Abstract

Due to their numerous advantages, Wind Farms (WFs) have become more and more integrated
into modern power systems. In such a cyber-physical system, secure integration requires addressing
challenges, such as data security, integrity, and trust between distributed control units. Specifically,
while being vulnerable to tampering or loss, the integrity of Wind Turbine (WT) measurement
data is critical for reliable monitoring, fault diagnosis, and cyber-physical security. On this basis,
to address this issue, we propose two blockchain-based frameworks to ensure the integrity of (i)
data transfer within the WF from the point of measurement to the control room and (ii) from the
control rooms of WFs to the grid operator, both augmented with a per-turbine hash chain across
measurement windows for stream integrity. To do so, in the first architecture, Hyperledger Fabric
is used to provide a tamper-evident communication and recording layer for transmitting WT data
within the WF network, designed based on IEC 61400-25. Turbine side industrial PCs (IPCs)
act as edge client nodes that submit transactions, while control room servers support monitoring
and verification. To handle the high sampling rate of turbine measurements, raw data samples are
grouped into fixed-duration time windows and submitted as a single transaction per window. Each
window carries integrity information that links it to the previously accepted window of the same
turbine, forming a per-turbine hash chain that is enforced during endorsement before commit. This
complements the Hyperledger Fabric’s block hash chain by providing stream-level continuity for
each turbine