Zarrinkafsh, Hamidreza (2025) Modeling and Design of Building-Integrated Photovoltaic/Thermal Systems with Embedded Thermal Storage. Masters thesis, Concordia University.
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Abstract
Hamidreza Zarrinkafsh, MSc.
Concordia University 2025
This thesis presents a novel prefabricated modular building-integrated photovoltaic/thermal (BIPV/T) system design that integrates semi-transparent bi-facial photovoltaic (STPV) panels and thermal energy storage (TES) using ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) to enhance electrical, thermal, and architectural performance. It investigates the development, modeling, and experimental validation of this system to address the need for scalable, efficient, and resilient renewable energy solutions for building envelopes.
A comprehensive literature review on various BIPV/T systems showed the necessity of enhanced air-based configurations that fulfill both mechanical and aesthetic requirements. In response, this research introduces three main innovations together: a prefabricated modular curtain wall concept, integration of STPV panels, and most importantly, the use of UHPC as an embedded thermal storage material. Among these, UHPC provides the greatest advancement by reducing outlet air temperature fluctuations, and making the building envelope more durable, and fire-resistant.
A two-dimensional finite-difference numerical model was developed to simulate thermal behavior and predict system performance. This model was validated through experiments on a full-scale system tested in a controlled environmental chamber under extreme cold conditions (−15 °C and −25 °C) using a solar simulator with 800 W/m² irradiance. The system, designed with a curtain wall mounting system and frameless STPV panels. It was equipped with thermocouples, RTDs, and a data acquisition system to monitor temperature distribution. Uniformity and infrared imaging tests were conducted to confirm measurement reliability.
The experimental results showed thermal efficiencies of 37% and 50%, with outlet air temperatures exceeding ambient conditions by over 20 °C, demonstrating effective heat storage of the UHPC thermal storage. The developed model predictions matched the experimental data, validating the simulation with a correlation coefficient of R² = 0.92. The validated model was used to perform sensitivity analyses on various parameters, including airflow rates within the cavity (0.6 and 1.0 m/s), cavity depths (3 and 4 cm), solar irradiance (200 and 800 W/m2), and system height (2 and 6 m), as well as the thermal conductivity of the concrete (1, 2, and 3 W/m·K) and its thickness (1 to 2.5 cm). The system performance was also assessed for a two-story façade configuration to predict the adequacy of the produced heat for integration with HP or domestic hot water applications under realistic conditions on one of the coldest days of the year in Montreal, Canada.
Comparison of the system with and without UHPC panel on a two-story façade using real cold-climate data showed a 22.7% reduction in outlet temperature fluctuations and a ~5-hour delay in thermal response, confirming UHPC’s effectiveness as TES in cold climates. Since the system consistently maintained a temperature difference exceeding 20 °C even during the coldest week of the year, its temperature gain significantly reduces the heating load on HVAC systems and improves their operational efficiency. As a result, the system can contribute to peak load shaving and shifting, grid stability and reliability, and lowering overall building energy consumption and bills. Additionally, the passive preheating capability enhances indoor thermal comfort and supports resilient building operation during periods of extreme cold or power disruptions.
This thesis makes several key contributions: (1) it introduces ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) as a novel thermal storage material in BIPV/T systems, an area previously underexplored in the literature; (2) it presents a validated experimental and numerical framework for evaluating thermal and electrical performance under real-world conditions; and (3) it demonstrates a modular, prefabricated STPV system compatible with existing curtain wall techniques. These contributions offer a scalable pathway for improving energy efficiency, occupant comfort, and renewable energy adoption in high-performance building design. In conclusion, this thesis presents a novel BIPV/T system with a validated model for the design of enhanced air-based BIPV/T systems integrating UHPC thermal storage, modular curtain wall assembly, and semi-transparent PV modules.
| Divisions: | Concordia University > Research Units > Centre for Building Studies Concordia University > Research Units > Centre for Zero Energy Building Studies |
|---|---|
| Item Type: | Thesis (Masters) |
| Authors: | Zarrinkafsh, Hamidreza |
| Institution: | Concordia University |
| Degree Name: | M.A. |
| Program: | Building Engineering |
| Date: | 25 July 2025 |
| Thesis Supervisor(s): | Athienitis, Andreas |
| Keywords: | Solar energy systems, BIPV/T, two-dimensional explicit finite difference model, Thermal energy storage |
| ID Code: | 996147 |
| Deposited By: | Hamidreza Zarrinkafsh |
| Deposited On: | 04 Nov 2025 15:17 |
| Last Modified: | 04 Nov 2025 15:17 |
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