References:

[1] Y. Tang, H. Yu, K. Zhang, K. Niu, H. Mao, and M. Luo, “Thermal comfort performance and energy-efficiency evaluation of six personal heating/cooling devices,” Build. Environ., vol. 217, p. 109069, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109069.
[2] L. Pérez-Lombard, J. Ortiz, and C. Pout, “A review on buildings energy consumption information,” Energy Build., vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 394–398, Jan. 2008, doi: 10.1016/J.ENBUILD.2007.03.007.
[3] P. O. Fanger, A. K. Melikov, H. Hanzawa, and J. Ring, “Air turbulence and sensation of draught,” Energy Build., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 21–39, Apr. 1988, doi: 10.1016/0378-7788(88)90053-9.
[4] “Developing an adaptive model of thermal comfort and preference.” Accessed: Mar. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4qq2p9c6
[5] J. F. Nicol and M. A. Humphreys, “Adaptive thermal comfort and sustainable thermal standards for buildings,” Energy Build., vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 563–572, Jul. 2002, doi: 10.1016/S0378-7788(02)00006-3.
[6] M. Frontczak and P. Wargocki, “Literature survey on how different factors influence human comfort in indoor environments,” Build. Environ., vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 922–937, Apr. 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.10.021.
[7] J. Kim and R. De Dear, “Workspace satisfaction: The privacy-communication trade-off in open-plan offices,” 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.06.007.
[8] E. Arens, M. A. Humphreys, R. de Dear, and H. Zhang, “Are ‘class A’ temperature requirements realistic or desirable?,” Build. Environ., vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 4–10, Jan. 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.03.014.
[9] H. Zhang, E. Arens, and W. Pasut, “Air temperature thresholds for indoor comfort and perceived air quality,” Build. Res. Inf., vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 134–144, Mar. 2011, doi: 10.1080/09613218.2011.552703.
[10] H. Zhang, E. Arens, and Y. Zhai, “A review of the corrective power of personal comfort systems in non-neutral ambient environments,” Build. Environ., vol. 91, pp. 15–41, Sep. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.03.013.
[11] W. Song, Z. Zhang, Z. Chen, F. Wang, and B. Yang, “Thermal comfort and energy performance of personal comfort systems (PCS): A systematic review and meta-analysis,” Energy Build., vol. 256, p. 111747, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111747.
[12] A. K. Melikov, “Personalized ventilation,” Indoor Air, vol. 14, no. SUPPL. 7, pp. 157–167, 2004, doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2004.00284.x.
[13] “(PDF) Moving air for comfort.” Accessed: Mar. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279556483_Moving_air_for_comfort
[14] H. Zhang, E. Arens, D. E. Kim, E. Buchberger, F. Bauman, and C. Huizenga, “Comfort, perceived air quality, and work performance in a low-power task–ambient conditioning system,” Build. Environ., vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 29–39, Jan. 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.02.016.
[15] F. S. Bauman, P. G. Member ASHRAE Thomas Carter, P. V Anne Baughman Edward A Arens, and S. Member ASHRAE Student Member ASHRAE Member ASHRAE, “Field Study of the Impact of a Desktop Task/Ambient Conditioning System in Office Buildings”.
[16] Y. Zhai, H. Zhang, Y. Zhang, W. Pasut, E. Arens, and Q. Meng, “Comfort under personally controlled air movement in warm and humid environments”, Accessed: Mar. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/9s12q89q
[17] M. Luo, E. Arens, H. Zhang, A. Ghahramani, and Z. Wang, “Thermal comfort evaluated for combinations of energy-efficient personal heating and cooling devices,” Build. Environ., vol. 143, pp. 206–216, Oct. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.07.008.
[18] H. Zhang et al., “Using footwarmers in offices for thermal comfort and energy savings,” Energy Build., vol. 104, pp. 233–243, Jul. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.06.086.
[19] T. Hoyt, E. Arens, and H. Zhang, “Extending air temperature setpoints: Simulated energy savings and design considerations for new and retrofit buildings,” Build. Environ., vol. 88, pp. 89–96, Jun. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.09.010.
[20] W. Yao, G. Zhu, Z. Yan, W. Tong, and D. Fan, “Revolutionizing personal thermal management technologies with advanced materials and strategies,” Appl. Mater. Today, vol. 44, p. 102719, Jun. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.apmt.2025.102719.
[21] M. Cabanac, B. Massonnet, and R. Belaiche, “Preferred skin temperature as a function of internal and mean skin temperature,” J. Appl. Physiol., vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 699–703, 1972, doi: 10.1152/jappl.1972.33.6.699.
[22] H. Hensel, “Thermal sensations and thermoreceptors in man,” p. 187, 1982.
[23] J. W. Ring and R. de Dear, “Temperature Transients: A Model for Heat Diffusion through the Skin, Thermoreceptor Response and Thermal Sensation,” Indoor Air, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 448–456, Dec. 1991, doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.1991.00009.x.
[24] T. Parkinson and R. De Dear, “Thermal pleasure in built environments: Physiology of alliesthesia,” Build. Res. Inf., vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 288–301, May 2015, doi: 10.1080/09613218.2015.989662.
[25] T. Parkinson, R. De Dear, and C. Candido, “Thermal pleasure in built environments: Alliesthesia in different thermoregulatory zones,” Build. Res. Inf., vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 20–33, Jan. 2016, doi: 10.1080/09613218.2015.1059653.
[26] “Thermal comfort : analysis and applications in environmental engineering : Fanger, P. O : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive.” Accessed: Mar. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://archive.org/details/thermalcomfortan0000fang/page/n5/mode/2up
[27] W. Raza, A. Berto, M. Tancon, L. Moro, and M. Azzolin, “Enhancing thermal comfort: a comprehensive review of wearable cooling systems,” Next Mater., vol. 8, no. 5, p. 100762, Jul. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.nxmate.2025.100762.
[28] Z. Wang et al., “Evaluating the comfort of thermally dynamic wearable devices,” Build. Environ., vol. 167, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106443.
[29] B. Yang, T. H. Lei, P. Yang, K. Liu, and F. Wang, “On the Use of Wearable Face and Neck Cooling Fans to Improve Occupant Thermal Comfort in Warm Indoor Environments,” Energies 2021, Vol. 14, Page 8077, vol. 14, no. 23, p. 8077, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.3390/en14238077.
[30] K. u. Mekrisuh, D. Singh, and Udayraj, “Development and experimental validation of a 3D numerical model to investigate performance of phase change based cooling vest in hot environments,” Int. J. Therm. Sci., vol. 208, Feb. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2024.109487.
[31] E. Arens, H. Zhang, and C. Huizenga, “Partial- and whole-body thermal sensation and comfort— Part I: Uniform environmental conditions,” J. Therm. Biol., vol. 31, no. 1–2, pp. 53–59, Jan. 2006, doi: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2005.11.028.
[32] J. D. Cotter and N. A. S. Taylor, “The distribution of cutaneous sudomotor and alliesthesial thermosensitivity in mildly heat-stressed humans: an open-loop approach,” J. Physiol., vol. 565, no. Pt 1, pp. 335–345, May 2005, doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2004.081562.
[33] “Standard 55 – Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy.” Accessed: Mar. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/bookstore/standard-55-thermal-environmental-conditions-for-human-occupancy
[34] “ISO 7730 (2005) Ergonomics of the Thermal Environment—Analytical Determination and Interpretation of Thermal Comfort Using Calculation of the PMV and PPD indices and Local Thermal Comfort Criteria International Organization for Standardization. - Referen….” Accessed: Mar. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=1205534
[35] D. Fiala, G. Havenith, P. Bröde, B. Kampmann, and G. Jendritzky, “UTCI-Fiala multi-node model of human heat transfer and temperature regulation,” Int. J. Biometeorol., vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 429–441, 2012, doi: 10.1007/s00484-011-0424-7.
[36] J. F. Nicol and M. A. Humphreys, “THERMAL COMFORT AS PART OF A SELF-REGULATING SYSTEM.,” Build Res Pr., vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 174–179, 1973, doi: 10.1080/09613217308550237.
[37] “(PDF) Understanding the adaptive approach to thermal comfort.” Accessed: Mar. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279888246_Understanding_the_adaptive_approach_to_thermal_comfort
[38] B. W. Olesen and G. S. Brager, “A better way to predict comfort,” ASHRAE J., vol. 46, no. 8, pp. 20–28, 2004.
[39] H. Zhang, “Human Thermal Sensation and Comfort in Transient and Non-Uniform Thermal Environments,” Sep. 01, 2003.
[40] H. Zhang, E. Arens, C. Huizenga, and T. Han, “Thermal sensation and comfort models for non-uniform and transient environments: Part I: Local sensation of individual body parts,” Build. Environ., vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 380–388, Feb. 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.06.018.
[41] W. Pasut, H. Zhang, E. Arens, and Y. Zhai, “Energy-efficient comfort with a heated/cooled chair: Results from human subject tests,” Build. Environ., vol. 84, pp. 10–21, Jan. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.10.026.
[42] R. Rawal, M. Schweiker, O. B. Kazanci, V. Vardhan, Q. Jin, and L. Duanmu, “Personal Comfort Systems: A review on comfort, energy, and economics,” Energy Build., vol. 214, p. 109858, May 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.109858.
[43] H. Wang, Z. Xu, B. Ge, and J. Li, “Experimental study on a phase change cooling garment to improve thermal comfort of factory workers,” Build. Environ., vol. 227, p. 109819, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109819.
[44] X. L. Wang et al., “Hybrid evaporative-fan cooling vest: multi-scale cooling performance evaluation,” Energy Build., vol. 351, p. 116704, Jan. 2026, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116704.
[45] C. Hu, Z. Wang, R. Bo, C. Li, and X. Meng, “Effect of the cooling clothing integrating with phase change material on the thermal comfort of healthcare workers with personal protective equipment during the COVID-19,” Case Stud. Therm. Eng., vol. 42, no. 9, p. 102725, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.csite.2023.102725.
[46] C. Gao, K. Kuklane, F. Wang, and I. Holmér, “Personal cooling with phase change materials to improve thermal comfort from a heat wave perspective,” Indoor Air, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 523–530, 2012, doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2012.00778.x.
[47] E. Rahimi, A. Babapoor, G. Moradi, S. Kalantari, and M. Monazzam Esmaeelpour, “Personal cooling garments and phase change materials: A review,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 190, Feb. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2023.114063.
[48] B. Liu, H. Wang, H. Lin, Y. Su, G. Wei, and Z. Xu, “Effect of phase change cooling vest on related thermal regulation factors in moderately hot environments,” Build. Environ., vol. 242, p. 110566, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110566.
[49] W. Pasut, H. Zhang, E. Arens, S. Kaam, and Y. Zhai, “Effect of a heated and cooled office chair on thermal comfort,” HVAC R Res., vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 574–583, Jul. 2013, doi: 10.1080/10789669.2013.781371.
[50] S. Shahzad, K. Calautit, S. Wei, P. W. Tien, J. Calautit, and B. Hughes, “Analysis of the thermal comfort and energy performance of a thermal chair for open plan office,” J. Sustain. Dev. Energy, Water Environ. Syst., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 373–395, 2020, doi: 10.13044/j.sdewes.d7.0298.
[51] H. Yang, B. Cao, and Y. Zhu, “Study on the effects of chair heating in cold indoor environments from the perspective of local thermal sensation,” Energy Build., vol. 180, pp. 16–28, Dec. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.09.003.
[52] J. Chao, S. Li, Z. Zhang, M. Wang, and W. Hou, “Differences in heating effects of three personalized heating devices under various indoor temperatures: Table heating pad, cushion heating pad and leg heating pad,” Indoor Built Environ., vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 571–582, Mar. 2024, doi: 10.1177/1420326X231218365.
[53] Z. Vlaović, B. Iliev, and D. Domljan, “Assessments of Thermal Sensation While Sitting on Office Chairs of Different Seat and Backrest Designs,” Appl. Sci. 2025, Vol. 15, Page 6127, vol. 15, no. 11, p. 6127, May 2025, doi: 10.3390/app15116127.
[54] G. Yu, Z. Gu, Z. Yan, and H. Chen, “Investigation and comparison on thermal comfort and energy consumption of four personalized seat heating systems based on heated floor panels,” Indoor Built Environ., vol. 30, no. 8, pp. 1252–1267, Oct. 2020, doi: 10.1177/1420326X20939145.
[55] Y. He et al., “Creating alliesthesia in cool environments using personal comfort systems,” Build. Environ., vol. 209, no. 4, p. 108642, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108642.
[56] W. Luo, R. Kramer, Y. de Kort, P. Rense, and W. van Marken Lichtenbelt, “The effects of a novel personal comfort system on thermal comfort, physiology and perceived indoor environmental quality, and its health implications - Stimulating human thermoregulation without compromising thermal comfort,” Indoor Air, vol. 32, no. 1, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.1111/ina.12951.
[57] S. Y. Qin, X. Cui, C. Yang, and L. W. Jin, “Thermal comfort analysis of radiant cooling panels with dedicated fresh-air system,” Indoor Built Environ., vol. 30, no. 10, pp. 1596–1608, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.1177/1420326X20961142.
[58] J. Miriel, L. Serres, and A. Trombe, “Radiant ceiling panel heating-cooling systems: Experimental and simulated study of the performances, thermal comfort and energy consumptions,” Appl. Therm. Eng., vol. 22, no. 16, pp. 1861–1873, Nov. 2002, doi: 10.1016/S1359-4311(02)00087-X.
[59] Z. Ma, D. Zhao, F. Wang, and R. Yang, “A novel thermal comfort and energy saving evaluation model for radiative cooling and heating textiles,” Energy Build., vol. 258, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.111842.
[60] S. M. Hooshmand, H. Zhang, H. Javidanfar, Y. Zhai, and A. Wagner, “A review of local radiant heating systems and their effects on thermal comfort and sensation,” Energy Build., vol. 296, p. 113331, Oct. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113331.
[61] Udayraj, Z. Li, Y. Ke, F. Wang, and B. Yang, “A study of thermal comfort enhancement using three energy-efficient personalized heating strategies at two low indoor temperatures,” Build. Environ., vol. 143, pp. 1–14, Oct. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.06.049.
[62] Y. He et al., “Creating alliesthesia in cool environments using personal comfort systems,” Build. Environ., vol. 209, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108642.
[63] W. Su, B. Yang, B. Zhou, F. Wang, and A. Li, “A novel convection and radiation combined terminal device: Its impact on occupant thermal comfort and cognitive performance in winter indoor environments,” Energy Build., vol. 246, p. 111123, Sep. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111123.
[64] P. D. T. Arachchi Appuhamilage, H. B. Rijal, and S. Shahzad, “Localized thermal control for global impact: A meta-analytical review of thermal comfort and energy performance of personal comfort systems,” Appl. Energy, vol. 403, Jan. 2026, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.127051.
[65] Z. Lei, “Review of application of thermal manikin in evaluation on thermal and moisture comfort of clothing,” J. Eng. Fiber. Fabr., vol. 14, Apr. 2019, doi: 10.1177/1558925019841548.
[66] T. . T. Y. Fukazawa, T. Fukazawa, and Y. Tochihara, “The Thermal Manikin; a Useful and Effective Device for Evaluating Human Thermal Environments,” J. Human-Environment Syst., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 021–028, Jan. 2015, doi: 10.1618/jhes.18.021.
[67] A. Psikuta et al., “Thermal manikins controlled by human thermoregulation models for energy efficiency and thermal comfort research – A review,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 78, pp. 1315–1330, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.04.115.
[68] I. Simova, R. A. Angelova, D. Markov, R. Velichkova, and P. Stankov, “Thermal Manikins-General Features and Applications,” Proc. 2021 6th Int. Symp. Environ. Energies Appl. EFEA 2021, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1109/EFEA49713.2021.9406231.
[69] I. Holmér, “Thermal manikin history and applications,” Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., vol. 92, no. 6, pp. 614–618, Sep. 2004, doi: 10.1007/s00421-004-1135-0.
[70] E. Paredes Barros et al., “User-centric electrical vehicle thermal conditioning strategy based on close comfort elements in cold environment: Thermal manikin and human participants assessment,” Case Stud. Therm. Eng., vol. 64, no. 6, p. 105435, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.csite.2024.105435.
[71] K. W. D. Cheong, W. J. Yu, R. Kosonen, K. W. Tham, and S. C. Sekhar, “Assessment of thermal environment using a thermal manikin in a field environment chamber served by displacement ventilation system,” Build. Environ., vol. 41, no. 12, pp. 1661–1670, Dec. 2006, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.06.018.
[72] D. D. Ion‐guţă et al., “Advanced Thermal Manikin for Thermal Comfort Assessment in Vehicles and Buildings,” Appl. Sci. 2022, Vol. 12, Page 1826, vol. 12, no. 4, p. 1826, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.3390/app12041826.
[73] M. R. Georgescu, A. Cernei, I. Nastase, P. Danca, D. Guta, and I. Ursu, “Development and Use of a New Architecture of Thermal Manikin for Assessing Local Thermal Comfort,” 2023 11th Int. Conf. ENERGY Environ. CIEM 2023, 2023, doi: 10.1109/CIEM58573.2023.10349780.
[74] Z. El akili, Y. Bouzidi, A. Merabtine, G. Polidori, and J. Kauffmann, “Assessment of thermal comfort of frail people in a sitting posture under non-uniform conditions using a thermal manikin,” Build. Environ., vol. 221, Aug. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109334.
[75] A. Tanabe et al., “UC Berkeley Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) Title Evaluating thermal environments by using a thermal manikin with controlled skin surface temperature Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/22k424vp Publication Date EVALUATING THERMAL ENVIRONMENTS …,” 1994, Accessed: Mar. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: www.ashrae.org
[76] “Temperature And Human Life by Winslow, C.-E. A., And L. P. Herrington: Very Good Hardcover (1949) 1st Edition | Arroyo Seco Books, Pasadena, Member IOBA.” Accessed: Mar. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.abebooks.com/first-edition/Temperature-Human-Life-Winslow-C.-E-Herrington/22316289795/bd
[77] J. Fan and Y. S. Chen, “Measurement of clothing thermal insulation and moisture vapour resistance using a novel perspiring fabric thermal manikin,” Meas. Sci. Technol., vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 1115–1123, Jan. 2002, doi: 10.1088/0957-0233/13/7/320.
[78] D. Tama and M. J. Abreu, “Evaluating the thermal comfort properties of Rize’s traditional hemp fabric (Feretiko) using a thermal manikin Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 4th International Con-ference on Natural Fibers-Smart Sustain…,” 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.10.063.
[79] E. Foda and K. Sirén, “Evaluating the thermal comfort performance of heating systems using a thermal manikin with human thermoregulatory control,” Indoor Built Environ., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 191–202, Feb. 2016, doi: 10.1177/1420326X14541822.
[80] J. Pokorný, B. Kopečková, J. Fišer, and M. JÍcha, “Simulator with integrated HW and SW for prediction of thermal comfort to provide feedback to the climate control system,” EPJ Web Conf., vol. 180, p. 02085, 2018, doi: 10.1051/epjconf/201818002085.
[81] R. Vilain, M. L. Pereira, V. Felix, and A. Tribess, “Thermal comfort and local discomfort in an operating room ventilated with spiral diffuser jet,” HVAC R Res., vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 1016–1022, Nov. 2013, doi: 10.1080/10789669.2013.838438.
[82] H. O. Nilsson and I. Holmér, “Comfort climate evaluation with thermal manikin methods and computer simulation models,” Indoor Air, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 28–37, 2003, doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0668.2003.01113.x.
[83] “Test Method for Measuring the Evaporative Resistance of Clothing Using a Sweating Manikin,” Jul. 2022, doi: 10.1520/F2370-22.
[84] F. ; Wang et al., “CLOTHING REAL EVAPORATIVE RESISTANCE DETERMINED BY MEANS OF A SWEATING THERMAL MANIKIN: A NEW ROUND-ROBIN STUDY,” vol. 1, 2014.
[85] “(PDF) A database of static clothing thermal insulation and vapor permeability values of non-Western ensembles for use in ASHRAE Standard 55, ISO 7730, and ISO 9920.” Accessed: Mar. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282954979_A_database_of_static_clothing_thermal_insulation_and_vapor_permeability_values_of_non-Western_ensembles_for_use_in_ASHRAE_Standard_55_ISO_7730_and_ISO_9920
[86] I. Holmer and S. Elnas, “Physiological evaluation of the resistance to evaporative heat transfer by clothing,” Ergonomics, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 63–74, 1981, doi: 10.1080/00140138108924831.
[87] A. Psikuta, L. C. Wang, and R. M. Rossi, “Prediction of the physiological response of humans wearing protective clothing using a thermophysiological human simulator,” J. Occup. Environ. Hyg., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 222–232, Apr. 2013, doi: 10.1080/15459624.2013.766562.
[88] F. Wang, “Measurements of clothing evaporative resistance using a sweating thermal manikin: an overview,” Ind. Health, vol. 55, no. 6, p. 473, 2017, doi: 10.2486/indhealth.2017-0052.
[89] “Thermal Manikins for Precise Thermal Testing | P.T. - read more.” Accessed: Mar. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://pt-teknik.dk/thermal-manikins/
[90] S. ; Li et al., “Study on the Performance of Personal Heating in Extremely Cold Environments Using a Thermal Manikin,” Build. 2023, Vol. 13, Page 362, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 362, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.3390/buildings13020362.
[91] A. Psikuta, K. Kuklane, A. Bogdan, G. Havenith, S. Annaheim, and R. M. Rossi, “Opportunities and constraints of presently used thermal manikins for thermo-physiological simulation of the human body,” Int. J. Biometeorol., vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 435–446, Mar. 2016, doi: 10.1007/s00484-015-1041-7.
[92] J. P. Rugh et al., “Predicting human thermal comfort in a transient nonuniform thermal environment,” Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., vol. 92, no. 6, pp. 721–727, Sep. 2004, doi: 10.1007/s00421-004-1125-2.
[93] J. Yang, W. Weng, and M. Fu, “Coupling of a Thermal Sweating Manikin and a Thermal Model for Simulating Human Thermal Response,” Procedia Eng., vol. 84, no. 4, pp. 893–897, Jan. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2014.10.512.
[94] C. Huizenga, Z. Hui, and E. Arens, “A model of human physiology and comfort for assessing complex thermal environments,” Build. Environ., vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 691–699, Jul. 2001, doi: 10.1016/S0360-1323(00)00061-5.
[95] D. Fiala, K. J. Lomas, and M. Stohrer, “Computer prediction of human thermoregulatory and temperature responses to a wide range of environmental conditions,” Int. J. Biometeorol., vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 143–159, Sep. 2001, doi: 10.1007/s004840100099.
[96] S. I. Tanabe, K. Kobayashi, J. Nakano, Y. Ozeki, and M. Konishi, “Evaluation of thermal comfort using combined multi-node thermoregulation (65MN) and radiation models and computational fluid dynamics (CFD),” Energy Build., vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 637–646, Jul. 2002, doi: 10.1016/S0378-7788(02)00014-2.
[97] “Newton Thermal Manikin System | Manikins | ThermetricsThermal Manikin - Newton - Thermetrics.” Accessed: Mar. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://thermetrics.com/products/ manikin/newton-thermal-manikin/
[98] M. G. M. Richards and N. G. Mattle, “Defense Technical Information Center Compilation Part Notice ADP012411 TITLE: A Sweating Agile Thermal Manikin [SAM] Developed to Test Complete Clothing Systems Under Normal and Extreme Conditions TITLE: Blowing Hot and Cold: Protecting Against Climatic …”.
[99] E. Foda and K. Sirén, “A new approach using the Pierce two-node model for different body parts,” Int. J. Biometeorol., vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 519–532, Jul. 2011, doi: 10.1007/s00484-010-0375-4.
[100] E. Foda and K. Sirén, “A thermal manikin with human thermoregulatory control: implementation and validation,” Int. J. Biometeorol., vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 959–971, Sep. 2012, doi: 10.1007/s00484-011-0506-6.
[101] “an-effective-temperature-scale-based-on-a-simple-model-of-3pdn3o8nxv.pdf.”
[102] J. Shinoda, M. P. Bivolarova, C. Bidstrup, T. Hvitved, and J. Toftum, “Development and application of a thermoregulatory control for a thermal manikin: A comparative study of the thermal response of young and elderly individuals,” Energy Build., vol. 328, p. 115110, Feb. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115110.
[103] Y. Takahashi et al., “Thermoregulation model JOS-3 with new open source code,” Energy Build., vol. 231, no. 6, p. 110575, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110575.
[104] M. Ivanov and S. Mijorski, “CFD Modelling of Flow Interaction in the Breathing Zone of a Virtual Thermal Manikin,” Energy Procedia, vol. 112, pp. 240–251, Mar. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1093.
[105] N. P. Gao, H. Zhang, and J. L. Niu, “Investigating indoor air quality and thermal comfort using a numerical thermal manikin,” Indoor Built Environ., vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 7–17, Feb. 2007, doi: 10.1177/1420326X06074667.
[106] J. A. J. Stolwijk and J. B. Pierce, “A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF PHYSIOLOGICAL TEMPERATURE REGULATION IN MAN 4. Title and Subtitle A MATKElrlATICALp MODEL OF PHYSIOLQGICAL "F’ERATUHE IGGULATION I N b@. N 7. Author(sJ 13. Type of Report and Period Covered 14. Sponsoring Agency Code”.
[107] S. T., X. L., O. K., and T. S.I., “Development of human thermoregulation model JOS applicable to different types of human body, sex and age,” 2003. Accessed: Mar. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.aivc.org/resource/development-human-thermoregulation-model-jos-applicable-different-types-human-body-sex-and
[108] Y. Kobayashi and S. I. Tanabe, “Development of JOS-2 human thermoregulation model with detailed vascular system,” Build. Environ., vol. 66, pp. 1–10, Aug. 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.04.013.
[109] “Welcome to Python.org.” Accessed: Mar. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.python.org/
[110] R. Rissetto, M. Schweiker, and A. Wagner, “Personalized ceiling fans: Effects of air motion, air direction and personal control on thermal comfort,” Energy Build., vol. 235, p. 110721, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.110721.
[111] R. Rissetto and M. Schweiker, “Exploring Information and Comfort Expectations Related to the Use of a Personal Ceiling Fan,” Build. 2024, Vol. 14, Page 262, vol. 14, no. 1, p. 262, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.3390/buildings14010262.
[112] A. Lipczynska, S. Schiavon, and L. T. Graham, “Thermal comfort and self-reported productivity in an office with ceiling fans in the tropics,” Build. Environ., vol. 135, pp. 202–212, May 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.03.013.
[113] S. W. Hsiao, H. H. Lin, and C. H. Lo, “A study of thermal comfort enhancement by the optimization of airflow induced by a ceiling fan,” J. Interdiscip. Math., vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 859–891, Jul. 2016, doi: 10.1080/09720502.2016.1225935.
[114] Y. Zhai, Y. Zhang, H. Zhang, W. Pasut, E. Arens, and Q. Meng, “Human comfort and perceived air quality in warm and humid environments with ceiling fans,” Build. Environ., vol. 90, pp. 178–185, Aug. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.04.003.
[115] M. Luo et al., “Ceiling-fan-integrated air-conditioning: thermal comfort evaluations,” Build. Cities, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 928–951, 2021, doi: 10.5334/bc.137.
[116] W. Chen et al., “Ceiling-fan-integrated air conditioning: Airflow and temperature characteristics of a sidewall-supply jet interacting with a ceiling fan,” Build. Environ., vol. 171, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.106660.
[117] H. Wang, G. Wang, and X. Li, “Implementation of demand-oriented ventilation with adjustable fan network,” Indoor Built Environ., vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 621–635, Apr. 2020, doi: 10.1177/1420326X19897114.
[118] Y. Zhai, E. Arens, K. Elsworth, and H. Zhang, “Selecting air speeds for cooling at sedentary and non-sedentary office activity levels,” Build. Environ., vol. 122, pp. 247–257, Sep. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.06.027.
[119] S. H. Mun, Y. Kwak, Y. Kim, and J. H. Huh, “A Comprehensive Thermal Comfort Analysis of the Cooling Effect of the Stand Fan Using Questionnaires and a Thermal Manikin,” Sustain. 2019, Vol. 11, Page 5091, vol. 11, no. 18, p. 5091, Sep. 2019, doi: 10.3390/su11185091.
[120] M. S. Ali et al., “Design and Performance Evaluation of a Novel Portable Pedestal Fan With Cooling Effects by Peltier Modules,” Int. J. Energy Res., vol. 2025, no. 1, p. 6044104, Jan. 2025, doi: 10.1155/er/6044104.
[121] B. Yang, S. Schiavon, C. Sekhar, D. Cheong, K. W. Tham, and W. W. Nazaroff, “Cooling efficiency of a brushless direct current stand fan,” Build. Environ., vol. 85, pp. 196–204, Feb. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.11.032.
[122] Y.-J. Kim, J.-E. Yeo, S.-H. Mun, and J.-H. Huh, “Thermal Comfort Evaluation of Local Air Stream by a Stand Fan in Summer,” J. Archit. Inst. Korea Plan. Des., vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 141–148, Aug. 2016, doi: 10.5659/jaik_pd.2016.32.8.141.
[123] A. K. Melikov, T. Sakoi, S. Kolencíková, and N. Tominaga, “Impact of Air Movement on Eye Symptoms,” 2013. Accessed: Mar. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/impact-of-air-movement-on-eye-symptoms/
[124] J. Lyu, Y. Shi, H. Du, and Z. Lian, “Sex-based thermal comfort zones and energy savings in spaces with joint operation of air conditioner and fan,” Build. Environ., vol. 246, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.111002.
[125] M. González-Torres, L. Pérez-Lombard, J. F. Coronel, I. R. Maestre, and D. Yan, “Energy savings and thermal comfort in a zero energy office building with fans in Singapore,” Build. Environ., vol. 243, p. 110674, Sep. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2021.11.280.
[126] M. André, S. Schiavon, and R. Lamberts, “Implementation of desk fans in open office: Lessons learned and guidelines from a field study,” Build. Environ., vol. 259, p. 111681, Jul. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.111681.
[127] S. Norouziasl, M. S. Islam, A. Jafari, A. Bhattacharya, and Y. Zhu, “Optimizing and predicting occupant thermal comfort in indoor office environment: The role of desk fan air velocity,” Build. Environ., vol. 282, p. 113241, Aug. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113241.
[128] F. A. Ilmiawan, S. A. Zaki, M. K. Singh, and W. Khalid, “Effect of preferable wind directions on personal thermal comfort of occupants in the air-conditioned office in hot-humid climate,” Build. Environ., vol. 254, p. 111390, Apr. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.111390.
[129] “383311 @ redi.cedia.edu.ec.” [Online]. Available: https://redi.cedia.edu.ec/document/383311
[130] Y. He, W. Chen, Z. Wang, and H. Zhang, “Review of fan-use rates in field studies and their effects on thermal comfort, energy conservation, and human productivity,” Energy Build., vol. 194, pp. 140–162, Jul. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.04.015.
[131] Udayraj, Z. Li, Y. Ke, F. Wang, and B. Yang, “Personal cooling strategies to improve thermal comfort in warm indoor environments: Comparison of a conventional desk fan and air ventilation clothing,” Energy Build., vol. 174, pp. 439–451, Sep. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.06.065.
[132] Y. He, N. Li, X. Wang, M. He, and D. He, “Comfort, Energy Efficiency and Adoption of Personal Cooling Systems in Warm Environments: A Field Experimental Study,” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Heal. 2017, Vol. 14, Page 1408, vol. 14, no. 11, p. 1408, Nov. 2017, doi: 10.3390/ijerph14111408.
[133] M. He, N. Li, Y. He, D. He, and C. Song, “The influence of personally controlled desk fan on comfort and energy consumption in hot and humid environments,” Build. Environ., vol. 123, pp. 378–389, Oct. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.07.021.
[134] M. A. Belyamani et al., “Local wearable cooling may improve thermal comfort, emotion, and cognition,” Build. Environ., vol. 254, p. 111367, Apr. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.111367.
[135] Y. Su, E. O’Donnell, S. P. Hoekstra, and C. A. Leicht, “Facial cooling improves thermal perceptions and maintains the interleukin-6 response during passive heating: A sex comparison,” Temp. (Austin, Tex.), vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 40–54, 2024, doi: 10.1080/23328940.2024.2406730.
[136] J. Wang, S. Yu, G. Yang, J. Kang, and S. Yang, “Study on head and neck local cooling for thermal comfort in high-temperature mining environments,” Case Stud. Therm. Eng., vol. 75, p. 107029, Nov. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.csite.2025.107029.
[137] F. Wang, Y. Tang, Y. Ke, Q. Zheng, and T. H. Lei, “Ice slurry ingestion for enhanced occupant thermal comfort in warm/hot indoor environments: A comparative study with an energy-efficient desk fan,” Build. Environ., vol. 253, p. 111350, Apr. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.111350.
[138] P. Wegertseder-Martinez, I. Berges-Alvarez, and B. Piderit-Moreno, “Evaluation of Synchronous Use of Portable Personal Comfort and Environment Conditioning Systems in Real Office Occupancy Conditions,” Build. 2024, Vol. 14, Page 1820, vol. 14, no. 6, p. 1820, Jun. 2024, doi: 10.3390/buildings14061820.
[139] S. Lu and E. Cochran Hameen, “An Interactive Task Conditioning System Featuring Personal Comfort Models and Non-Intrusive Sensing Techniques: A Field Study in Shanghai,” Technol. 2021, Vol. 9, Page 90, vol. 9, no. 4, p. 90, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.3390/technologies9040090.
[140] L. Yu, Z. Xu, T. Zhang, X. Guan, and D. Yue, “Energy-efficient personalized thermal comfort control in office buildings based on multi-agent deep reinforcement learning,” Build. Environ., vol. 223, p. 109458, Sep. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109458.
[141] S. Schiavon, A. Krikor Melikov, and S. Member ASHRAE Fellow ASHRAE, “Introduction of a Cooling-Fan Efficiency Index,” vol. 15, no. 6, 2009, Accessed: Mar. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: www.ashrae.org
[142] A. ; Simone and B. W. Olesen, “Preferred Air Velocity and Local Cooling Effect of desk fans in warm environments,” 2013.
[143] K. W. Tham and J. Pantelic, “Performance evaluation of the coupling of a desktop personalized ventilation air terminal device and desk mounted fans,” Build. Environ., vol. 45, no. 9, pp. 1941–1950, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.01.019.
[144] H. Alsaad and C. Voelker, “Performance evaluation of ductless personalized ventilation in comparison with desk fans using numerical simulations,” Indoor Air, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 776–789, 2020, doi: 10.1111/ina.12672.
[145] S. H. Mun, Y. J. Kim, and J. H. Huh, “Analysis on the actual cooling effect of the standing fan: A comparative study of heat loss and thermal comfort for body segments,” Build. Simul. Conf. Proc., vol. 3, pp. 1655–1660, 2017, doi: 10.26868/25222708.2017.145.
[146] K. Miura, K. Takagi, and K. Ikematsu, “Evaluation of two cooling devices for construction workers by a thermal manikin,” Fash. Text., vol. 4, no. 1, 2017, doi: 10.1186/s40691-017-0108-y.
[147] D. J. Fannon, “Developing low-energy personal thermal comfort systems: design, performance, testing, and research methods,” Cent. Built Environ. UC Berkeley, 2015, [Online]. Available: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09613218.2011.556008
[148] M. Kong, T. Q. Dang, J. Zhang, and H. E. Khalifa, “Micro-environmental control for efficient local cooling,” Build. Environ., vol. 118, pp. 300–312, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.03.040.
[149] T. Han, L. Huang, S. Kelly, C. Huizenga, and Z. Hui, “Virtual thermal comfort engineering,” SAE Tech. Pap., 2001, doi: 10.4271/2001-01-0588.
[150] “Equivalent Temperature,” Oct. 2001, doi: 10.4271/J2234_200110.
[151] D. P. Wyon, S. Larsson, B. Forsgren, and I. Lundgren, “Standard Procedures for Assessing Vehicle Climate with a Thermal Manikin,” SAE Tech. Pap., Feb. 1989, doi: 10.4271/890049.
[152] N. DiFonzo and P. Bordia, “Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner . Further reproduction prohibited without,” J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., vol. 130, no. 2, p. 556, 1998, [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2012.05.050
[153] M. Hepokoski, A. Curran, S. Gullman, and D. Jacobsson, “Coupling a Passive Sensor Manikin with a Human Thermal Comfort Model to Predict Human Perception in Transient and Asymmetric Environments,” SAE Int. J. Passeng. Cars - Mech. Syst., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 135–140, 2017, doi: 10.4271/2017-01-0178.
[154] E. Barna and L. Bánhidi, “Combined effect of two local discomfort parameters studied with a thermal manikin and human subjects,” Energy Build., vol. 51, pp. 234–241, 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.05.015.
[155] M. Veselý, P. Molenaar, M. Vos, R. Li, and W. Zeiler, “Personalized heating – Comparison of heaters and control modes,” Build. Environ., vol. 112, pp. 223–232, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.11.036.
[156] Y. He, N. Li, L. Zhou, K. Wang, and W. Zhang, “Thermal comfort and energy consumption in cold environment with retrofitted Huotong (warm-barrel),” Build. Environ., vol. 112, pp. 285–295, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.11.044.
[157] L. Huang, Q. Ouyang, Y. Zhu, and L. Jiang, “A study about the demand for air movement in warm environment,” Build. Environ., vol. 61, pp. 27–33, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.12.002.
[158] “Rowenta Turbo Silence Extreme+ Mechanical Oscillating Table/Desk Fan, 4-Speed | Canadian Tire.” Accessed: Mar. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.canadiantire.ca/en/pdp/rowenta-turbo-silence-extreme-mechanical-oscillating-table-desk-fan-4-speed-1430042p.html#nl-product-details
[159] “Koonie F491.” Accessed: Mar. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://device.report/koonie/f491
[160] “ULTTY Bladeless Fan Air Purifier R21 White US Edition.” Accessed: Mar. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://u-ultty.com/products/r21-white-us?srsltid=AfmBOoqKq8ms0BZynjMJODfrU9aiRZ4kViX-W-tjYUGSFtgQU9GYKxpJ
[161] “JISULIFE Portable Neck Fan, Hands Free Bladeless Hanging Sport Fan, 4000 mAh Battery Operated Wearable Personal Fan, Leafless, Rechargeable, Headphone Design, USB Powered,5 Speeds-Dark Green : Amazon.ca: Home.” Accessed: Mar. 09, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.amazon.ca/Portable-Bladeless-Operated-Rechargeable-Headphone/dp/B08911JGGW/ref=sr_1_1_sspa?crid=2EUZV4BO2MZIE&dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.stYzfViw9XkKIwLchImPipPOS5EHpT6sNpVVVT7O8Xsrsz0uvlqkUgK2fvtSd1xRA1GtZLo5M5-W-DK7i7qA7UIU6Mm21JuLKoqOhOTVykxAIrbIsGu6f9yVAe1TVT6EykDlwss7U4fOWqpS5fr-q0Er3gaC1jRQ9Or5_ZtZc-R1CftTMSXjr2iMDoV4ALEBit4EgsZUyNUjwvgY5G7nyqrFDkaTTlOF-WvLEIkzyxU.E_70Qaugd77zJvE4CzhZYWJmn_fAEISfAdd6TitzDT4&dib_tag=se&keywords=neck%2Bfan&qid=1773077067&s=kitchen&sprefix=neck%2Bfan%2Ckitchen%2C181&sr=1-1-spons&sp_csd=d2lkZ2V0TmFtZT1zcF9hdGY&th=1