Login | Register

Making it Big: Street Art Muralism in a Post-Political World

Title:

Making it Big: Street Art Muralism in a Post-Political World

Murray, Kristopher (2021) Making it Big: Street Art Muralism in a Post-Political World. PhD thesis, Concordia University.

[thumbnail of Murray_PhD_S2022.pdf]
Preview
Text (application/pdf)
Murray_PhD_S2022.pdf - Accepted Version
12MB

Abstract

Making it Big is an ethnographic exploration of the critical role that graffiti and street artists can play in resisting neoliberal attempts to pacify radical modes of artistic practice in North American cities today. Over the last decade, street art muralism has increasingly been identified as a key component in reshaping urban infrastructures and economies, namely though the development of arts districts and the organization of urban or mural arts festivals. It has also been mobilized to confront social injustices and raise public awareness to environmental and global issues. Influenced by graffiti and street art, street art muralism is argued as being a distinct form of public art, heroic to monumental in scale, and produced in public settings with consent. The shift towards professional and institutionally managed street art mural projects and programs demands a closer and critical evaluation of equality and content in place and space, and the democratization of arts in the city. As commercial and government interests grow urban arts infrastructures using street art mural-based tourism strategies, they are met with either support or resistance from purists and muralists in the graffiti and street art communities. On the one hand, purists argue that the street art muralism threatens to supplant graffiti culture and informal systems of aesthetic regulation. On the other hand, muralists see opportunities to develop their public and professional arts careers and use their art to raise awareness to environmental, cultural, political, and social justice issues. Social relations which have emerged from new configurations of work and art have also produced new subjectivities, perspectives, and worldviews which can help to expand rather than detract from counter-hegemonic struggles. This research will show how graffiti and street artists and the multiplicity of social spaces where they find themselves working have contributed to an expansion of the field of artistic intervention. As such, this research probes the struggles and tensions produced by these new and changing social relations and spatial forms surrounding their professionalization and the popularization through street art muralism to draw out the contradictions between these commercial and emancipatory projects.

Divisions:Concordia University > Faculty of Arts and Science > Sociology and Anthropology
Item Type:Thesis (PhD)
Authors:Murray, Kristopher
Institution:Concordia University
Degree Name:Ph. D.
Program:Sociology
Date:28 September 2021
Thesis Supervisor(s):Nielsen, Greg
Keywords:Graffiti, Street art, Street art muralism, socially engaged muralism, agonism, urban arts festival, mural festival, graffiti muralism, ethnography, repertoires of practice and knowledge, Montreal, Miami
ID Code:990093
Deposited By: KRISTOPHER MURRAY
Deposited On:16 Jun 2022 15:12
Last Modified:16 Jun 2022 15:12

References:

1 .Abu Lughod, Janet. New York, Chicago, Los Angeles: America's global cities. University of Minnesota Press. 1999.
2. Acker, Christian P. Flip the script: a guidebook for aspiring vandals & typographers. Berkeley, CA: Gingko Press. 2013.
3. Ackley, Laura. San Francisco’s Jewel City: The Panama-Pacific International Exhibition of 1915, Heyday Books 2014.
4. Auge, Marc. (Translated by John Howe) Non-Places: Introduction to an Anthropology of Supermodernity. Verso: London, New York. 1995.
5. Barnes, Kendall; Gordon Waitt, Nocholas Gill, and Chris Gibson. Community and Nostalgia in Urban Revitalisation: a critique of urban village and creative class strategies as remedies for social ‘problems.’ Australian Geographer. Vol. 39(3): 335-354. 2006.
6. Barnett, Alan W. Community Murals: The People’s Art. Associated University Presses. 1984.
7. Barthel, Jennifer. Perceptions of Graffiti in Ottawa: An Ethnographic Study of an Urban Landscape. A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research. Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario. 2002.
8. Beckham, Sue Birdwell. Depression Post Office Murals and Southern Culture: A Gentle Reconstruction. Louisiana State University Press. 1989.
9. Beetham, Sarah. Confederate Monuments: Southern Heritage or Southern Art? Panorama: Journal of the Association of Historians of American Art 6, no. 1 (Spring 2020)
10. Bengsten, Peter. The Street Art World. Almendros de Granada Press. 2014.
11. Berman, Greta. The Lost Years: Mural Painting in New York City Under the WPA Federal Art Project, 1935-1943. Garland Publishing. 1978.
12. Black World/Negro Digest. Vol 17(10): 69. August 1968.
13. Boltanksi, Luc; Chiapello, Eve. The New Spirit of Capitalism. Translated by Gregory Elliot. Verso, London New York. 2005.
14. Boltanski, Luc. On Critique: A Sociology of Emancipation. London: Polity Press. 2011.
15. Bolton, M & Unger, N. Housing Reconstruction After the Catastrophe: The Failed Promise of San Francisco’s 1906 "Earthquake Cottages.” In C. Rollet and V. Gordon (Eds.), special issue "Populations, catastrophes naturelles et politiques publiques", Annales de Demographie Historique No. 2: 217-40. 2010.
16. Bookman, Sonia. Urban Brands, culture and social division: Creativity, tension and differentiation among middle class consumers. Journal of Consumer Culture. Vol. 14(3): 324–342. 2014.
17. Braun-Reinitz, Janet, and Jane Weissman. On the Wall: Four decades of Community Murals in New York City. University Press of Mississippi, Jackson. 2009.
18. Canada’s Urban Strategy: A Blueprint for Action. Final Report. Prime Minister’s Caucus task Force on Urban Issues. November 2002.
19. Caldar, Stirling. The Sculpture and Mural Decorations of the Exposition. 1915.
20. Castelman, Craig. Getting Up: Subway Graffiti in New York. The MIT Press. 1982.
21. Chalfant, Henry; Silver, Tony. Style Wars. (Documentary film). 1983.
22. Chalfant, Henry; Martha Cooper. Subway Art. Thames and Hudson. 1984.
23. Chalfant, Henry. Spraycan Art. Thames & Hudson. 1987.Young 2014
24. Cherny, Robert. Victor Arnautoff and the Politics of Art. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. 2017.
25. Chiozzi, Paolo. Photography and anthropological research: Three case studies. Visual Sociology. Vol. 4(2): 43-50. 1989.
26. Clark, A. High brow, low blows. Financial Times Magazine. June 19: 34-37. 2004.
27. Clément Steuer. The modularity of the ‘revolutionary’ repertoire of action in Egypt: origins and appropriation by different players. Social Movement Studies Volume 17(1): 113-118. 2017 (2018).
28. Collier, John. Visual Anthropology photography as a research method. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. 1986
29. Craw, Penelope J.; Leland, Louis Jr.; Bussell, Michelle G.; Munday, Simon J.; Walsh, Karen. The Mural as Graffiti Deterrence. Environment and Behavior. Vol. 38(3): 422-434. May, 2006.
30. Crockcroft, Eva; John Weber, and Jim Crockcroft. Towards a People’s Art: The Contemporary Mural Movement. E.P. Dutton and Co. Inc., New York. 1977.
31. Curwen, M. S. & MacGillivray, L. Tagging as a social literacy practice. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy 50(5): 354-369. 2007.
32. DeTurk, Sabrina. The Banksy Effect and Street Art in the Middle East. Street Art and Urban Creativity Scientific Journal 1(2): 22-30. 2015.
33. Eastman, Jacqueline K.; Ronald E. Goldsmith, Leisa Reinecke Flynn. Status Consumption in Consumer Behavior: Scale Development and Validation. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice. 1999.
34. Eda, Eugene, William Walker, John Weber, and Mark Rogovin. The Artists' Statement. Private Collection of Victor Sorell. Chicago. 1971.
35. Ellsworth, Kirstin L. Africobra and the Negotiation of Visual Afrocentrisms. Civilisations. 58(1): 21–38. 2009.
36. El Machete, no.7, Mexico City. 1923.
37. Evans, Fred J. Public Art and the Fragility of Democracy: An Essay in Political Aesthetics. Columbia University Press. 2018.
38. Evans, G. Hard Branding and the Cultural City: From Prado to Prada. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. Vol. 27: 417-40. 2003.
39. Ferrell, Jeff. Crimes of Style: Urban Graffiti and the Politics of Criminality. Boston: Northeastern University Press. 1996.
40. Ferrell, Jeff. Cultural Criminology. Annual Review of Sociology. Vol. 25: 395-418. 1999.
41. Florida, Richard, Kevin Stolarik; Louis Musante. Montreal’s Capacity for Creative Connectivity: Outlook & Opportunities. Catalytix. January 2005, pp. 1-17.
42. Florida, Richard. The Rise of the Creative Class --Revisited: Revised and Expanded. Basic Books. 2014.
43. Foucault, Michel. (Translated by Alan Sheridan). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books. 1991 (1977).
44. Gauthier, Louise. Writing on the Run: The History and Transformation of Street Graffiti in Montreal in the 1990’s. (Thesis). March 1998.
45. Grondahl, Mia. Gaza Graffiti. The American University of Cairo Press. 2009.
46. Grondahl, Mia. Revolutionary Graffiti. The American University of Cairo Press. 2012.
47. Gilmartin, Gregory F. Shaping the City: New York and the Municipal Art Society. New York: Clarkson Potter. 1995.
48. Green, H. L. ‘Retailing in the New Economic Era’, in Sternlieb, G. & Hughes J. (Eds): America’s New Market Geography. New Brunswick, NJ. 1988.
49. Golden, Jane, with Robin Rice and Natalie Pompilio. More Philadelphia Murals and the stories they tell. Temple University Press, Philadelphia.2006.
50. Golden, Jane. Top Ten Philadelphia Street Murals –In Pictures. The Guardian. Sept. 21 2013. [https://www.theguardian.com/travel/gallery/2013/sep/21/philadelphia-urban-street-murals-in-pictures]
51. Gregory F. Gilmartin. Shaping the City: New York and the Municipal Art Society. New York: Clarkson Potter. 1995. (http://www.nypap.org/preservation-history/new-york-city-art-commission/#description)
52. Halsey M, Young A. ‘Our desires are ungovernable’: Writing graffiti in urban space. Theoretical Criminology. Vol. 10(3): 275-306. 2006.
53. Harper, Douglas. Visual Sociology. Routledge. 2012.
54. Harvey, David. From Managerialism to Entrepreneurialism: The Transformation in Urban Governance in Late Capitalism. Geografiska Annaler. 71(1): 3-17. 1989.
55. Harvey, David. Social Justice and the City. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1973.
56. Harvey, David. The Right to the City. New Left Review. Vol 53, Sept/Oct, 2008: 23-40.
57. Harvey, David. Rebel Cities: From the Right to the City to the Urban Revolution. Verso. 2012.
58. Hebdige, Dick. Subculture: The Meaning of Style. London: Routledge. 1979.
59. Isin, Engin F. Citizens Without Frontiers. London: Bloomsbury. 2012.
60. Jazdzewska, Iwona. Murals as a Tourist Attraction in a Post-Industrial City: A Case Study of Lodz (Poland). Tourism. 27(2): 45-56. 2017.
61. Jewett Zakeim, Masha. Coit Tower San Francisco: Its History and Art. Volcano Press. San Francisco, California. 1983.
62. Julier, G. Urban designscapes and the production of aesthetic consent Urban Studies. Vol. 42: 869-87. 2005.
63. Kamiya, Gary. How Coit Tower’s Murals Became a Target for Anti-Communist Forces. The San Francisco Chronicle. July 7th 2016. [https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/How-Coit-Tower-s-murals-became-a-target-for-11273933.php]
64. Kearns G., Philo C. (Eds). Selling places: the city as cultural capital, past and present. Pergamon, New York. 1993.
65. Kephart, Timothy. The Encoding of Gang Communication: An Analysis of Graffiti Messages. A thesis presented to the Department of Criminal Justice. California State University, Long Beach. 2001
66. Koster, Rhonda, James E. Randall. Indicators of Community Economic Development Through Mural-Based Tourism. The Canadian Geographer. 49(1): 42-60. 2005.
67. Kramer, Ronald. Painting with Permission: Legal graffiti in New York City. Ethnography. 11(2): 235-253. 2010.
68. Krohn, Zia & Lagerweij, Joyce. Concrete Messages: Street Art on the Israeli-Palestinian Separation Barrier. Dokument Press. 2010.
69. Lachmann, Richard. Graffiti as Career and Ideology. The American Journal of Sociology. 94(2): 229-250. 1988.
70. Landry, Charles. The Origins and Futures of the Creative City. Comedia, U.K. 2012.
71. Lee, Anthony. Painting on the Left: Diego Rivera, Radical Politics, and San Francisco’s Public Murals. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.1999.
72. Lefebvre, Henri. Writings on Cities. Eleonore Kofman and Elizabeth Lebas (Jan 9, 1996).
73. LeVine, Mark. When Art is the Weapon: Culture and Resistance Confronting Violence in the Post-uprisings Arab World. Religions 6(4):1277–313. 2015.
74. Macdonald, Nancy. The Graffiti Subculture: Youth, Masculinity and Identity in London and New York. Palgrave MacMillan. 2001.
75. Macauliffe, Cameron. Graffiti or Street Art? Negotiating the Moral Geographies of the Creative City. Journal of Urban Affairs. 34(2): 189-206. 2012.
76. Maria de Miguel et al. Creative Cities and Sustainable Development: Mural-Based Tourism as a Local Public Strategy. Direccion y Organizacion. 50: 31-36. 2013.
77. Marion, Jonathan S. Photography as Ethnographic Passport. Visual Anthropology Review. Vol. 26(1): 25–31. Spring 2010.
78. Marling, Karal Ann. Wall-to-Wall America: A Cultural History of Post Office Murals in the Great Depression. University of Minnesota Press. 1982.
79. Maxwell, Ian. Hip Hop Aesthetics and the Will to Culture. The Australian Journal of Anthropology. Vol. 8(1): 50-70. 1997.
80. McClelland, Ted. Nothin' but Blue Skies: The Heyday, Hard Times, and Hopes of America's Industrial Heartland. New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2013.
81. Michaud, Shaun. Public art: Montreal invests half a million dollars in mural program. The Montreal Gazette. September 2, 2016.
82. Miles S. Spaces for Consumption. Sage: London. 2010.
83. Molotch, Harvey. The City as a Growth Machine: Toward a Political Economy of Place. The American Journal of Sociology. 82(2):309–332. September, 1976.
84. Mouffe, Chantal. (with Ernesto Laclau) Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics. London – New York: Verso. 1985.
85. Mouffe, Chantal. Which Public Space for Critical Artistic Practices? Presentation at the Institute of Choreography and Dance (Firkin Crane) as part of Cork Caucus, 2005.
86. Mouffe, Chantal. Agonistic public spaces: Democratic politics and the Dynamics of Passions. Presentation for the Second Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, held March 1st to April 1st 2007. (http://2nd.moscowbiennale.ru/en/mouffe_report_en/ Accessed on October 4th, 2014.)
87. Mouffe, Chantal. Hegemony, Radical Democracy, and the Political. Edited by James Martin, London: Routledge, 2013.
88. Mouffe, Chantal. Agonistics: Thinking the World Politically. London – New York: Verso. 2013.
89. Mouffe, Chantal. For a Left Populism. London – New York: Verso. 2018.
90. Muchnic, Suzanne. They've barely scratched the surface. Los Angeles Times. January 9 2005. (Retrieved 25 February 2016).
91. Muchnic, Suzanne. L.A.'s long-running Siqueiros affair. latimesblogs.latimes.com/. Los Angeles Times. September 11, 2010. (Retrieved 25 February 2016). Marling, Karal Ann. Wall-to-Wall America: A Cultural History of Post Office Murals in the Great Depression. University of Minnesota Press. 1982.
92. Murray, Kris. (Thesis) The Tools of Engagement. Concordia University. 2010.
93. Naguib, Saphinaz Amal. Engaged Ephemeral Art: Street Art and the Egyptian Spring. Transcultural Studies. Vol. 2: 53-88. 2016.
94. Neuhaus, Eugene. The Art of the Exposition. University of California. 1915.
95. Onians, John (Ed.). Atlas World of Art. Laurence King Publishing. 2004.
96. Parry, William. Against the Wall: The Art of Resistance in Palestine. Chicago Review Press. 2011.
97. Phillips, Susan. Wallbangin’: Graffiti and Gangs in L.A. University of Chicago Press. 1999.
98. Pink, Sarah. Visual interventions: Applied visual anthropology. Berghahn books. 2007
99. Pink, Sarah. Images, senses and applications: Engaging visual anthropology. Journal of Visual Anthropology. Vol 24(5): 437-454. 2011.
100. Quinn, Bernadette. Arts Festivals and the City. Urban Studies. 42(5/6): 927-943. 2005.
101. Rantisi, Norma M, and Deborah Leslie. Branding the design metropole: the case of Montreal Canada. Area. 38(4): 364-376. 2006.
102. Rasmussen, Mikkel Bolt. A Note on Socially Engaged Art Criticism. The Nordic Journal of Aesthetics. Vol. 25 (53): 60-72. 2017.
103. Reardon, Patrick T. Flashback: Chicago’s ‘Wall of Respect’ inspired neighborhood murals across the U.S. The Chicago Tribune. July 29 2017.
104. Ren, Xuefe and George Morgan. The Creative Underclass: Culture, Subculture, and Urban Renewal. Journal of Urban Affairs. 34(2): 127-130. 2012.
105. Rivera, Diego, with Gladys March. My Art, My Life: An Autobiography. New York: Citadel Press, 1960. Republished by Dover Publications, Inc. in 1991.
106. Scott, James C. Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1990.
107. Shrank, Sarah. Art and the City: Civic Imagination and Cultural Authority in Los Angeles. University of Pennsylvania Press. 2009.
108. Siqueiros, David Alfaro. Appeal to Plastic Artists in Argentina. Diario Critica (Buenos Aires), June 2, 1933.
109. Snyder, Gregory J. Graffiti Lives: Beyond the tag in New York’s Urban Underground. New York University Press. New York and London. 2009.
110. Spinello, Anthony. Miami, We Have Lift off: Primary Flight! Dirty Magazine. August 2, 2011. http://dirty-mag.com/v2/?p=3879
111. Sorell, Victor Alejandro. Contextualizing ‘The Artists’ Statement’: Before, During, and After 1971. International Center for the Arts of the Americas. No. 1 Sept. 2007.
112. Stein, Philip. Siqueiros: His Life and Works. International Publishers Co. 1994.
113. Swanson L., Malkson K. Coit Tower Murals: A Social Narrative Depicting “Aspects of California Life” in 1934. November 24, 2009.
114. Tally, Robert T. Jr. The Agony of the Political. Texas State University. 2007.
115. Ulldemolins, Joaquim Rius. Culture and authenticity in urban regeneration processes: Place branding in central Barcelona. Urban Studies. Vol. 51(14): 3026-3045. 2014.
116. Vanolo, Alberto. The image of the creative city: Some reflections on urban branding in Turin. Cities. 25: 370-382. 2008.
117. Veblen, Thorenstein. The Theory of the Leisure Class. Mentor, New York. 1899/1953.
118. Virno, Paolo. A Grammar of the Multitude: For an Analysis of Contemporary Forms of Life. (Translated by Isabelle Bertoletti, James Cascaito, and Andrea Casson). Los Angeles: Semiotexte. 2004.
119. Waclawek, Anna. Graffiti and Street Art. Thames & Hudson, Ltd., London. 2011.
120. Walde, Claudia. Graffiti Alphabets: Street Fonts from Around the World. Thames and Hudson. 2011.
121. Walde, Claudia. Mural XXL. Thames and Hudson. 2015.
122. Wasserman, Andrew. Beyond the Wall: Redefining City Walls’ “Gateway to SoHo.” Public Art Dialogue. (4)1: 72-98. 2014.
123. Winer, Linda. Contemporary Art: A Clash of Emotion and Object. Chicago Tribune, February 15, 1971.
124. Zukin. Sharon. The Cultures of Cities. Blackwell. 1995.
125. Zukin, Sharon. Naked City: The Death and Life of Authentic Urban Places. Oxford University Press. 2010.
All items in Spectrum are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved. The use of items is governed by Spectrum's terms of access.

Repository Staff Only: item control page

Downloads per month over past year

Research related to the current document (at the CORE website)
- Research related to the current document (at the CORE website)
Back to top Back to top