Rabiei, Nasim (2025) Multistage Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) Assessment Method: Integrating Sustainability Analysis and Disaster Mitigation. PhD thesis, Concordia University.
Preview |
Text (application/pdf)
4MBRabiei_PhD_F2025.pdf - Accepted Version Available under License Spectrum Terms of Access. |
Abstract
Transit-oriented development (TOD) is a compact, mixed-use, and pedestrian-friendly form of sustainable development centered around transit stations, which mitigates the problems associated with auto-oriented development (AOD), including traffic congestion, air pollution, and uncontrolled low-density sprawl. In river cities like Montreal, fragmented urban development and disaster planning strategies exacerbate these problems as the city expands into vulnerable areas, such as the floodplain.
In addressing these issues, researchers have employed various assessment methods, each intended to achieve one of the TOD goals. These include achieving a balance in land use and transportation development, enhancing urban sustainability, and promoting sustainable accessibility. However, the existing literature lacks a comprehensive approach that addresses all the aforementioned goals while mitigating the risks associated with compacting people and activities around stations. The objective of this research is to develop a novel assessment methodology that integrates TOD assessment and disaster mitigation, improves existing methodologies, and addresses TOD goals through the sub-objectives of the following sequential steps.
The first stage of the TOD assessment proposes an enhanced node-place model for station area typology based on the supply and demand of access to public transit service. To achieve balanced land use and transportation development, the proposed node, place, and tie model utilizes weighted indicators and canonical scores to define viable station areas for increasing density and diversity. The second stage aims to achieve sustainable development by using the TOD index to evaluate station areas in line with sustainable land use criteria. The improved TOD index is the result of comparing different weighting and aggregation methods, as well as modifications to the calculation of selected criteria and indicators, and assessing the efficiency of station areas for compactness using data envelopment analysis. To achieve the goal of sustainable accessibility, the third stage of TOD assessment uses linear programming to maximize local and network public transport accessibility through land use development.
The second section presents a comprehensive approach to disaster mitigation, encompassing the reduction of vulnerability to meteorological hazards and the enhancement of urban resilience. In the first stage, a novel vulnerability assessment methodology is developed using the ArcGIS fuzzy overlay tool to integrate exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity indices. This is followed by proposing a conceptual resilience model to mitigate the impact of disasters in densely populated TOD areas in the second stage. Applying this method in the Montreal Metro case study aims to draw the attention of policymakers and urban planners toward adopting more coordinated land use, transport, and disaster mitigation planning strategies.
| Divisions: | Concordia University > Gina Cody School of Engineering and Computer Science > Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering |
|---|---|
| Item Type: | Thesis (PhD) |
| Authors: | Rabiei, Nasim |
| Institution: | Concordia University |
| Degree Name: | Ph. D. |
| Program: | Building Engineering |
| Date: | 7 December 2025 |
| Thesis Supervisor(s): | Nasiri, Fuzhan and Eicker, Ursula |
| Keywords: | Transit-Oriented Development-Sustainability-Disaster Mitigation |
| ID Code: | 996546 |
| Deposited By: | NASIM RABIEI |
| Deposited On: | 29 Jun 2026 15:25 |
| Last Modified: | 29 Jun 2026 15:25 |
References:
• Abbas, K. A., & Bell, M. G. H. (1994). System dynamics applicability to transportation modeling. Transportation Research Part A, 28(5), 373–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/0965-8564(94)90022-1• Ahmed, E.-G., Michael, G., Rania, W., Paul, T., & Julien, S.-L. (2013). New evidence on walking distances to transit stops: Identifying redundancies and gaps using variable service areas. Transportation, 41(1), 193–210. https://tram.mcgill.ca/Research/Publications/Transit_service_area.pdf
• Alawadi, K., Khanal, A., Doudin, A., & Abdelghani, R. (2021). Revisiting transit-oriented development: Alleys as critical walking infrastructure. Transport Policy, 100(November 2020), 187–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2020.11.007
• Alejandro, R., & Santos, M. (2018). Vulnerability Assessment to Climate Variability and Climate Change in Tijuana , Mexico. 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072352
• Amini Pishro, A., Yang, Q., Zhang, S., Amini Pishro, M., Zhang, Z., Zhao, Y., Postel, V., Huang, D., & Li, W. Y. (2022). Node, place, ridership, and time model for rail-transit stations: a case study. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-20209-4
• Appleyard, B. S., Frost, A. R., & Allen, C. (2019). Are all transit stations equal and equitable ? Calculating sustainability , livability , health , & equity performance of smart. Journal of Transport and Health, 14, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2019.100584
• Arksey, H., & O’Malley, L. (2005). Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework. International Journal of Social Research Methodology: Theory and Practice, 8(1), 19–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000119616
• Asefa, B., & Mindahun, W. (2019). Geospatial Based Flood Risk Assessment : The Case of Kewet District , Amhara Region , Ethiopia. December 2018, 0–10. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ajgis.20190801.01
• Baldassarre, G. Di, Viglione, A., Carr, G., Kuil, L., Yan, K., & Brandimarte, L. (2015). Debates—Perspectives on socio-hydrology: Capturing feedbacks between physical and social processes. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1969.tb04897.x
• Baroud, H., & Barker, K. (2014). Bayesian Kernel Methods for Critical Infrastructure Resilience Modeling. 687–694. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784413609.070
• Bazrkar, M. H., Fathian, F., & Eslamian, S. (2013). Runoff Modeling in Order To Investigate the System Dynamic Approach (Case Study: Tehran Watershed, Iran). Journal of Flood Engineering, 4(1), 39–56.
• Berawi, M. A., Saroji, G., Iskandar, F. A., Ibrahim, B. E., Miraj, P., & Sari, M. (2020a). Optimizing Land Use Allocation of Transit-Oriented Development ( TOD ) to Generate Maximum Ridership. Sustainability, 12, 1–20.
• Berawi, M. A., Saroji, G., Iskandar, F. A., Ibrahim, B. E., Miraj, P., & Sari, M. (2020b). Optimizing land use allocation of transit-oriented development (TOD) to generate maximum ridership. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093798
• Bertolini, L. (1999). Spatial development patterns and public transport: The application of an analytical model in the Netherlands. Planning Practice and Research, 14(2), 199–210. https://doi.org/10.1080/02697459915724
• Bertolini, L., le Clercq, F., & Kapoen, L. (2005). Sustainable accessibility: A conceptual framework to integrate transport and land use plan-making. Two test-applications in the Netherlands and a reflection on the way forward. Transport Policy, 12(3), 207–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2005.01.006
• Bhagwati, P., & Kumar, M. (2024). Transit-Oriented Development: Learnings from Global Examples. LOGI - Scientific Journal on Transport and Logistics, 15(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.2478/logi-2024-0001
• Bittihn, S., & Schadschneider, A. (2021). The effect of modern traffic information on Braess’ paradox. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 571, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2021.125829
• Bristow, D. N., & Hay, A. H. (2016). Graph Model for Probabilistic Resilience and Recovery Planning of Multi-Infrastructure Systems. Journal of Infrastructure Systems, 23(3), 04016039. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)is.1943-555x.0000338
• Bruneau, M., Chang, S. E., Eguchi, R. T., Lee, G. C., O’Rourke, T. D., Reinhorn, A. M., Shinozuka, M., Tierney, K., Wallace, W. A., & Von Winterfeldt, D. (2003). A Framework to Quantitatively Assess and Enhance the Seismic Resilience of Communities. Earthquake Spectra, 19(4), 733–752. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1623497
• Budiati, W., Grigolon, A. B., Brussel, M. J. G., & Rachmat, S. Y. (2018). Determining the potential for Transit Oriented Development along the MRT Jakarta corridor. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, The 4th PlanoCosmo International Conference, 158, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/158/1/012020
• Calthorpe, P. (1993). The Next American Metropolis: Ecology, Commnity, and the American Dream. Princeton Architectural Press. https://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=WtKU5L0ajA8C&oi=fnd&pg=PA9&dq=1993,+Calthorpe+&ots=Fzwf2Cto7K&sig=xGpDsO6AuNscNAaU31uTgvkPDEg#v=onepage&q=1993%2C Calthorpe…
• Cao, Z., Asakura, Y., & Tan, Z. (2020). Coordination between node, place, and ridership: Comparing three transit operators in Tokyo. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 87(September), 102518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102518
• Caset, F., Blainey, S., Derudder, B., Boussauw, K., & Witlox, F. (2020). Integrating node-place and trip end models to explore drivers of rail ridership in Flanders, Belgium. Journal of Transport Geography, 87(July). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102796
• Cervero, R. (2007). Transit-oriented development’s ridership bonus: A product of self-selection and public policies. Environment and Planning A, 39(9), 2068–2085. https://doi.org/10.1068/a38377
• Cervero, R., & Kockelman, K. (1997). Travel demand and the 3Ds: Density, diversity, and design. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 2(3), 199–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1361-9209(97)00009-6
• Chang, S. E., Mcdaniels, T., Fox, J., Dhariwal, R., & Longstaff, H. (2014). Toward disaster-resilient cities: Characterizing resilience of infrastructure systems with expert judgments. Risk Analysis, 34(3), 416–434. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12133
• Chang, S. E., & Shinozuka, M. (2004). Measuring improvements in the disaster resilience of communities. Earthquake Spectra, 20(3), 739–755. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1775796
• Charnes, A., Cooper, W. W., & Rhodes, E. (1978). Measuring the efficiency of decision making units. European Journal of Operational Research, 2(6), 429–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(78)90138-8
• Chatman, D. G. (2013). Does TOD need the T? Journal of the American Planning Association, 79, 17–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2013.791008
• Chen, F., Wu, J., Chen, X., Zegras, P. C., & Wang, J. (2017). Vehicle kilometers traveled reduction impacts of Transit-Oriented Development: Evidence from Shanghai City. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 55, 227–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.07.006
• Chen, H., Zhao, K., Zhang, Z., Zhang, H., & Lu, L. (2024). Methods for the Performance Evaluation and Design Optimization of Metro Transit-Oriented Development Sites Based on Urban Big Data. Land, 13(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081233
• Chen, T., Chen, Y., Zhou, Y., & Guo, J. (2023). Efficiency Assessment of Transit-Oriented Development Focusing on the 500-m Core Catchment of Metro Stations Based on the Concept of a Metro Microcenter in Beijing. Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part A: Systems, 149(12), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1061/jtepbs.teeng-7373
• Chen, X.-Z., Lu, Q.-C., Peng, Z.-R., & Ash, J. E. (2015). Analysis of Transportation Network Vulnerability under Flooding Disasters. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2532(1), 37–44. https://doi.org/10.3141/2532-05
• Chen, X. Z., Lu, Q. C., Peng, Z. R., & Ash, J. E. (2015). Analysis of transportation network vulnerability under flooding disasters. Transportation Research Record, 2532, 37–44. https://doi.org/10.3141/2532-05
• Chindaprasirt, P., Klungboonkrong, P., Jaensirisak, S., Faiboun, N., Long, S., Tippichai, A., & Taylor, M. A. P. (2024). Integrated Urban Transport and Land-Use Policies in Reducing CO2 Emissions and Energy Consumption: Case Study of a Medium-Sized City in Thailand. World Electric Vehicle Journal, 15(8), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15080349
• Choi, Y., & Guhathakurta, S. (2024). Unraveling the diversity in transit-oriented development. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 182(February), 104020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2024.104020
• Chorus, P., & Bertolini, L. (2016). Developing transit-oriented corridors: Insights from Tokyo. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 10(2), 86–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2013.855850
• Conesa, A. (2018). The accessibility assessment and the regional range of transit-oriented development: An application of schedule accessibility measures in the Nord Pas-de-Calais region. Journal of Transport and Land Use, 11(1), 119–141. https://doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.2018.850
• Cong, W., Zhou, J., & Lai, Y. (2024). The coordination between citywide rail transit accessibility and land-use characteristics in Shenzhen, China: An explorative analysis based on multidimensional spatial data. Sustainable Cities and Society, 113(December 2023), 105691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2024.105691
• Cournoyer-Gendron, M. (2017). The Transit-Oriented Development Model in Montreal (Canada): Mobilizing a Concept and Negotiating Urban Development at the Local and Metropolitan Scale. Environnement Urbain / Urban Environment [En Ligne], 12, 1–22.
• Cox, L., Bassi, A., Kolling, J., Procter, A., Flanders, N., Tanners, N., & Araujo, R. (2017). Exploring synergies between transit investment and dense redevelopment: A scenario analysis in a rapidly urbanizing landscape. Landscape and Urban Planning, 167(November 2016), 429–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.07.021
• Deboosere, R., El-Geneidy, A. M., & Levinson, D. (2018). Accessibility-oriented development. Journal of Transport Geography, 70, 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2018.05.015
• Diakoulaki, D., Mavrotas, G., & Papayannakis, L. (1995). Determining objective weights in multiple criteria problems: The critic method. Computers and Operations Research, 22(7), 763–770. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-0548(94)00059-H
• Dotto, L., Duchesne, L., Etkin, D., & Elianna, J. (2010). Canadians at risk : Canadians at risk : Our exposure to natural hazards- Canadian Assessment of Natural Hazards Project (Issue February).
• Dou, Y., Luo, X., Dong, L., Wu, C., Liang, H., & Ren, J. (2016). An empirical study on transit-oriented low-carbon urban land use planning: Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) on Shanghai, China. Habitat International, 53, 379–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.12.005
• Duran-Encalada, J. A., & Paucar-Caceres, A. (2009). System dynamics urban sustainability model for Puerto Aura in Puebla, Mexico. Systemic Practice and Action Research, 22(2), 77–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11213-008-9114-8
• Ehman, E. C., Johnson, G. B., Villanueva-meyer, J. E., Cha, S., Leynes, A. P., Eric, P., Larson, Z., & Hope, T. A. (2017). HHS Public Access. 46(5), 1247–1262. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.25711.PET/MRI
• Ewing, R., Kim, K., Sabouri, S., Siddiq, F., & Weinberger, R. (2021). Comparative Case Studies of Parking Reduction at Transit-Oriented Developments in the U.S.A. Transportation Research Record, 2675(1), 125–135. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198120965558
• Ewing, R., Tian, G., Lyons, T., & Terzano, K. (2017). Trip and parking generation at transit-oriented developments: Five US case studies. Landscape and Urban Planning, 160, 69–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.12.002
• Faghri, A., & Venigalla, M. (2014). Measuring Travel Behavior and Transit Trip Generation Characteristics of Transit-Oriented Developments. Transportation Research Board, 2397, 72–79. https://doi.org/10.3141/2397-09
• Fakhruddin, S. H. M., Babel, M. S., & Kawasaki, A. (2015). Assessing the vulnerability of infrastructure to climate change on the Islands of Samoa. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 15(6), 1343–1356. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-1343-2015
• Fan, Z., Zhang, F., & Loo, B. P. Y. (2022). Rhythm of Transit Stations-Uncovering the Activity-Travel Dynamics of Transit-Oriented Development in the U.S. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 23(8), 12503–12517. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2021.3115103
• Geurs, K. T., & Wee, B. van. (2004). Accessibility evaluation of land-use and transport strategies: Review and research directions. Journal of Transport Geography, 12(2), 127–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2003.10.005
• Gilderbloom, J. I., Riggs, W. W., & Meares, W. L. (2015). Does walkability matter? An examination of walkability’s impact on housing values, foreclosures and crime. Cities, 42, 13–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2014.08.001
• Godschalk, D. R. (2003). Urban Hazard Mitigation: Creating Resilient Cities. Natural Hazards Review, 4(3), 136–143. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1527-6988(2003)4:3(136)
• Gourbesville, P., & Batica, J. (2015). Methodology for flood resilience index FOOD RESILIENCE IMPLEMENTATION. … Conference on Flood Resilience …, October. http://icfr2013.ex.ac.uk/papers/C1_Batica.pdf
• Guan, D. J., Li, H. F., Inohae, T., Su, W., Nagaie, T., & Hokao, K. (2011). Modeling urban land use change by the integration of cellular automaton and Markov model. Ecological Modelling, 222(20–22), 3761–3772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.09.009
• Guo, E., Zhang, J., Ren, X., Zhang, Q., & Sun, Z. (2014). Integrated risk assessment of flood disaster based on improved set pair analysis and the variable fuzzy set theory in central Liaoning Province, China. Natural Hazards, 74(2), 947–965. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-014-1238-9
• Guo, J., Nakamura, F., Li, Q., & Zhou, Y. (2018). Efficiency Assessment of Transit-Oriented Development by Data Envelopment Analysis: Case Study on the Den-en Toshi Line in Japan. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 1155, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6701484
• Hasibuan, H. S., Sodri, A., & Harmain, R. (2021). The Carrying Capacity Assessment of Two MRT Stations Transit-Oriented Development Areas in Jakarta. Indonesian Journal of Geography, 53(1), 78–86. https://doi.org/10.22146/IJG.51968
• Higgins, C. D., & Kanaroglou, P. S. (2016). A latent class method for classifying and evaluating the performance of station area transit-oriented development in the Toronto region. Journal of Transport Geography, 52, 61–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2016.02.012
• Higgins, C., & Kanaroglou, P. (2018). Rapid transit, transit-oriented development, and the contextual sensitivity of land value uplift in Toronto. Urban Studies, 55, 2197–2225. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098017712680
• Hjorth, P., & Bagheri, A. (2006). Navigating towards sustainable development: A system dynamics approach. Futures, 38(1), 74–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2005.04.005
• Hrelja, R., Olsson, L., Pettersson-Löfstedt, F., & Rye, T. (2022). Challenges of delivering TOD in low-density contexts: the Swedish experience of barriers and enablers. European Transport Research Review, 14(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12544-022-00546-1
• Hsieh, C. H., Tai, H. H., & Lee, Y. N. (2014). Port vulnerability assessment from the perspective of critical infrastructure interdependency. Maritime Policy and Management, 41(6), 589–606. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2013.856523
• Huang, R., Grigolon, A., Madureira, M., & Brussel, M. (2018). Measuring transit-oriented development (TOD) network complementarity based on tod node typology. Journal of Transport and Land Use, 11, 304–324. https://doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.2018.1110
• Huang, X., Liang, Q., Feng, Z., & Chai, S. (2021). A TOD Planning Model Integrating Transport and Land Use in Urban Rail Transit Station Areas. IEEE Access, 9, 1103–1115. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3047207
• Ibraeva, A., Correia, G. H. de A., Silva, C., & Antunes, A. P. (2020). Transit-oriented development: A review of research achievements and challenges. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 132(October 2019), 110–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2019.10.018
• Ibraeva, A., Van Wee, B., Correia, G. H. de A., & Pais Antunes, A. (2021). Longitudinal macro-analysis of car-use changes resulting from a TOD-type project: The case of Metro do Porto (Portugal). Journal of Transport Geography, 92(July 2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2021.103036
• Ibrahim, S. M., Ayad, H. M., Turki, E. A., & Saadallah, D. M. (2023). Measuring Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) levels: Prioritize potential areas for TOD in Alexandria, Egypt using GIS-Spatial Multi-Criteria based model. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 67, 241–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2022.12.053
• Jain, A. D., & Singh, E. (2019). Transit oriented development in india: A critical review of policy measures. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 7(6), 745–751.
• Jamaleddin, M., Ibrahim, H., Ferwati, M. S., Khamidi, M. F., & Indraganti, M. (2022). Pre-Transit Oriented Development Assessment Guidelines for Assessing Metro Station Dependent Component Area. Designs, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6030056
• Jamme, H. T., Rodriguez, J., Bahl, D., & Banerjee, T. (2019). A Twenty-Five-Year Biography of the TOD Concept: From Design to Policy, Planning, and Implementation. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 39(4), 409–428. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X19882073
• Jones, C. E., & Ley, D. (2016). Transit-oriented development and gentrification along Metro Vancouver’s low-income SkyTrain corridor. Canadian Geographer, 60(1), 9–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/cag.12256
• Kamruzzaman, M., Baker, D., Washington, S., & Turrell, G. (2014). Advance transit oriented development typology: Case study in brisbane, australia. Journal of Transport Geography, 34, 54–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2013.11.002
• Kamruzzaman, M., Deilami, K., & Yigitcanlar, T. (2018). Investigating the urban heat island effect of transit oriented development in Brisbane. Journal of Transport Geography, 66, 116–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.11.016
• Ke, L., Furuya, K., & Luo, S. (2021). Case comparison of typical transit-oriented-development stations in Tokyo district in the context of sustainability: Spatial visualization analysis based on FAHP and GIS. Sustainable Cities and Society, 68(September 2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.102788
• Khare, R., Villuri, V. G. K., & Chaurasia, D. (2020). Urban sustainability assessment: The evaluation of coordinated relationship between BRTS and land use in transit-oriented development mode using DEA model. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, xxxx. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2020.08.012
• Khosravi, H., Abrishami, M., Mehrian, M. R., & Chamberlain, B. (2024). The positive impact of transit-oriented-development characteristics on Metro Station usage: A case study of Tehran’s metro stations and TOD index calculation. Cities, 148(June 2022), 104840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2024.104840
• Kim, S., & Yeo, H. (2016). A Flow-based Vulnerability Measure for the Resilience of Urban Road Network. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 218, 13–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.04.006
• Laaly, S., Jeihani, M., & Lee, Y. J. (2017). A multiscale, transit-oriented development definition based on context-sensitive paradigm. Transportation Research Record, 2671, 31–39. https://doi.org/10.3141/2671-04
• Langlois, M., Van Lierop, D., Wasfi, R. A., & El-Geneidy, A. M. (2015). Chasing sustainability do new transit-oriented development residents adopt more sustainable modes of transportation? Transportation Research Record, 2531(2531), 83–92. https://doi.org/10.3141/2531-10
• Lavoie, M., & El-Geneidy, A. (2012). Characterizing Land use and Transportation for Transit-Oriented Development in the Montreal Metropolitan Region. http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca:80/R/-?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=122527&silo_library=GEN01
• Lee, E. H., & Kim, J. H. (2017). Development of resilience index based on flooding damage in urban areas. Water (Switzerland), 9(6), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060428
• Lee, E. H., Shin, H., Cho, S.-H., Kho, S.-Y., & Kim, D.-K. (2019). Evaluating the Efficiency of Transit-Oriented Envelopment Analysis. Energies, 12, 1–15.
• Lee, J. (Brian), & Salih, S. H. (2024). Passive transit accessibility: Modelling and application for transit gap analysis and station area assessment. Journal of Transport Geography, 114(October 2023), 103757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2023.103757
• Lee, J., Choi, K., & Leem, Y. (2016). Bicycle-based transit-oriented development as an alternative to overcome the criticisms of the conventional transit-oriented development. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 10, 975–984. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2014.923547
• Lee, J. S., & Choi, H. Il. (2019). applied sciences Comparative Analysis of Flood Vulnerability Indicators by Aggregation Frameworks for the IPCC ’ s Assessment Components to Climate Change. Applied Science, 9(2321).
• Lee, R. W., & Cervero, R. (2007). Research Basis for Proposed Criteria of the TOD Housing Program. The effect of housing near transit stations on vehicle trip rates and transit trip generation. A review of available evidence. California: University of California, Insitute of Urban and Reg.
• Lee, S., Yi, C., & Hong, S. P. (2013). Urban structural hierarchy and the relationship between the ridership of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway and the land-use pattern of the station areas. Cities, 35, 69–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2013.06.010
• Li, J., Luo, X., Wang, H., Qiu, Y., & Fan, W. (2022). Bilevel Programming Model for Park-and-Ride Versus Transit-Oriented Development: A Case Study of Chengdu City, China. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 148(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)up.1943-5444.0000786
• Li, L., Cao, R., Wei, K., Wang, W., & Chen, L. (2019). Adapting climate change challenge: A new vulnerability assessment framework from the global perspective. Journal of Cleaner Production, 217, 216–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.162
• Li, P., Zhao, P., & Brand, C. (2018). Future energy use and CO2 emissions of urban passenger transport in China: A travel behavior and urban form based approach. Applied Energy, 211(October 2017), 820–842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.11.022
• Li, S., Lyu, D., Huang, G., Zhang, X., Gao, F., Chen, Y., & Liu, X. (2020). Spatially varying impacts of built environment factors on rail transit ridership at station level: A case study in Guangzhou, China. Journal of Transport Geography, 82, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2019.102631
• Li, X., Liu, Y., Gao, Z., & Liu, D. (2016). Decision Tree Based Station-Level Rail Transit Ridership Forecasting. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 142(4), 04016011. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)up.1943-5444.0000331
• Li, X., Xiao, Q., Zhu, Y., & Yang, Y. (2022). Influence of TOD Modes on Passenger Travel Behavior in Urban Rail Transit Systems. Urban Rail Transit, 8(3–4), 175–183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40864-022-00179-6
• Li, Z., Han, Z., Xin, J., Luo, X., Su, S., & Weng, M. (2019a). Transit oriented development among metro station areas in Shanghai, China: Variations, typology, optimization and implications for land use planning. Land Use Policy, 82, 269–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.12.003
• Li, Z., Han, Z., Xin, J., Luo, X., Su, S., & Weng, M. (2019b). Transit oriented development among metro station areas in Shanghai, China: Variations, typology, optimization and implications for land use planning. Land Use Policy, 82(129), 269–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.12.003
• Likas, A., Vlassis, N., & J. Verbeek, J. (2003). The global k-means clustering algorithm. Pattern Recognition, 36(2), 451–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-3203(02)00060-2
• Limmonthol, A., Rudjanakanoknad, J., & Bunditsakulchai, P. (2020). The Examination of the Effects of Land Use Development on the Balance of Mass Transit Ridership. Engineering Journal, 24, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.4186/ej.2020.24.2.1
• Lin, J. J., & Li, C. N. (2006). A grey programming model for regional transit-oriented development planning. Papers in Regional Science, 87(1), 119–138. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5957.2007.00146.x
• Lin, T., Palmer, R., Xia, J., & Mcmeekin, D. A. (2014). Automatic generation of station catchment areas: A comparison of Euclidean distance transform algorithm and location-allocation methods. 2014 11th International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery, FSKD 2014, December 2016, 963–967. https://doi.org/10.1109/FSKD.2014.6980969
• Litman, T., & Burwell, D. (2006). Issues in sustainable transportation. International Journal of Global Environmental Issues, 6(4), 331–347. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJGENVI.2006.010889
• Liu, J. H., Pai, J. Te, & Lin, J. J. (2018). Planning Strategy for Green Transit Oriented Development Using A Multi-objecitve Planning Model. International Review for Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development, 6A, 35–52. https://doi.org/10.14246/irspsd.6a.1_35
• Lokku, P. S., & Prasad, C. S. R. K. (2018). Framework for Establishing Feasible Transit Oriented Development Locations: a Case Study in Hyderabad, India. International Journal for Traffic and Transport Engineering, 8, 228–240. https://doi.org/10.7708/ijtte.2018.8(2).07
• Loo, B. P. Y., & du Verle, F. (2017). Transit-oriented development in future cities: towards a two-level sustainable mobility strategy. International Journal of Urban Sciences, 21, 54–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2016.1235488
• Lückerath, D., Bogen, M., Rome, E., Sojeva, B., Ullrich, O., Worst, R., & Xie, J. (2018). The RESIN climate change adaptation project and its simple modeling approach for risk-oriented vulnerability assessment The RESIN climate change adaptation project and its simple modeling approach for risk-oriented vulnerability assessment. March.
• Luo, G., Yin, C., Chen, X., Xu, W., & Lu, L. (2010). Combining system dynamic model and CLUE-S model to improve land use scenario analyses at regional scale: A case study of Sangong watershed in Xinjiang, China. Ecological Complexity, 7(2), 198–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2010.02.001
• Lyle, T. S., & Hund, S. V. (2017). GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA OPEN FILE 8255 Way forward for risk assessment tools in Canada.
• Lyu, G., Bertolini, L., & Pfeffer, K. (2016a). Developing a TOD typology for Beijing metro station areas. Journal of Transport Geography, 55, 40–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2016.07.002
• Lyu, G., Bertolini, L., & Pfeffer, K. (2016b). Developing a TOD typology for Beijing metro station areas. Journal of Transport Geography, 55, 40–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2016.07.002
• Lyu, G., Bertolini, L., & Pfeffer, K. (2019). How does transit-oriented development contribute to station area accessibility? A study in Beijing. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 10, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2019.1578841
• Ma, D., & Chen, Y. (2019). Research on TOD Planning of Urban Rail Transit Based on Cellular Automata. 4th International Conference on Electromechanical Control Technology and Transportation (ICECTT) Research, 332–335. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICECTT.2019.00082
• Ma, X., Chen, X., Li, X., Ding, C., & Wang, Y. (2018). Sustainable station-level planning: An integrated transport and land use design model for transit-oriented development. Journal of Cleaner Production, 170, 1052–1063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.182
• Mahriyar, M. Z., & Rho, J. H. (2014). The Compact City Concept in Creating Resilient City and Transportation System in Surabaya. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 135, 41–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.07.323
• Manna, P., Anis, M. Z., Das, P., & Banerjee, S. (2019). Probabilistic Modeling of Flood Hazard and its Risk Assessment for Eastern Region of India. Risk Analysis, 39(7), risa.13333. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13333
• Marcussen, M. (2018). CITY OF CHICO CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT. 1–46.
• McDaniels, T., Chang, S., Cole, D., Mikawoz, J., & Longstaff, H. (2008). Fostering resilience to extreme events within infrastructure systems: Characterizing decision contexts for mitigation and adaptation. Global Environmental Change, 18(2), 310–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.03.001
• Meerow, S., Newell, J. P., & Stults, M. (2016). Defining urban resilience: A review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 147, 38–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.11.011
• Mojtahedi, M., Newton, S., & Von Meding, J. (2017). Predicting the resilience of transport infrastructure to a natural disaster using Cox’s proportional hazards regression model. Natural Hazards, 85(2), 1119–1133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2624-2
• Monajem, S., & Ekram Nosratian, F. (2015). The evaluation of the spatial integration of station areas via the node place model; an application to subway station areas in Tehran. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 40, 14–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2015.07.009
• Morency, P., Plante, C., Dub, A., Goudreau, S., Morency, C., Bourbonnais, P., Eluru, N., Louis-françois, T., & Hatzopoulou, M. (2020). The Potential Impacts of Urban and Transit Planning Scenarios for 2031 on Car Use and Active Transportation in a Metropolitan Area. Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 1–15.
• Motieyan, H., & Mesgari, M. (2017). Towards Sustainable Urban Planning Through Transit-Oriented Development (A Case Study: Tehran). ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 6, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi6120402
• Motieyan, H., & Mesgari, M. S. (2018). Development of a TOD Index through Spatial Analyses and HFIS in Tehran, Iran. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 144(4), 04018038. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)up.1943-5444.0000484
• Motieyan, H., & Mesgari, M. S. (2019). A novel spatial index using spatial analyses and hierarchical fuzzy expert system for obtaining green TOD : a case study in Tehran city. Geocarto International, 34, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2017.1353644
• Mudigonda, S., Ozbay, K., Ozturk, O., Iyer, S., & Noland, R. B. (2014). Quantifying transportation benefits of transit-oriented development in New Jersey. Transportation Research Record, 2417, 111–120. https://doi.org/10.3141/2417-12
• Nasri, A., Carrion, C., Zhang, L., & Baghaei, B. (2018a). Using propensity score matching technique to address self-selection in transit-oriented development (TOD) areas. Transportation, 47, 359–371. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-018-9887-2
• Nasri, A., Carrion, C., Zhang, L., & Baghaei, B. (2018b). Using propensity score matching technique to address self-selection in transit-oriented development (TOD) areas. Transportation, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-018-9887-2
• Nasri, A., Carrion, C., Zhang, L., & Baghaei, B. (2020). Using propensity score matching technique to address self-selection in transit-oriented development (TOD) areas. Transportation, 47(1), 359–371. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-018-9887-2
• Nasri, A., & Zhang, L. (2014). The analysis of transit-oriented development (TOD) in Washington, D.C. and Baltimore metropolitan areas. Transport Policy, 32, 172–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2013.12.009
• Nasri, A., & Zhang, L. (2019). How urban form characteristics at both trip ends influence mode choice: Evidence from TOD vs. Non-TOD zones of the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/SU11123403
• Nazarnia, N., Schwick, C., & Jaeger, J. A. G. (2016a). Accelerated urban sprawl in Montreal, Quebec City, and Zurich: Investigating the differences using time series 1951-2011. Ecological Indicators, 60, 1229–1251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.09.020
• Nazarnia, N., Schwick, C., & Jaeger, J. A. G. (2016b). Accelerated urban sprawl in Montreal, Quebec City, and Zurich: Investigating the differences using time series 1951-2011. Ecological Indicators, 60, 1229–1251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.09.020
• Nelson, A., Lindbergh, S., Stephenson, L., & Halpern, J. (2019). Coupling Natural Hazard Estimates with Road Network Analysis to Assess Vulnerability and Risk : Case Study of Freetown , Building Disruption Simulations in Hydrometeorological Risk Areas in Data-Scarce Sierra Leone. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198118822272
• Nemroudi, R., Ortuño, A., Flor, M., & Guirao, B. (2024). Application of the Node–Place Model in Algiers (Algeria). Sustainability (Switzerland), 16(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/su16156428
• Nguyen, T. M. C., Kato, H., & Phan, L. B. (2020). Is Built Environment Associated with Travel Mode Choice in Developing Cities ? Evidence from Hanoi. Sustainability, 12, 1–16.
• Nieves-Melendez, M. E., & De La Garza, J. M. (2016). A Comparison of Two Quantitative Frameworks for Measuring the Resilience of Ground Transportation Systems. Construction Research Congress, 1373–1382.
• Nigro, A., Bertolini, L., Domenico, F., & Moccia, F. D. (2019). Land use and public transport integration in small cities and towns: Assessment methodology and application. Journal of Transport Geography, 74, 110–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2018.11.004
• Nurlaela, S., Nadyla, A., Zuhdi, A. Y., Handayeni, K. D. M. E., Fakhrianto, I., Nurkhariza, A. R., & Yusuf, L. (2019). Qualitative comparative assessment by fsQCA for Transit Oriented Development (TOD) area comparison. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 340, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/340/1/012037
• Nyunt, K. T. K., & Wongchavalidkul, N. (2020). Evaluation of Relationships Between Ridership Demand and Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) Indicators Focused on Land Use Density, Diversity, and Accessibility: A Case Study of Existing Metro Stations in Bangkok. Urban Rail Transit, 6, 56–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40864-019-00122-2
• Ogra, A., & Ndebele, R. (2013). The Role of 6Ds : Density , Diversity , Design , Destination , Distance , and Demand Management in Transit Oriented Development ( TOD ). Neo-International Conference on Habitable Environments, May 2013, 539–546.
• Olaru, D., Moncrieff, S., Mccarney, G., Sun, Y., Reed, T., Pattison, C., Smith, B., & Biermann, S. (2019). Place vs . Node Transit : Planning Policies Revisited. Sustainability, 11, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11020477
• Pan, H., & Huang, Y. (2024). TOD typology and station area vibrancy: An interpretable machine learning approach. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 186(December 2023), 104150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2024.104150
• Pan, H., Li, J., Shen, Q., & Shi, C. (2017a). What determines rail transit passenger volume? Implications for transit oriented development planning. Transportation Research Part D, 57, 52–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2016.02.012
• Pan, H., Li, J., Shen, Q., & Shi, C. (2017b). What determines rail transit passenger volume? Implications for transit oriented development planning. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 57(September), 52–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.09.016
• Papa, E., & Bertolini, L. (2015). Accessibility and Transit-Oriented Development in European metropolitan areas. Journal of Transport Geography, 47, 70–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.07.003
• Papa, E., Moccia, F. D., Angiello, G., & Inglese, P. (2013). An accessibility planning tool for Network Transit Oriented Development: SNAP. Urbanism, 2, 1–9.
• Park, K., Ewing, R., Scheer, B. C., & Ara Khan, S. S. (2018). Travel Behavior in TODs vs. Non-TODs: Using Cluster Analysis and Propensity Score Matching. Transportation Research Record, 2672(6), 31–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198118774159
• Park, K., Ewing, R., Scheer, B. C., & Tian, G. (2018). The impacts of built environment characteristics of rail station areas on household travel behavior. Cities, 74, 277–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2017.12.015
• Park, K., & Lee, M.-H. (2019). The Development and Application of the Urban Flood Risk Assessment Model for Reflecting upon Urban Planning Elements. Water, 11, 1–17.
• Patarasuk, R. (2013). Road network connectivity and land-cover dynamics in Lop Buri province, Thailand. Journal of Transport Geography, 28, 111–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.11.011
• Peck, A., Neuwirth, C., & Simonovic, S. P. (2014). Coupling System Dynamics with Geographic Information Systems: CCaR Project Report (Issue March). http://www.eng.uwo.ca/research/iclr/fids/publications/products/86.pdf
• Pezeshknejad, P., Monajem, S., & Mozafari, H. (2020). Evaluating sustainability and land use integration of BRT stations via extended node place model, an application on BRT stations of Tehran. Journal of Transport Geography, 82, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2019.102626
• Phani Kumar, P., Ravi Sekhar, C., & Parida, M. (2020). Identification of neighborhood typology for potential transit-oriented development. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 78, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2019.11.015
• Pongprasert, P., & Kubota, H. (2019). TOD residents’ attitudes toward walking to transit station: a case study of transit-oriented developments (TODs) in Bangkok, Thailand. Journal of Modern Transportation, 27, 39–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40534-018-0170-1
• Public Safety Canada. (2017). An Emergency Management Framework for Canada: Ministers Responsible for Emergency Management - Third Edition. May, 1–23.
• Rabiei, N., Nasiri, F., & Eicker, U. (2022). Multistage Transit-Oriented Development Assessment: A Case Study of the Montréal Metro System. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 148(3), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)up.1943-5444.0000836
• Rahman, M. H., Ashik, F. R., & Mouli, M. J. (2022). Investigating spatial accessibility to urban facility outcome of transit-oriented development in Dhaka. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 14(October 2021), 100607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2022.100607
• Rahmat, A., Endot, I. R., Ahmad, Z., Ishak, Z., & Ibrahim, C. K. I. (2016). Development of Transit Oriented Development ( TOD ) Model for Malaysia. Built Environment, Technology and Engineering, 1, 36–47.
• Rausand, M., & Hoyland, A. (2004). System reliability Theory (Second). A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION.
• Reggiani, A., Nijkamp, P., & Lanzi, D. (2015). Transport resilience and vulnerability: The role of connectivity. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 81, 4–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2014.12.012
• Renne, J. L., Tolford, T., Hamidi, S., & Ewing, R. (2016). The Cost and Affordability Paradox of Transit-Oriented Development: A Comparison of Housing and Transportation Costs Across Transit-Oriented Development, Hybrid and Transit-Adjacent Development Station Typologies. Housing Policy Debate, 26, 819–834. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2016.1193038
• Roszkowska, E. (2013). Rank Ordering Criteria Weighting Methods a Comparative Overview. Optimum. Studia Ekonomiczne, 65, 14–33. https://doi.org/10.15290/ose.2013.05.65.02
• Rowan, E., Kafalenos, R., Rodehorst, B., Gye, A., Hyman, R., Snow, C., Asam, S., & Choate, A. (2015). Indicator Approach for Assessing Climate Change Vulnerability in Transportation Infrastructure. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2459, 18–28. https://doi.org/10.3141/2459-03
• Ruan, Z., Feng, X., Wu, F., Ding, C., & Hua, W. (2021). Land Use and Transport Integration Modeling with Immune Genetic Optimization for Urban Transit-Oriented Development. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 147(1), 04020063. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)up.1943-5444.0000658
• Rubio, C. J. P., Yu, I., Kim, H., Kim, S., & Jeong, S. (2019). An Investigation of the Adequacy of Urban Evacuation Centers Using Index-based Flood Risk Assessment. Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation, 19(2), 197–207. https://doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2019.19.2.197
• Saaty, T. L. (2008). Decision making with the analytic hierarchy process. Services Sciences, 1(1), 83–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-0483(87)90016-8
• Sahu, A. (2018). A methodology to modify land uses in a transit oriented development scenario. Journal of Environmental Management, 213, 467–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.12.004
• Santiago, R. (2017). The Role of Urban Infrastructure in Supporting Transit-Oriented Development.
• Savvides, A. L. (2017). Smart growth through joint highway air rights and transit-oriented development. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 12(7), 1142–1154. https://doi.org/10.2495/SDP-V12-N7-1142-1154
• Schlossberg, M., & Brown, N. (2004). Comparing Transit-Oriented Development Sites by Walkability Indicators. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1887(1), 34–42. https://doi.org/10.3141/1887-05
• Searle, G., Darchen, S., & Huston, S. (2014). Positive and Negative Factors for Transit Oriented Development: Case Studies from Brisbane, Melbourne and Sydney. Urban Policy and Research, 32, 437–457. https://doi.org/10.1080/08111146.2014.931280
• Seidelsohn, K., Voss, M., & Krüger, D. (2018). Researching milieu-specific perceptions of risk, (in)security, and vulnerability—A conceptual approach for understanding the inequality and segregation nexus in urban spaces. In Urban Book Series. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68606-6_21
• Sharifi, A. (2016). A critical review of selected tools for assessing community resilience. Ecological Indicators, 69, 629–647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.05.023
• Shepherd, S. P. (2014a). A review of system dynamics models applied in transportation. Transportmetrica B, 2(2), 83–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/21680566.2014.916236
• Shepherd, S. P. (2014b). A review of system dynamics models applied in transportation. Transportmetrica B, 2(2), 83–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/21680566.2014.916236
• Simonovic. (2016). From risk management to quantitative disaster resilience - A paradigm shift. International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering, 6(2), 85–95. https://doi.org/10.2495/SAFE-V6-N2-85-95
• Simonovic, P. S., & Arunkumar, R. (2016). Comparison of static and dynamic resilience for a multipurpose reservoir operation. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 52, 20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1969.tb04897.x
• Simonovic, S., & Ahmad, S. (2005). Computer-based model for flood evacuation emergency planning. Natural Hazards, 34(1), 25–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-004-0785-x
• Simonovic, S. P. (2015). Systems Approach to Management of Disasters – A Missed Opportunity. Journal of Integrated Disaster Risk Management, 5(2), 70–83. https://doi.org/10.5595/idrim.2015.0099
• Simonovic, S. P., & Peck, A. (2013). Dynamic Resilience to Climate Change Caused Natural Disasters in Coastal Megacities Quantification Framework. British Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 3(3), 378–401. https://doi.org/10.9734/bjecc/2013/2504
• Singh, Y. J., Fard, P., Zuidgeest, M., Brussel, M., & Maarseveen, M. van. (2014). Measuring transit oriented development: A spatial multi criteria assessment approach for the City Region Arnhem and Nijmegen. Journal of Transport Geography, 35, 130–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2014.01.014
• Singh, Y. J., Lukman, A., Flacke, J., Zuidgeest, M., & Van Maarseveen, M. F. A. M. (2017). Measuring TOD around transit nodes - Towards TOD policy. Transport Policy, 56, 96–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2017.03.013
• Singh, Y. J., Lukman, A., He, P., Flacke, J., Zuidgeest, M., & Maarseveen, M. Van. (2015). Planning for Transit Oriented Development ( TOD ) using a TOD index. Transportation Research Board 94th Annual Meeting, 27(15–2132), 1–20.
• Singh, Y. J., Martinez, J., Flacke, J., Flacke, J., Zuidgeest, M., & van Maarseveen, M. (2015). Planning for Transit Oriented Development (TOD) Using a TOD Index. In GIS in Sustainable Urban Planning and Management (Issue January). https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315146638-15
• Sohoni, A. V., Thomas, M., & Rao, K. V. K. (2017). Application of the concept of transit oriented development to a suburban neighborhood. Transportation Research Procedia, 25, 3220–3232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2017.05.135
• Staricco, L., & Vitale Brovarone, E. (2018). Promoting TOD through regional planning. A comparative analysis of two European approaches. Journal of Transport Geography, 66(November 2017), 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.11.011
• Su, S., Wang, Z., Li, B., & Kang, M. (2022). Deciphering the influence of TOD on metro ridership: An integrated approach of extended node-place model and interpretable machine learning with planning implications. Journal of Transport Geography, 104(129), 103455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2022.103455
• Su, S., Zhao, C., Zhou, H., Li, B., & Kang, M. (2022). Unraveling the relative contribution of TOD structural factors to metro ridership: A novel localized modeling approach with implications on spatial planning. Journal of Transport Geography, 100(129), 103308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2022.103308
• Swanson, J. (2003). The Dynamic Urban Model: Transport and Urban Development. Proceedings of the 21st International Conference of the System Dynamics Society.
• Taki, H. M., Maatouk, M. M. H., & Qurnfulah, E. M. (2017). Re-Assessing TOD index in Jakarta Metropolitan Region (JMR). Journal of Applied Geospatial Information, 1, 26–35.
• Taki, M. H., & Maatouk, M. M. H. (2018). Spatial Statistical Analysis for Potential Transit Oriented Development (TOD) in Jakarta Metropolitan Region. Geoscience, Engineering, Environment, and Technology, 3, 47–56. https://doi.org/10.24273/jgeet.2018.3.01.1091
• Tamakloe, R., & Hong, J. (2020). Assessing the efficiency of integrated public transit stations based on the concept of transit- oriented development. Transportmetrica A: Transport Science, 16, 1459–1489. https://doi.org/10.1080/23249935.2020.1753849
• Tamima, U., & Chouinard, L. (2016). Development of evacuation models for moderate seismic zones: A case study of Montreal. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 16, 167–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2016.02.003
• Tan, Y., Jiao, L., Shuai, C., & Shen, L. (2018). A system dynamics model for simulating urban sustainability performance: A China case study. Journal of Cleaner Production, 199, 1107–1115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.154
• Tang, Y., & Huang, S. (2019a). Assessing seismic vulnerability of urban road networks by a Bayesian network approach. Transportation Research Part D, 02(003), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2019.02.003
• Tang, Y., & Huang, S. (2019b). Assessing seismic vulnerability of urban road networks by a Bayesian network approach. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, xxxx, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2019.02.003
• Theocharidou, M., & Giannopoulos, G. (2015). Risk assessment methodologies for critical infrastructure protection . Part II : A new approach Risk assessment methodologies for critical infrastructure protection . Part II : A new approach. In European Commission Joint Research Centre-Institute for Protection and Security of the Citizen. https://doi.org/10.2788/621843
• Tian, G., Ewing, R., Weinberger, R., Shively, K., Stinger, P., & Hamidi, S. (2017). Trip and parking generation at transit-oriented developments: a case study of Redmond TOD, Seattle region. Transportation, 44(5), 1235–1254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-016-9702-x
• Tong, X., Wang, Y., Chan, E. H. W., & Zhou, Q. (2018). Correlation between transit-oriented development (TOD), land use catchment areas, and local environmental transformation. Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124622
• Tzeng, G.-H., & Huang, J.-J. (2011). Multiple Attribute Decision Making. In Multiple Attribute Decision Making. https://doi.org/10.1201/b11032
• Vale, D. S. (2015). Transit-oriented development, integration of land use and transport, and pedestrian accessibility: Combining node-place model with pedestrian shed ratio to evaluate and classify station areas in Lisbon. Journal of Transport Geography, 45, 70–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.04.009
• Vale, D. S., Saraiva, M., & Pereira, M. (2016). Active accessibility: A review of operational measures of walking and cycling accessibility. Journal of Transport and Land Use, 9, 209–235. https://doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.2015.593
• Vale, D. S., Viana, C. M., & Pereira, M. (2018). The extended node-place model at the local scale: Evaluating the integration of land use and transport for Lisbon’s subway network. Journal of Transport Geography, 69, 282–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2018.05.004
• van Lierop, D., Maat, K., & El-Geneidy, A. (2017). Talking TOD: learning about transit-oriented development in the United States, Canada, and the Netherlands. Journal of Urbanism, 10, 49–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549175.2016.1192558
• Waghwala, R. K., & Agnihotri, P. G. (2019). Flood risk assessment and resilience strategies for flood risk management: A case study of Surat City. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, April, 101155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101155
• Wang, J., Tan, W., & Huang, J. (2024). Extending TOD through the interrelationship between transport and land use: A case study of Beijing. Land Use Policy, 144(September 2023), 107257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2024.107257
• Wang, Y., Welch, T. F., Wu, B., Ye, X., & Ducca, F. W. (2016). Impact of transit-oriented development policy scenarios on travel demand measures of mode share, trip distance and highway usage in Maryland. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 20(3), 1006–1016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-016-0618-y
• Wanke, P., & Kalam Azad, M. A. (2018). Efficiency in Asian railways: a comparison between data envelopment analysis approaches. Transportation Planning and Technology, 41(6), 573–599. https://doi.org/10.1080/03081060.2018.1488928
• Wey, W. M. (2013). Smart Growth Principles Combined with Fuzzy AHP and DEA Approach to the Transit-oriented Development ( TOD ) Planning in Urban Transportation Systems. Energy Technologies and Policy, 3, 251–258.
• Wey, W. M. (2015). Smart growth and transit-oriented development planning in site selection for a new metro transit station in Taipei, Taiwan. Habitat International, 47, 158–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.01.020
• Wey, W. M., & Chiu, Y. H. (2013). Assessing the walkability of pedestrian environment under the transit-oriented development. Habitat International, 38, 106–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2012.05.004
• Wey, W. M., Zhang, H., & Chang, Y. J. (2016). Alternative transit-oriented development evaluation in sustainable built environment planning. Habitat International, 55, 109–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2016.03.003
• White, R., Boult, T., & Chow, E. (2014). A computational asset vulnerability model for the strategic protection of the critical infrastructure. International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection, 7(3), 167–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcip.2014.06.002
• Woodruff, S., BenDor, T. K., & Strong, A. L. (2018). Fighting the inevitable: infrastructure investment and coastal community adaptation to sea level rise. System Dynamics Review, 34(1–2), 48–77. https://doi.org/10.1002/sdr.1597
• Wu, W., & Divigalpitiya, P. (2022). Assessment of Accessibility and Activity Intensity to Identify Future Development Priority TODs in Hefei City. Land, 11(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/land11091590
• Wu, Y., Zhong, P. an, Zhang, Y., Xu, B., Ma, B., & Yan, K. (2015). Integrated flood risk assessment and zonation method: A case study in Huaihe River basin, China. Natural Hazards, 78(1), 635–651. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015-1737-3
• Xia, T., Song, X., Song, X., Lu, M., Huang, S., Shibasaki, R., & Kim, K.-S. (2019). From walkability to bikeability: A GIS based analysis of integrating bike sharing service in Tokyo TOD system. Abstracts of the ICA, 1, 1–2. https://doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-409-2019
• Xian, S., Yin, J., Lin, N., & Oppenheimer, M. (2018). Influence of risk factors and past events on flood resilience in coastal megacities: Comparative analysis of NYC and Shanghai. Science of the Total Environment, 610–611, 1251–1261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.229
• Yang, W., Yan, W., Chen, L., Wei, H., & Gan, S. (2024). Developing a TOD assessment model based on node–place–ecology for suburban areas of metropolitan cities: A case in Odawara. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 51(4), 839–853. https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083231202880
• Yang, X., Zheng, X., Cao, Y., Chen, H., Tang, L., & Yang, H. (2023). Connectivity analysis in pedestrian networks: A case study in Wuhan, China. Applied Geography, 151(December 2022), 102843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2022.102843
• Yang, Y., Zhong, C., & Gao, Q. L. (2022). An extended node-place model for comparative studies of transit-oriented development. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 113(October), 103514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2022.103514
• Yap, J. B. H., & Goh, S. V. (2017). Determining the potential and requirements of transit-oriented development (TOD): The case of Malaysia. Property Management, 35(4), 394–413. https://doi.org/10.1108/PM-06-2016-0030
• Yin, J., Jing, Y., Yu, D., Ye, M., Yang, Y., & Liao, B. (2019). A vulnerability assessment of urban emergency in schools of Shanghai. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11020349
• Zaheer, M., Muhammad, K., Khan, A., Muzzamil, M., Khattak, H., & Faisal, M. (2024). walking accessibility using an actual street network.
• Zamir, K., Nasri, A., Baghaei, B., Mahapatra, S., & Zhang, L. (2014). Effects of transit-oriented development on trip generation, distribution, and mode share in Washington, D. C., and Baltimore, Maryland. Transportation Research Record, 2413, 45–53. https://doi.org/10.3141/2413-05
• Zhang, H., & Yao, Y. (2019). An Integrative Vulnerability Evaluation Model to Urban Road. Wireless Personal Communications, 107(1), 193–204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-019-06248-7
• Zhang, M., & Lee, J. (2023). Make TOD More Bicycling-Friendly: An Extended Node-Place Model Incorporating a Cycling Accessibility Index. Buildings, 13(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13051240
• Zhang, M., Liu, Z., & van Dijk, M. P. (2019). Measuring urban vulnerability to climate change using an integrated approach, assessing climate risks in Beijing. PeerJ, 7, e7018. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7018
• Zhang, Y., & Guo, L. (2017). Study on coordinated relationship between urban rail transit and land-use. 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/liss.2016.7854339
• Zhang, Y., Marshall, S., & Manley, E. (2019). Network criticality and the node-place-design model : Classifying metro station areas in Greater London. Journal of Transport Geography, 79, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2019.102485
• Zhao, Y., Hu, S., & Zhang, M. (2024). Evaluating equitable Transit-Oriented development (TOD) via the Node-Place-People model. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 185(December 2023), 104116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2024.104116
• Zhu, H., Peng, J., Dai, Q., & Yang, H. (2024). Exploring the long-term threshold effects of density and diversity on metro ridership. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 128(December 2023), 104101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2024.104101
• Zhu, Y., Tian, D., & Yan, F. (2020). Effectiveness of Entropy Weight Method in Decision-Making. 2020, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3564835
• Zhu, Z., He, Y., Guo, X., Zhang, Y., & Chen, J. (2021). Improved Huff Model for Estimating Urban Rail Transit Station Catchment Areas considering Station Choices. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6374724
Repository Staff Only: item control page


Download Statistics
Download Statistics