldview and identity binary remained intact. However, it was complicated by the introduction of a third variant: Polish identity. The Nazis could not reconcile this identity with those of the Elect and the Apocalyptic Other. Consequently, the case study of Poland demonstrated the flaws inherent within Nazi rhetoric and its worldview.
Despite a lengthy and brutal occupation, the Poles were perceived as anti-Semitic and closer to perpetrators than to victims. This is partly due to Nazi propaganda. This view of Poles conflicted with their self-perceptions. Poles occupied multiple roles during and after the occupations: victims, collaborators, perpetrators. Due to their own suffering at the hand of the Nazis, Poles were unable to reconcile their victimhood with their perpetratorship. Consequently, Poles occupy a conflicting embodiment of identities. It is as a result of this that the Polish-Jewish relationships have suffered. In order to improve these relations, Polish suffering, as well as their allyship of Jews during the occupation, must be acknowledged. Concurrently to this, Poles must take accountability in their victimization of Jews.
| Divisions: | Concordia University > Faculty of Arts and Science > Religions and Cultures |
|---|---|
| Item Type: | Thesis (Masters) |
| Authors: | Bigras-Burrogano, Raphaelle |
| Institution: | Concordia University |
| Degree Name: | M.A. |
| Program: | Religion |
| Date: | 1 September 0025 |
| Thesis Supervisor(s): | DiTommaso, Lorenzo |
| Keywords: | genocide, identity, apocalypse, apocalypticism, Poland, Holocaust, |
| ID Code: | 995993 |
| Deposited By: | RAPHAELLE BIGRAS-BURROGANO |
| Deposited On: | 04 Nov 2025 17:43 |
| Last Modified: | 04 Nov 2025 17:43 |
References:
ReferencesAly, Götz. Hitler’s Beneficiaries : Plunder, Race War, and the Nazi Welfare State. Metropolitan Books, Henry Holt and Company, 2006.
Arendt, Hannah. The Origins of Totalitarianism. New edition, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers, 1973.
Barkun, Michael. "Racist apocalypse: Millennialism on the far right." American Studies vol. 31, no. 2, 1990, pp. 121-140.
Bartov, Omer. Anatomy of a Genocide: The Life and Death of a Town Called Buczacz. First Simon & Schuster trade paperback edition, Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 2018.
Beorn, Waitman Wade. The Holocaust in Eastern Europe : At the Epicenter of the Final Solution. Bloomsbury Academic, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2018.
Bergen, Doris L. "Instrumentalization of" Volksdeutschen" in German Propaganda in 1939: Replacing/Erasing Poles, Jews, and Other Victims." German Studies Review, vol. 31, no. 3, 2008, pp. 447-70.
Bergen, Doris L. War and Genocide : A Concise History of the Holocaust. Third edition, Rowman & Littlefield, 2016.
Bergman, Roger. "Identity as motivation: Toward a theory of the moral self." Moral development, self, and identity edited by Lapsey, D.K. & Narvaez, D., Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2004, pp. 21-46.
Bilali, Rezarta, and Johanna Ray Vollhardt. "Victim and perpetrator groups’ divergent perspectives on collective violence: Implications for intergroup relations." Political Psychology, vol.40, 2019, pp. 75-108.
Bilewicz, Michał, and Anna Stefaniak. "Can a victim be responsible? Antisemitic consequences of victimhood-based identity and competitive victimhood in Poland." Responsibility: An interdisciplinary perspective edited by Bokus B. Lexem, 2013, pp. 69-80.
Bilewicz, Michal, et al. “Harmful Ideas, The Structure and Consequences of Anti‐Semitic Beliefs in Poland." Political Psychology, vol.34, no.6, 2013, pp.821-839.
Bogner, Nahum. "The Convent Children The Rescue of Jewish Children in Polish Convents During the Holocaust." Yad Vashem Studies, vol.3, 1999, pp. 235-85.
Borowski, Tadeusz, et al. This Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen. , Translated by Barbara Vedder, Penguin Books, 1976.
Brasse, Wilhelm, et al. Wilhelm Brasse : Photographer 3444, Auschwitz, 1940-1945. Sussex Academic Press, 2012.
Browning, Christopher Robert. Ordinary Men : Reserve-Police Battallion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland. HarperPerennial, 1992.
Burrin, Philippe. Hitler et Les Juifs : Genèse d’Un Génocide. Editions du Seuil, 1989.
Burrin, Philippe, and Saul Friedländer. Hitler and the Jews : The Genesis of the Holocaust. , Translated by Patsy Southgate, English edition, Edward Arnold, 1994.
Burrin, Philippe, Nazi Anti-Semitism: From Prejudice to the Holocaust. New Press: Distributed by W.W. Norton & Co., 2005.
Bytwerk, Randall L. Bending Spines: The Propagandas of Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic. Michigan State University Press, 2004.
Cała, Alina. Jew. The Eternal Enemy?: The History of Antisemitism in Poland. Peter Lang International Academic Publishers, 2018.
Crosby, Thomas. "Volksgemeinschaft: Nazi Radio and Its Destruction of Hitler’s Utopian Vision." Valley Humanities Review vol.5, no 15, 2014, pp. 1-11
Davies, Norman. A History of Poland, God’s Playground. Clarendon Press, 1981.
Debney, Mr Ben. "Atrocity Tales, Propaganda and the Nazi Invasion of Poland.” https://www.academia.edu/download/68202889/Debney.AtrocityTalesNaziInvasion.pdf
DiTommaso, Lorenzo. "Apocalypticism in the Contemporary World." The Cambridge Companion to Apocalyptic Literature, edited by McAllister, Colin, 2020, pp.316-342.
DiTommaso, Lorenzo, “The Apocalyptic Other.” The" other" in Second Temple Judaism: essays in honor of John J. Collins. edited by Goff, Harlow, Hogan & Kaminsky. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2011. pp.221-246
Ellul, Jacques. Propaganda : The Formation of Men’s Attitudes. , Translated by Konrad Kellen and Jean Lerner, Vintage Books, 1965.
Friedländer, Saul, and Orna Kenan. Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1933-1945. Harper Perennial, 2009.
Friedländer, Saul. Memory, History, and the Extermination of the Jews of Europe. Indiana University Press, 1993.
Friedländer, Saul. Nazi Germany and the Jews. 1st HarperPerennial ed, HarperPerennial, 1998.
Głowiński, Michal. The Black Seasons. Northwestern University Press, 2005.
Grabowski, Jan. “German Anti-Jewish Propaganda in the Generalgouvernement, 1939–1945: Inciting Hate through Posters, Films, and Exhibitions.” Holocaust and Genocide Studies, vol. 23, no. 3, 2009, pp. 381–412.
Grabowski, Jan. Hunt for the Jews: Betrayal and murder in German-occupied Poland. Indiana University Press, 2013.
Griech-Polelle, Beth A. Anti-Semitism and the Holocaust : Language, Rhetoric and the Traditions of Hatred. 2nd edition, Bloomsbury Academic, 2023.
Gross, Jan. Fear: Anti-Semitism in Poland after Auschwitz. Random House Trade Paperbacks, 2007.
Gross, Jan Tomasz, and Irena Grudzinska Gross. Golden harvest: Events at the periphery of the Holocaust. Oxford University Press, 2016.
Gross, Jan. Neighbors. Princeton University Press, 2012.
Gross, Jan Tomasz. Polish Society under German Occupation : The Generalgouvernement, 1939-1944. Princeton University Press, 1979.
Hartman, John J. "A Psychoanalytic View of Racial Myths in a Nazi Propaganda Film: Der Ewige Jude (The Eternal Jew)." Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies, vol. 2 no.4, 2000, pp. 329-346.
Herf, Jeffrey. The Jewish Enemy : Nazi Propaganda during World War II and the Holocaust. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2006.
Hilberg, Raul. The Destruction of the European Jews. Third edition, Yale University Press, 2003
Hippler, Fritz. Der ewige Jude (1940), retrieved from https://archive.org/details/DerEwigeJude1940
Hitler, Adolf. Mein Kampf., Translated by James Vincent Murphy, Unexpurgated edition, Hurst and Blackett, 1939.
Hofstadter, Richard, “The Paranoid Style in American Politics.” Harper’s Magazine, 23 Mar 2021
Hornshøj-Møller, Stig, and David Culbert. "‘Der ewige Jude’(1940): Joseph Goebbels' unequaled monument to anti-Semitism." Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television vol. 12 no.1, 1992, pp. 41-67.
Katz, Fred E. Ordinary People and Extraordinary Evil : A Report on the Beguilings of Evil. State University of New York Press, 1993.
Kershaw, Ian. Hitler, 1889-1936 : Hubris. 1st American ed, W.W. Norton, 1998.
Klemperer, Victor. I Will Bear Witness: A Diary of the Nazi Years., Translated by Martin Chalmers, 1st U.S. edition, Random House, 1999.
Klemperer, Victor. The Language of the Third Reich : LTI - Lingua Tertii Imperii. Bloomsbury Academic, 2000
Klüger, Ruth. Still Alive : A Holocaust Girlhood Remembered. 1st English-language ed, Feminist Press at the City University of New York, 2001.
Kochanski, Halik. The Eagle Unbowed : Poland and the Poles in the Second World War. First Harvard University Press edition, Harvard University Press, 2012.
Korboński, Stefan, and Mazal Holocaust Collection. The Jews and the Poles in World War II. Hippocrene Books, 1989.
Libionka, Dariusz. "The Catholic Church in Poland and the Holocaust, 1939-1945." Jerusalem, Israel: Yad Vashem Resource Center, 2000.
Lower, Wendy. Hitler's furies: German women in the Nazi killing fields. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2013.
Lukas, Richard C. The Forgotten Holocaust : The Poles under German Occupation, 1939-1944. Hippocrene Books, 1990.
Matthäus, Jürgen, et al. War, Pacification, and Mass Murder, 1939 : The Einsatzgruppen in Poland. Rowman & Littlefield, 2014.
Michalczyk, John J., et al., editors. Hitler’s ‘Mein Kampf’ and the Holocaust : A Prelude to Genocide. First edition, Bloomsbury Academic, 2022.
Moshman, David. Adolescent rationality and development: Cognition, morality, and identity. Third edition, New York: Psychology Press, 2011. a)
Moshman, David. "False moral identity: Self-serving denial in the maintenance of moral self-conceptions." Moral development, self, and identity edited by Lapsey, D.K. & Narvaez, D., Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2004, pp.83-109.
Moshman, David. "Identity, genocide, and group violence." Handbook of identity theory and research, edited by Schwartz, Seth J., et al., Springer New York, 2011, pp.917-932. b)
Moshman, David. "Theories of self and theories as selves: Identity in Rwanda." Changing conceptions of psychological life edited by Jean Piaget Society Montréal Québec et al., Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2004, pp.183-206.
Moshman, David. "Us and them: Identity and genocide." Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, vol.7, no.2, 2007, pp.115-135.
Musolff, Andreas. "The popular image of genocide: Adaptation and blending of Hitler’s annihilation prophecy and the parasite metaphor in Der Ewige Jude." Germanistik in Ireland: Yearbook of the German Studies Association of Ireland, vol. 7, 2012, pp.117-127.
Mosse, George L. Nazi Culture: Intellectual, Cultural and Social Life in the Third Reich. University of Wisconsin Press, 1966
Narayanaswami, Karthik. "Analysis of Nazi propaganda." HIST S-1572: The Holocaust in history, literature, and film, 2011 https://blogs.harvard.edu/karthik/files/2011/04/HIST-1572-Analysis-of-Nazi-Propaganda-KNarayanaswami.pdf.
Noakes, Jeremy, and Geoffrey Pridham. Nazism, 1919-1945: A Documentary Reader. [New ed.], University of Exeter Press, 2001.
Paldiel, Mordecai. Poland, the Jews and the Holocaust: Promised Beginnings and Troubled Past. Archway Publishing, 2022.
Paulsson, Gunnar S. "The rescue of Jews by non-Jews in Nazi-occupied Poland." The Journal of Holocaust Education, vol.7, no.1-2, 1998, pp.19-44.
Polonsky, Antony, and Institute for Polish-Jewish Studies (Oxford, England). ‘My Brother’s Keeper?’ : Recent Polish Debates on the Holocaust. Routledge in association with Institute for Polish-Jewish Studies, 1990,
Piotrowski, Tadeusz. Poland's holocaust: ethnic strife, collaboration with occupying forces and genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947. McFarland, 2007.
Potel, Jean-Yves. La Fin de l’innocence: la Pologne face à son passé juif. Editions Autrement, 2009.
Rabinbach, Anson, and Sander L. Gilman. The Third Reich Sourcebook. University of California Press, 2013.
Redles, David. Hitler's millennial Reich: apocalyptic belief and the search for salvation. NYU Press, 2005.
Redles, David. "Nazi End Times: The Third Reich as Millennial Reich." End of Days: Essays on the Apocalypse from Antiquity to Modernity, vol 10, no 3-4, 2009, pp.173-196.
Redles, David. "The Nazi old guard: Identity formation during apocalyptic times." Nova Religio, vol.14, no.1, 2010, pp. 24-44.
Rhodes, James M. The Hitler Movement: A Modern Millenarian Revolution, Hoover Institution Press, 1980.
Ringelblum, Emmanuel. Notes from the Warsaw Ghetto; the Journal of Emmanuel Ringelblum. Schocken Books, 1974.
Rüstzeug für die Propaganda in der Ortsgruppe, #2, January 1945, p.31 (author unknown, retrieved from Calvin University’s German Archive Propaganda) https://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/2choices.htm
Rutherford, Phillip T. Prelude to the Final Solution : The Nazi Program for Deporting Ethnic Poles, 1939-1941. University Press of Kansas, 2007.
Spiegelman, Art, and Small Press Expo Collection (Library of Congress). MetaMaus. First edition, Pantheon Books, 2011.
Stanley, Jason. How Fascism Works : The Politics of Us and Them. Random House Trade Paperback edition, Random House, 2018.
Staub, Ervin. The roots of evil: The origins of genocide and other group violence. Cambridge University Press, 1989.
Steinlauf, Michael C. Bondage to the Dead: Poland and the Memory of the Holocaust. Syracuse University Press, 1997.
Stone, Dan. "Ideologies of Race: The Construction and Suppression of Otherness in Nazi Germany." A Companion to the Holocaust edited by Gigliotti, Simone et al., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2020, pp.59-74.
Suny, Ronald Grigor. " They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else": A History of the Armenian Genocide.Princeton University Press, 2017.
Szarota, Tomasz. "Germans in the Eyes of Poles during World War II." Acta Poloniae Historica vol.47, 1983, pp.151-195.
Szarota, Tomasz. "Poland and Poles in German Eyes during World War II." Polish Western Affairs vol.19, no.2, 1978, pp. 229-54.
Tec, Nechama. When light pierced the darkness: Christian rescue of Jews in Nazi-occupied Poland. Oxford University Press, 1987.
Tetens, T. H, and Mazal Holocaust Collection. The New Germany and the Old Nazis. Random House, 1961.
The Meaning of Hitler. Directed by Michael Tucker & Petra Epperlein, performances by Professor Deborah Lipstadt, Uwaga Film, Play/Action Pictures & Means of Production, 2020
Unser Wille und Weg, 10 (1940), pp.54-55 (author unknown, retrieved from Calvin University’s German Archive Propaganda) https://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/ewig.htm
Vollhardt, Johanna Ray, Michal Bilewicz, and Mateusz Olechowski. "Victims under siege: Lessons for Polish–Jewish relations and beyond." The social psychology of intractable conflicts. Springer, Cham, 2015, pp.75-87.
Waxman, Zoë, and Zoe Vania Waxman. Writing the Holocaust: Identity, testimony, representation. Oxford University Press on Demand, 2006.
Winstone, Martin. The Dark Heart of Hitler’s Europe Nazi Rule in Poland under the General Government. Bloomsbury Academic, 2021.
Wistrich, Robert S. Hitler's apocalypse: Jews and the Nazi legacy. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1985.
Wóycicka, Zofia. Arrested Mourning: Memory of the Nazi Camps in Poland, 1944–1950. Peter Lang International Academic Publishers, 2014.
Zahorski, Witold. "L'exil du Primat de Pologne Cardinal August Hlond (1939-1945)." Revue des études slaves, vol. 75, no.2, 2004, pp.363-369.
Repository Staff Only: item control page


Download Statistics
Download Statistics