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Class Acts: A Sociocultural History of Women, Labour, and Migration in Hollywood

Title:

Class Acts: A Sociocultural History of Women, Labour, and Migration in Hollywood

McElroy, Kerry (2021) Class Acts: A Sociocultural History of Women, Labour, and Migration in Hollywood. PhD thesis, Concordia University.

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Abstract

This project takes a gender-specific and sociological approach to the figure of the actress in Hollywood. Steeped in interdisciplinarity, it draws on cultural history, sociology, anthropology, performance studies, psychology, and feminist theory. The overall purpose is to examine Hollywood as a classed sociocultural system based on labor and sexual exploitation. The project begins with a survey of class within American culture, querying its place in the American Dream and in westward migration. From such a vantage point, the study asserts that women functioned as second-class citizens within the economic and social structure of the studios. The star system, which reflects Hollywood's hierarchical, male-centred organization, offered many actresses aspirational careers through the illusion of glamour, while in reality offering them ephemeral careers and exploitative labour conditions. Within such a conceptualisation of women as a class, the mistreatments of women who were star actresses are spotlighted, while they are also clearly situated upon a continuum of misogyny and precarity with women screenwriters, extras, and other employees. The project depends heavily on primary sources and includes testimonies from actresses and other women in Hollywood, especially found in memoirs and interviews. Such first-person accounts bolster the argument that within classical Hollywood, glamour and publicity served as twin cudgels of industrial and social control, working under management corruption, criminality, and sexual abuse. Within this context, the studios established an authoritarian and dehumanised working space for women, obscured by star discourse and publicity, and prone to all manner of abuse, exploitation, and disappearance. Finally, the project closes by raising questions of ethical imperatives towards historiographic justice, asserting that if the change sought by MeToo/Time's Up since 2017 is to solidify, the precise historical roots of today's system must be reckoned with first.

Divisions:Concordia University > Faculty of Arts and Science > Humanities: Interdisciplinary Studies
Item Type:Thesis (PhD)
Refereed:No
Authors:McElroy, Kerry
Institution:Concordia University
Degree Name:Ph. D.
Program:Humanities
Date:30 April 2021
Thesis Supervisor(s):Maule, Rosanna and Neurerberg-Denzer, Ursula and Szapor, Judith
Keywords:Hollywood; cultural history; feminist history; performance history; studio system; class; sexual harassment; workplace sexual assault; casting couch; #MeToo
ID Code:988168
Deposited By: KERRY MCELROY
Deposited On:29 Jun 2021 21:11
Last Modified:29 Jun 2023 00:00

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Filmography

42nd Street. Dir. Lloyd Bacon. Perf. Warner Baxter, Bebe Daniels, George Brent. 1933. Film.

The Affairs of Cellini. Dir. Gregory LaCava. Perf. Constance Bennett, Frederic March, Frank Morgan. 1934. Film.

All Things Considered. “Three Generations of Actresses Reflect on Hollywood, Harassment- and Hitchcock.” Online audio clip. NPR. November 16, 2017. Web. Accessed March 1, 2019.

American Psycho. Dir. Mary Harron. Perf. Christian Bale, Justin Theroux, Josh Lucas. 2000. Film.

Annie. Dir. John Huston. Perf. Aileen Quinn, Albert Finney, Carol Burnett. 1982. Film.

Applause. Dir. Rouben Mamoulian. Perf. Helen Morgan, Joan Peers, Fuller Mellish, Jr. 1929. Film.

“Autocrats.” Hollywood: A Celebration of the American Silent Film. ITV. 1980. Television.

babyradfemtv. “Gloria Steinem on Marilyn Monroe.” Online video clip. YouTube. May 17, 2018. Web. Accessed March 9, 2019.

Baby Face. Dir. Alfred E. Green. Perf. Barbara Stanwyck, George Brent, Donald Cook. 1933. Film.

The Bad and the Beautiful. Dir. Vincente Minnelli. Perf. Lana Turner, Kirk Douglas, Walter Pigeon. 1952. Film.

The Big Knife. Dir. Robert Aldrich. Perf. Jack Palance, Ida Lupino, Wendell Corey. 1955. Film.

The Black Dahlia. Dir. Brian de Palma. Perf. Josh Hartnett, Aaron Eckhart, Scarlett Johansson. 2006. Film.

Blazing the Trail. Dir. Peter Flynn. 2011. DVD.

Bordertown. Dir. Archie Mayo. Perf. Paul Muni, Bette Davis, Margaret Lindsay. 1935. Film.

Boys Town. Dir. Norman Taurog. Perf. Spencer Tracy, Mickey Rooney, Henry Hull. 1938. Film.

The Bride Wore Red. Perf. Dorothy Arzner. Perf. Joan Crawford, Franchot Tone, Robert Young. 1937. Film.

The Celluloid Closet. Dir. Rob Epstein and Jeffrey Friedman. 1995. DVD.

Chinatown. Dir. Roman Polanski. Perf. Jack Nicholson, Faye Dunaway, John Huston. 1974. Film.

Chris Rock: Never Scared. Director Joel Gallen. 2004. HBO. Television.

Christopher Strong. Dir. Dorothy Arzner. Perf. Katharine Hepburn, Colin Clive, Billie Burke. 1933. Film.

“Comedy- A Serious Business.” Hollywood: A Celebration of the American Silent Film. ITV. 1980. Television.

The Corn Is Green. Dir. Irving Rapper. Perf. Bette Davis, John Dall, Nigel Bruce. 1945. Film.

Curtain Call. Dir. Frank Woodruff. Perf. Barbara Read, Alan Mowbray, Helen Vinson. 1940. Film.

Dance, Girl, Dance. Dir. Dorothy Arzner. Perf. Maureen O’Hara, Louis Hayward, Lucille Ball. 1940. Film.

The Day of the Locust. Dir. John Schlesinger. Perf. Donald Sutherland, Karen Black, Burgess Meredith. 1975. Film.

Diary of a Lost Girl. Dir. Georg Wilhelm Pabst. Perf. Louise Brooks, Josef Rovenský, Fritz Rasp. 1929. Film.

Diva Dolorosa. Dir. Peter Delpeut. 1999. DVD.

Doane, Mary Ann. DVD commentary. Pandora’s Box. Director Georg Wilhelm Pabst. Perf. Louise Brooks, Fritz Kortner, Francis Lederer. Criterion Collection: 2006. DVD.

Down to Earth. Dir. Alexander Hall. Perf. Rita Hayworth, Larry Parks, Marc Platt. 1947. Film.

Do You Speak American? Dir. William Cran. 2005. DVD.

Dust Be My Destiny. Dir. Lewis Seller. Perf. John Garfield, Priscilla Lane, Alan Hale. 1939. Film.

Eichler, Alan. “Mae Murray Speaks on Heart Throbs of Yesterday, 1950.” Online video clip. YouTube. January 14, 2016. Web. Accessed February 17, 2019.

Ella Cinders. Dir. Alfred E. Green. Perf. Colleen Moore, Lloyd Hughes, Vera Lewis. 1926. Film.

“Emma Thompson tells us the Harvey Weinstein allegations are just the tip of the iceberg of a wider and systemic problem in Hollywood.” BBC Newsnight. October 12, 2017. Television.

“End of an Era.” Hollywood: A Celebration of the American Silent Film. ITV. 1980. Television.

Employee’s Entrance. Dir. Roy Del Ruth. Perf. Warren William, Loretta Young, Wallace Ford. 1933. Film.

Fashions of 1934. Dir. William Dieterle. Perf. William Powell, Bette Davis, Frank McHugh. 1934. Film.

Fifth Avenue Girl. Dir. Gregory La Cava. Perf. Ginger Rogers, Walter Connolly, Verree Teasdale.
1939. Film.

Frances. Dir. Graeme Clifford. Perf. Jessica Lange, Kim Stanley, Sam Shepard. 1982. Film.

“Frances Farmer: Paradise Lost.” Biography. Lawrence Williams. A&E. New York, NY. October 2000. Television. Accessed June 2, 2019. Web.

Gentlemen Prefer Blondes. Dir. Howard Hawks. Perf. Jane Russell, Marilyn Monroe, Charles Coburn. 1953. Film.

Gilda. Dir. Charles Vidor. Perf. Rita Hayworth, Glenn Ford, George Macready. 1946. Film.

Girl 27. Dir. David Stenn. 2007. Film.

The Goddess. Dir. John Cromwell. Perf. Kim Stanley, Lloyd Bridges, Steven Hill. 1958. Film.

Gold Diggers of 1933. Dir. Mervyn LeRoy. Perf. Warren William, Joan Blondell, Aline MacMahon. 1933. Film.

Gold Diggers of 1935. Dir. Busby Berkeley. Perf. Dick Powell, Adolphe Menjou, Gloria Stewart. 1935. Film.

The Golden Arrow. Dir. Alfred E. Green. Perf. Bette Davis, George Brent, Eugene Pallette. 1936. Film.

Golden Gate Girls. Dir. Louisa Wei. 2013. Film.

Gone With the Wind. Dir. Victor Fleming, George Cukor. Perf. Vivien Leigh, Clark Gable, Thomas Mitchell. 1939. Film.

The Grapes of Wrath. Dir. John Ford. Perf. Henry Fonda, Jane Darwell, John Carradine. 1940. Film.

HBO. “The Difference Between The NFL and the NBA Featuring LeBron James and Todd Gurley- The Shop- HBO.” Online video clip. YouTube. December 20, 2018. Web. Accessed March 12, 2019.

Hail, Caesar! Dir. Ethan Coen and Joel Coen. Perf. Josh Brolin, George Clooney, Alden Ehrenreich. 2016. Film.

“Hazard of the Game.” Hollywood: A Celebration of the American Silent Film. ITV. 1980. Television.

The Helen Morgan Story. Dir. Michael Curtiz. Perf. Ann Blyth, Paul Newman, Richard Carlson. 1957. Film.

Hell’s Angels. Dir. Howard Hughes, Edmund Goulding, James Whale. Perf. Ben Lyon, James Hall, Jean Harlow. 1930. Film.

Hollywood. Dir. Kevin Brownlow and David Gill. 1980. BBC. London. Television.

“Hollywood Goes to War.” Hollywood: A Celebration of the American Silent Film. ITV. 1980.
Television.

“Hollywood Hid The Casting Couch in Plain Sight.” Dir. Andrew Heisel. 2017. Video.

Hollywood Uncensored. Dir. James Forsher. 1987. Film.

Hometowns to Hollywood. “Footage Celebrating MGM’s 25th Anniversary. More Stars Than There Are in the Heavens!”. Online video clip. Facebook. February 1, 2018. Web. Accessed March 6, 2019.

“Hunting Grounds.” Jeffrey Epstein: Filthy Rich (Episode 1). Dir. Lisa Bryant, Netflix, 2020. Television.

“In the Beginning.” Hollywood: A Celebration of the American Silent Film. ITV. 1980. Television.

Jezebel. Dir. William Wyler. Perf. Bette Davis, Henry Fonda, George Brent. 1938. Film.

Johnson, Chris. “Esther Williams 2007 Interview.” Online video clip. Youtube. August 6, 2009.
Web. Accessed March 26, 2016.

The Killers. Dir. Robert Siodmak. Perf. Burt Lancaster, Ava Gardner, Edmond O’Brien. 1946. Film.

Kitty Foyle. Dir. Sam Wood. Perf. Ginger Rogers, Dennis Morgan, James Craig. 1940. Film.

Lacy, Susan and Stephen Sept. “Judy Garland: By Myself.” American Masters. Susan Lacy. PBS. New York, NY. February 25, 2004. Television.

L.A. Confidential. Dir. Curtis Hanson. Perf. Kevin Spacey, Russell Crowe, Guy Pearce. 1997. Film.

Los Angeles Film Noir. Dirs. Julia Kuperberg and Clara Kuperberg. 2015. Film.

Ladies of Leisure. Dir. Frank Capra. Perf. Barbara Stanwyck, Ralph Graves, Lowell Sherman. 1930. Film.

Ladies of the Chorus. Dir. Phil Karlson. Perf. Adele Jergens, Marilyn Monroe, Rand Brooks. 1948. Film.

The Lady from Shanghai. Dir. Orson Welles. Perf. Rita Hayworth, Orson Welles, Everett Stone. 1947. Film.

The Last Tycoon. Dir. Elia Kazan. Perf. Robert De Niro, Tony Curtis, Robert Mitchum. 1976. Film.

The Late Show With Stephen Colbert. “Amber Tamblyn Describes Our ‘Era of Ignition’”. Online video clip. YouTube. March 6, 2019. Web. Accessed March 7, 2019.

A Life of Her Own. Dir. George Cukor. Perf. Lana Turner, Ray Milland, Tom Ewell. 1950. Film.

Little Annie Rooney. Dir. William Beaudine. Perf. Mary Pickford, William Haines, Walter James. 1925. Film.

The Little Foxes. Dir. William Wyler. Perf. Bette Davis, Herbert Marshall, Teresa Wright. 1941. Film.

“Liza Minnelli.” Inside the Actor’s Studio. Sabrina Fodor and Jeff Wurtz. Bravo. New York, NY. February 5, 2006. Television.

Louise Brooks: Looking for Lulu. Dir. Hugh Munro Neely. 1998. Film.

Lulu in Berlin. Dir. Richard Leacock. 1984. Film.

Ma L'Amor Mio non Muore. Dir. Mario Caserini. Perf. Lyda Borelli, Mario Bonnard, and Gian Paolo Rosmino. 1913. Film.

Maid, Uncredited. Dir. Kerry McElroy. Perf. Theresa Harris. 2013. Film.

“The Man With the Megaphone.” Hollywood: A Celebration of the American Silent Film. ITV. 1980. Television.

Many, E.W.R. “Noel Coward on Acting.” Online video clip. YouTube. 2014. Web. Accessed December 1, 2019.

Marilyn, Dernières Séances. Dir. Patrick Jeudy. Perf. Marilyn Monroe, Yves Montand, Simone
Signoret. December 4, 2008. Paris, France. Television.

Marilyn Monroe History. “Marilyn Monroe- The Last Interview.” Online video clip. YouTube. November 26, 2013. Web. Accessed March 30, 2019. Web.

“Marilyn on Marilyn.” Paul Kerr. BBC. December, 28, 2001. London, UK. Television.

“Michelle Pfeiffer: Abuse of Women in Hollywood Is ‘Systemic’.” Online video clip. BBC. November 15, 2017. Web.

Mildred Pierce. Dir. Michael Curtiz. Perf. Joan Crawford, Jack Carson, Zachary Scott. 1945. Film.

Million Dollar Mermaid. Dir. Mervyn LeRoy. Perf. Esther Williams, Victor Mature, Walter Pidgeon. 1952. Film.

Modern Times. Dir. Charles Chaplin. Perf. Charles Chaplin, Paulette Goddard, Henry Bergman. 1936. Film.

Moulin Rouge. Dir. Sidney Lanfield. Perf. Constance Bennett, Franchot Tone, Tullio Carminati. 1934. Film.

MsMonroe03. “Marilyn Monroe: Anyone Can See I Love You.” Online video clip. YouTube. September 30, 2008. Web. Accessed February 20, 2019. Film.

Mulholland Drive. Dir. David Lynch. Perf. Naomi Watts, Laura Harring, Justin Theroux. 2001. Film.

Of Human Bondage. Dir. John Cromwell. Perf. Bette Davis, Leslie Howard, Frances Dee. 1934. Film.

The Open Mind. “Gloria Steinem on Marilyn Monroe.” 1987. Television. Archive.org. Accessed March 9, 2019. Web.

Oscars. “Hattie McDaniel Winning Best Supporting Actress.” Online video clip. YouTube. September 27, 2011. Web. Accessed March 5, 2019. Web.

Our Blushing Brides. Dir. Harry Beaumont. Perf. Joan Crawford, Robert Montgomery, Anita Page. 1930. Film.

Our Dancing Daughters. Dir. Harry Beaumont. Perf. Joan Crawford, Johnny Mack Brown, Nils Asther. 1928. Film.

“Out West.” Hollywood: A Celebration of the American Silent Film. ITV. 1980. Television.

Pal Joey. Dir. George Sidney. Perf. Rita Hayworth, Frank Sinatra, Kim Novak. 1957. Film.

Pandora's Box. Dir. Georg Wilhelm Pabst. Perf. Louise Brooks, Fritz Kortner, Francis Lederer. 1929. Film.

Pearl, Violet. “Mamie Van Doren Reflects on Her Movie Career and Marilyn Monroe, 1987 (450).” Online video clip. Youtube. May 12, 2015. Web. Accessed March 26, 2016.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hef8VR-mjfY

The Philadelphia Story. Dir. George Cukor. Perf. Cary Grant, Katharine Hepburn, James Stewart. 1940. Film.

The Player. Dir. Robert Altman. Perf. Tim Robbins, Greta Scacchi, Fred Ward. 1992. Film.

Piccadilly. Dir. E. A. Dupont. Perf. Gilda Gray, Anna May Wong, Jameson Thomas. 1929. Film.

Pinky. Directed by Elia Kazan. Perf. Jeanne Crain, Ethel Barrymore, Ethel Waters. 1949. Film.

“The Pioneers.” Hollywood: A Celebration of the American Silent Film. ITV. 1980. Television.

Prix de beauté. Dir. Augusto Genina. Perf. Louise Brooks, Georges Charlia, Augusto Bandini. 1930. Film.

Rapsodica Satanica. Dir. Nino Oxilia. Perf. Lyda Borelli, Andrea Habay, Ugo Bazzini. 1915. Film.

Red-Headed Woman. Dir. Jack Conway. Perf. Jean Harlow, Chester Morris, Lewis Stone. 1932. Film.

Return to Babylon. Dir. Alex Monty Canawati. Perf. Jennifer Tilly, Maria Conchita Alonso, Tippi
Hedren. 2013. Film.

SOH Talks and Ideas. “How To Be a Feminist Panel, All About Women 2015.” Online video clip.
YouTube. March 9, 2015. Web. Accessed July 8, 2019.

The Saturday Night Kid. Dir. Edward Sutherland. Perf. Clara Bow, Jean Arthur, James Hall. 1929. Film.

Saturday Night Live. “Actress Round Table- SNL.” Online video clip. YouTube. October 2, 2016. Web. Accessed February 20, 2019. Television.

Saturday Night Live. “Film Panel.” Online video clip. YouTube. May 13, 2017. Web. Accessed February 20, 2019. Television.

Saturday Night Live. “Film Screening.” Online video clip. YouTube. February 4, 2017. Web. Accessed February 20, 2019. Television.

The Scar of Shame. Dir. Frank Perugini. Perf. Harry Henderson, Norman Johnstone, Ann Kennedy. 1929. Film.

Seven Brides for Seven Brothers. Dir. Stanley Donen. Perf. Jane Powell, Howard Keel, Jeff Richards. 1954. Film.

Show Girl. Dir. Alfred Santell. Perf. Alice White, Donald Reed, Lee Moran. 1928. Film.

Show Girl in Hollywood. Dir. Mervyn LeRoy. Perf. Alice White, Jack Mulhall, Blanche Sweet. 1930. Film.

Show People. Dir. King Vidor. Perf. Marion Davies, William Haines, Dell Henderson. 1928. Film.

Showboat. Dir. James Whale. Perf. Irene Dunne, Alan Jones, Charles Winninger. 1936. Film.

Showboat. Dir. George Sidney. Perf. Kathryn Grayson, Ava Gardner, Howard Keel. 1951. Film.

Singin’ In the Rain. Dirs. Stanley Donen and Gene Kelly. Perf. Gene Kelly, Donald O’Connor, Debbie Reynolds. 1952. Film.

“Single Beds and Double Standards.” Hollywood: A Celebration of the American Silent Film. ITV. 1980. Television.

Souls For Sale. Dir. Rupert Hughes. Perf. Eleanor Boardman, Frank Mayo, Richard Dix. 1923. Film.

Stage Door. Dir. Gregory La Cava. Perf. Katharine Hepburn, Ginger Rogers, Adolphe Menjou. 1937. Film.

The Star. Dir. Stuart Heisler. Perf. Bette Davis, Sterling Hayden, Natalie Wood. 1952. Film.

A Star is Born. Dir. William A. Wellman. Perf. Janet Gaynor, Fredric March, Adolphe Menjou. 1937. Film.

A Star is Born. Dir. George Cukor. Perf. Judy Garland, James Mason, Jack Carson. 1954. Film.

“Star Treatment.” Hollywood: A Celebration of the American Silent Film. ITV. 1980. Television.

Stella Dallas. Dir. by King Vidor. Perf. Barbara Stanwyck, John Boles, Anne Shirley. 1937. Film.

Stella Maris. Dir. Marshall Neilan. Perf. Mary Pickford, Ida Waterman, Herbert Standing. 1918. Film.

Strong Opinions Loosely Held. “Why Rosanna Arquette Was Blacklisted From Hollywood.” Online video clip. August 20, 2018. Facebook. Accessed March 26, 2019. Web.

Sunflower4morning. “Bette Davis on The Dick Cavett Show- Complete.” Online video clip. YouTube. November 20, 2019. Accessed December 16, 2019. Web.

Sunset Boulevard. Dir. Billy Wilder. Perf. William Holden, Gloria Swanson, Erich von Stroheim. 1950. Film.

“Swanson and Valentino.” Hollywood: A Celebration of the American Silent Film. ITV. 1980. Television.

That’s Dancing! Dir. Jack Haley, Jr. 1985. Film.

That’s Entertainment! Dir. Bud Friedgen. 1974. Film.

That’s Entertainment! II. Dir. Gene Kelly. 1976. Film.

That’s Entertainment! III. Dir. Bud Friedgen and Michael J. Sheridan. 1994.

They Shoot Horses, Don’t They? Dir. Sydney Pollack. Perf. Jane Fonda, Michael Sarrazin, Susannah York. 1969. Film.

Three On a Match. Dir. Mervyn LeRoy. Perf. Joan Blondell, Ann Dvorak, Bette Davis. 1932. Film.

“Trick of the Light.” Hollywood: A Celebration of the American Silent Film. ITV. 1980. Television.

The Trouble With Merle. Dir. Maree Delofski. 2002. Film.

Under the Skin With Russell Brand. “#001 Can We Really Stop Terror?” Online audio podcast. April 3, 2017. Accessed April 10, 2019. Web.

Under the Skin with Russell Brand. “#015 How To Construct a Global Revolution.” Online audio podcast. June 21, 2017. Accessed August 1, 2019. Web.

Vagabondways2. “Susan Brownmiller Facing Hugh Hefner at the Dick Cavett Show, 1970.” Online video clip. YouTube. May 3, 2015. Accessed June 12, 2019. Web.

Wall Street. Dir. Oliver Stone. Perf. Charlie Sheen, Michael Douglas, Tamara Tunie. 1987. Film.

Waterloo Bridge. Dir. Mervyn LeRoy. Perf. Vivien Leigh, Robert Taylor, Lucile Watson. 1940. Film.
What Price Hollywood? Dir. George Cukor. Perf. Constance Bennett, Lowell Sherman, Neil Hamilton. 1932. Film.
Without Lying Down: Frances Marion and the Powerful Women of Early Hollywood. Dir. Bridget Terry. 2000. Film.
A Woman’s Face. Dir. George Cukor. Perf. Joan Crawford, Melvyn Douglas, Conrad Veidt. 1941. Film.

The Women. Dir. George Cukor. Norma Shearer, Joan Crawford, Rosalind Russell. 1939. Film.

Women Who Act. Dir. Barry Avrich. 2015. Film.

WTF Podcast with Marc Maron. “Amber Tamblyn- WTF Podcast with Marc Maron #591.” Online audio clip. Stitcher. April 5, 2015. Web. Accessed February 22, 2019.

WTF Podcast with Marc Maron. “Amber Tamblyn- WTF Podcast with Marc Maron #924.” Online audio clip. Stitcher. June 14, 2018. Web. Accessed February 22, 2019.
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