References:

\bibitem{Salimi:IoTJ2022}
M. Salimibeni, Z. Hajiakhondi-Meybodi, A. Mohammadi and Y. Wang,
\newblock "TB-ICT: A Trustworthy Blockchain-Enabled System for Indoor Contact Tracing in Epidemic Control,"
\newblock {\em IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2022}, doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2022.3223329. In Press.

\bibitem{Salimi:Sensors2022}
M. Salimibeni, P. Malekzadeh, A. Mohammadi and K.N. Plataniotis,
\newblock "MAAKF-SR: Multi-Agent Adaptive Kalman Filtering-based Successor Representation,"
\newblock {\em Sensors,} vol. 22, no. 4, 2022.

\bibitem{Salimi:APSIPA2023}
M. Salimibeni, A. Mohammadi, Z. Hajiakhondi, M. Atashi, P. Malekzadeh, and K.N. Plataniotis,
\newblock "Reinforcement Learning-based Information Fusion for Multiple Model BLE-based Indoor Localization/Tracking,"
\newblock {\em Submitted to APSIPA Trans. on Signal and Information Processing (ATSIP)}, 2023.

\bibitem{Salimi:ICASSP2023}
M. Salimibeni, A. Mohammadi, N. Plataniotis,
\newblock "RL-IFF: Reinforcement Learning based Information Fusion for Indoor Localization”,"
\newblock {\em Submitted to IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)}, 2023.

\bibitem{Salimi:wfIOT}
M. Salimibeni, Z. HajiAkhondi-Meybodi, A. Mohammadi,
\newblock "TB-ICT: A Trustworthy Blockchain-Enabled System for Indoor Contact Tracing in Epidemic Control,"
\newblock {\em IEEE 8th World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT)}, 2022.

\bibitem{Salimi:Icassp}
M. Salimibeni, P. Malekzadeh, A. Mohammadi, A. Assa and K. N. Plataniotis,
\newblock "MAKF-SR: Multi- Agent Adaptive Kalman Filtering-based Successor Representations,"
\newblock {\em IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)}, 2021, pp. 8037-8041.

\bibitem{Salimi:Eusipco}
M. Salimibeni, M. Atashi, P. Malekzadeh, Z. HajiAkhondi-Meybodi, K. N. Plataniotis, A. Mohammadi,
\newblock ``IoT-TD: IoT Dataset for Multiple Model BLE-based IndoorLocalization/Tracking,''
\newblock {\em 28th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO)}, 2020, pp. 1697-1701.

\bibitem{Salimi:Asilomar}
M. Salimibeni, P. Malekzadeh, A. Mohammadi and K. N. Plataniotis,
\newblock ``Distributed Hybrid Kalman Temporal Differences for Reinforcement Learning,''
\newblock {\em IEEE International Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers}, 2020, pp. 579-583.


\bibitem{Salimi:sensors2019}
M. Salimibeni, P. Malekzadeh, M. Atashi, M. Barbulescu, K. N. Plataniotis and A. Mohammadi,
\newblock ``Event-Triggered Monitoring/Communication of Inertial Measurement Unit for IoT Applications,''
\newblock {\em IEEE SENSORS}, 2019, pp. 1-4.

\bibitem{Li:2020}
Y. Li, X. Hu, Y. Zhuang, Z. Gao, P. Zhang and N. El-Sheimy,
\newblock "Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL): Another Perspective for Unsupervised Wireless Localization,"
\newblock {\em IEEE Internet of Things Journal}, invol. 7, no. 7, pp. 6279-6287, July 2020.

\bibitem{P. Silva}
P. Silva, V. Kaseva, E. Lohan,
\newblock "Wireless Positioning in IoT: A Look at Current \& Future Trends,"
\newblock {\em Sensors}, vol. 8, no. 8, 2018.

\bibitem{Spachos:2020}
P. Spachos and K. N. Plataniotis,
\newblock "BLE Beacons for Indoor Positioning at an Interactive IoT-Based Smart Museum,"
\newblock {\em IEEE Systems Journal}, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 3483-3493, Sept. 2020.

\bibitem{Ng:2021}
P. C. Ng, P. Spachos and K. N. Plataniotis,
\newblock "COVID-19 and Your Smartphone: BLE-Based Smart Contact Tracing,"
\newblock {\em IEEE Systems Journal}, doi: 10.1109/JSYST.2021.3055675., 2021.


\bibitem{Zafari:2017}
F. Zafari, I. Papapanagiotou, M. Devetsikiotis, T.J. Hacker,
\newblock ``An iBeacon based Proximity and Indoor Localization System,''
\newblock https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.07876, 2017.

\bibitem{Dinh:2020}
T. T. Dinh, N. Duong and K. Sandrasegaran,
\newblock "Smartphone-Based Indoor Positioning Using BLE iBeacon and Reliable Lightweight Fingerprint Map,"
in IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 20, no. 17, pp. 10283-10294, 1 Sept.1, 2020, doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2020.2989411.

\bibitem{Zheng:2017}
K. Zheng, \textit{et al.},
\newblock "Energy-Efficient Localization and Tracking of Mobile Devices in Wireless Sensor Networks,"
\newblock {\em IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology}, 2017.

\bibitem{Davidson:2017}
P. Davidson and R. Piche,
\newblock "A Survey of Selected Indoor Positioning Methods for Smartphones,"
\newblock {\em IEEE Communications Surveys \& Tutorials}, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 1347-1370, 2017.


\bibitem{Hoang:2019}
M. T. Hoang, B. Yuen, X. Dong, T. Lu, R. Westendorp and K. Reddy,
\newblock "Recurrent Neural Networks for Accurate RSSI Indoor Localization,"
\newblock in IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 10639-10651, Dec. 2019, doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2019.2940368.


\bibitem{Farahsari:2022}
P. S. Farahsari, A. Farahzadi, J. Rezazadeh and A. Bagheri,
\newblock ``A Survey on Indoor Positioning Systems for IoT-Based Applications,''
\newblock {\em IEEE Internet of Things Journal}, vol. 9, no. 10, pp. 7680-7699, 15 May15, 2022.

\bibitem{Parvin:SPL}
P. Malekzadeh, A. Mohammadi, M. Barbulescu, and K.N. Plataniotis,
\newblock "STUPEFY: Set-Valued Box Particle Filtering for BLE-based Indoor Localization"
\newblock {\em IEEE Signal Processing Letters}, 2019. In Press.

\bibitem{Atashi:FUSION}
M. Atashi, M. Salimibeni, P. Malekzadeh, M. Barbulescu, K. N. Plataniotis and A. Mohammadi,
\newblock "Multiple Model BLE-based Tracking via Validation of RSSI Fluctuations under Different Conditions,"
\newblock {\em International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION)}, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 2019, pp. 1-6.


\bibitem{D.An}
D. An and J. Lee,
\newblock "Derivation of an Approximate Location Estimate in Angle-of-Arrival Based Localization in the Presence of Angle-of-Arrival Estimate Error and Sensor Location Error,"
\newblock {\em IEEE World Symposium on Communication Engineering (WSCE)}, 2018, pp. 1-5.


\bibitem{Sark}
V. Sark and E. Grass,
\newblock "Modified Equivalent Time Sampling for Improving Precision of Time-of-Flight based Localization,"
\newblock {\em IEEE Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC)}, 2013, pp. 370-374.

\bibitem{G. Fokin}
G. Fokin, A. Kireev and A. H. A. Al-odhari,
\newblock "TDOA Positioning Accuracy Performance Evaluation for ARC Sensor Configuration,"
\newblock {\em Systems of Signals Generating and Processing in the Field of on Board Communications}, 2018, pp. 1-5.


\bibitem{Sadowski:2019}
S. Sadowski and P. Spachos,
\newblock ``Optimization of BLE Beacon Density for RSSI-Based Indoor Localization,'' 2019 IEEE \newblock {\em International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops)}, Shanghai, China, 2019, pp. 1-6.

\bibitem{Sadowski:2018}
S. Sadowski and P. Spachos,
\newblock ``RSSI-Based Indoor Localization With the Internet of Things,''
\newblock {\em IEEE Access}, vol. 6, pp. 30149-30161, 2018.

\bibitem{Kumar}
S. Kumar, R. Ramaswami, and K. Tomar,
\newblock ``Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks using Directionally Information,"
\newblock {\em IEEE International Advance Computing Conference (IACC)}, 2013, pp. 577-582.


\bibitem{Parvin:access}
P. Malekzadeh, M. Salimibeni, A. Mohammadi, A. Assa and K. N. Plataniotis,
\newblock "MM-KTD: Multiple Model Kalman Temporal Differences for Reinforcement Learning,"
\newblock{\em IEEE Access}, vol. 8, pp. 128716-128729, 2020.


\bibitem{WLANbook}
A. Kushki, K.N. Plataniotis and A.N. Venetsanopoulos
\newblock ``WLAN Positioning Systems: Principles and Applications in Location-based Services,''
\newblock {\em Cambridge University Press}, 2012.

\bibitem{C. Ranasinghe}
C. Ranasinghe and C. Kray,
\newblock ``Location Information Quality: A Review,''
\newblock {\em Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)}, 2018, 18(11), 3999.

\bibitem{P. Jeongyeup}
P. Jeongyeup, K. JeongGil, and S. Hyungsik,
\newblock ``A Measurement Study of BLE iBeacon and Geometric Adjustment Scheme for Indoor Location-Based Mobile Applications,''
\newblock {\em Mobile Information Systems}, vol. 2016, Article ID 8367638, 13 pages.


\bibitem{fingerprinting:2017}
M.C. Cara, J.L. Melgarejo, G.B. Rocca, L.O. Barbosa and I.G. Varea,
\newblock ``An analysis of multiple criteria and setups for Bluetooth smartphone-based indoor localization mechanism,''
\newblock {\em Journal of Sensors}, 2017.

\bibitem{fingerprint_trilateration}
YB. Bai, \textit{et al.},
\newblock ``A new method for improving Wi-Fi-based indoor positioning accuracy,'' \newblock {\em J. Location-based Services}, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 135-147, 2014.

\bibitem{Cho:ENC}
S. Y. Cho and C. G. Park,
\newblock ``Threshold-less Zero-Velocity Detection Algorithm for Pedestrian Dead Reckoning,''
\newblock {\em European Navigation Conference (ENC)}, Warsaw, Poland, 2019, pp. 1-5.

\bibitem{Foxlin:PDR}
E. Foxlin,
\newblock ``Pedestrian tracking with shoe-mounted inertial sensors,''
\newblock {\em IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications}, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 38-46, Nov.-Dec. 2005.

\bibitem{Harle:Survey}
R. Harle,
\newblock ``A Survey of Indoor Inertial Positioning Systems for Pedestrians,''
\newblock {\em IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials}, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 1281-1293, Third Quarter 2013.

%%%%%
\bibitem{Kang:Sensors}
W. Kang and Y. Han,
\newblock ``SmartPDR: Smartphone-Based Pedestrian Dead Reckoning for Indoor Localization,''
\newblock {\em IEEE Sensors Journal}, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 2906-2916, May 2015.

\bibitem{Monfared:2018}
S. Monfared, T. Nguyen, L. Petrillo, P. De Doncker, and F. Horlin,
\newblock ``Experimental Demonstration of BLE Transmitter Positioning Based on AOA Estimation,''
\newblock {\em IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications}, Bologna, Dec. 2018, pp. 856-859.

\bibitem{Cominelli:2019}
M. Cominelli, P Patras, and F Gringoli,
\newblock ``Dead on Arrival: An Empirical Study of The Bluetooth 5.1 Positioning System,''
\newblock {\em International Workshop on Wireless Network Test beds, Experimental Evaluation and Characterization}, pp. 13-20. Oct. 2019.

\bibitem{Hu:2019} P. Hu, Q. Bao and Z. Chen,
\newblock ``Target Detection and Localization Using Non-Cooperative Frequency Agile Phased Array Radar Illuminator,''
\newblock {\em IEEE Access}, vol. 7, pp. 111277-111286, Aug. 2019.

\bibitem{Zhou:2011} J. Zhou, H. Zhang and L. Mo,
\newblock ``Two-dimension localization of passive RFID tags using AOA estimation,''
\newblock {\em IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference}, May 2011, pp. 1-5.

\bibitem{Zhang:2018} X. Zhang, W. Chen, W. Zheng, Z. Xia and Y. Wang,
\newblock ``Localization of Near-Field Sources: A Reduced-Dimension MUSIC Algorithm,''
\newblock{ \em IEEE Communications Letters}, vol. 22, no. 7, pp. 1422-1425, Jul. 2018.

\bibitem{Hossain:2017} M. D. Hossain and A. S. Mohan,
\newblock ``Eigenspace Time-Reversal Robust Capon Beamforming for Target Localization in Continuous Random Media,''
\newblock{\em EEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters}, vol. 16, pp. 1605-1608, Jan. 2017.

\bibitem{Kulin:2018} M. Kulin, T. Kazaz, I. Moerman, and E. De Poorter,
\newblock ``End-to-End Learning From Spectrum Data: A Deep Learning Approach for Wireless Signal Identification in Spectrum Monitoring Applications,''
\newblock {\em IEEE Access}, vol. 6, pp. 18484-18501, Mar. 2018.

\bibitem{Hajiakhondi:2020_1}
Z.~HajiAkhondi-Meybodi, M.~S.~Beni, K. N. Plataniotis, and A. Mohammadi
\newblock ``Bluetooth Low Energy-based Angle of Arrival Estimation via Switch Antenna Array for Indoor Localization,''
\newblock {\em International Conference on Information Fusion}, July 2020.


\bibitem{Hajiakhondi:2020_2}
Z.~HajiAkhondi-Meybodi, M.~S.~Beni, A. Mohammadi, and K. N. Plataniotis,
\newblock ``Bluetooth Low Energy-based Angle of Arrival Estimation in Presence of Rayleigh Fading,''
\newblock Accepted in {\em IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Sybernetics}, 2020.

\bibitem{Hajiakhondi:SMC2020}
Z.~HajiAkhondi-Meybodi, M.~S.~Beni, A. Mohammadi, and K. N. Plataniotis,
\newblock ``Bluetooth Low Energy-based Angle of Arrival Estimation in Presence of Rayleigh Fading,''
\newblock {\em IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Sybernetics}, 2020.

\bibitem{Wu:2019} K. Wu, W. Ni, T. Su, R. P. Liu and Y. J. Guo,
\newblock ``Expeditious Estimation of Angle-of-Arrival for Hybrid Butler Matrix Arrays,''
\newblock {\em IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications} vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 2170-2185, Apr. 2019.

\bibitem{Nguyen:2019}
N. H. Nguyen, and K. Dogancay,
\newblock ``Closed-Form Algebraic Solutions for Angle-of-Arrival Source Localization With Bayesian Priors,''
\newblock {\em IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications}, vol. 18, no. 8, May 2019, pp. 3827--3842.

\bibitem{Cheng:2015}
L. Cheng, Y. Wu, J. Zhang and L. Liu, ``Subspace Identification for DOA Estimation in Massive/Full-Dimension MIMO Systems: Bad Data Mitigation and Automatic Source Enumeration," \newblock {\em IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing}, vol. 63, no. 22, pp. 5897-5909, Nov. 2015.

\bibitem{Shafin:2016}
R. Shafin, L. Liu, J. Zhang and Y. Wu, ``DoA Estimation and Capacity Analysis for 3-D Millimeter Wave Massive-MIMO/FD-MIMO OFDM Systems," \newblock {\em IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications}, vol. 15, no. 10, pp. 6963-6978, Oct. 2016.

\bibitem{Yassin}
A. Yassin, Y. Nasser, M. Awad, A. Al-Dubai, R. Liu, Ch. Yuen, R. Raulefs, and E. Aboutanios, ``Recent Advances in Indoor Localization: A Survey on Theoretical Approaches and Applications," \newblock {\em IEEE Commun. Surveys Tuts.}, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 1327-1346, Secondquarter 2017.


\bibitem{He:2014}
J. He, Y. Geng, F. Liu and C. Xu, ``CC-KF: Enhanced TOA Performance in Multipath and NLOS Indoor Extreme Environment," \newblock {\em EEE Sensors Journal}, vol. 14, no. 11, pp. 3766-3774, Nov. 2014.

\bibitem{Zhang:2016}
C. Zhang, X. Bao, Q. Wei, Q. Ma, Y. Yang, and Q. Wang, ``A Kalman filter for UWB positioning in LOS/NLOS scenarios," \newblock {\em in Proc. International Conference on Ubiquitous Positioning, Indoor Navigation and Location Based Services}, Nov. 2016, pp. 73-78.

\bibitem{Exel:2014}
R. Exel and T. Bigler, ``ToA ranging using subsample peak estimation and equalizer-based multipath reduction," \newblock {\em in Proc. IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC)}, Istanbul, Apr. 2014, pp. 2964-2969.

\bibitem{Wang2017}
X. Wang, X. Wang, and S. Mao. \newblock``CiFi: Deep convolutional neural networks for indoor localization with 5 GHz Wi-Fi," \newblock {\em IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC)}, pp. 1-6, May 2017.

\bibitem{Wang2018}
X. Wang, X. Wang and S. Mao, \newblock``Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Indoor Localization with CSI Images," \newblock {\em IEEE Trans. Netw. Sci. Eng.}, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 316-327, Mar. 2020.


\bibitem{Comiter:2018}
M. Comiter, and H. T. Kung, \newblock``Localization Convolutional Neural Networks Using Angle of Arrival Images," \newblock {\em in Proc. IEEE Global Communications Conference}, Abu Dhabi, Dec. 2018, pp. 1-7.


\bibitem{Khan:2019}
A. Khan, S. Wang and Z. Zhu, ``Angle-of-Arrival Estimation Using an Adaptive Machine Learning Framework," \newblock {\em IEEE Communications Letters}, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 294-297, Feb. 2019.


\bibitem{Hsieh:2019}
C. Hsieh, J. Chen and B. Nien, \newblock``Deep Learning-Based Indoor Localization Using Received Signal Strength and Channel State Information," \newblock {\em IEEE Access}, vol. 7, pp. 33256-33267, 2019.


\bibitem{Ferrag2021}
M. A. Ferrag, L. Shu and K. -K. R. Choo,
\newblock ``Fighting COVID-19 and Future Pandemics With the Internet of Things: Security and Privacy Perspectives,"
\newblock{ \em IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica}, vol. 8, no. 9, pp. 1477-1499, September 2021.

%===================
% Literature Review - Prominant Contact Tracing (CT) applications
%===================


\bibitem{Bay:2020}
J. Bay, J. Kek, A. Tan, C. S. Hau, L. Yongquan, and J. Tan, T. A. Quy,
\newblock ``BlueTrace: A privacy-preserving protocol for communitydriven contact tracing across borders,”
\newblock {\em Singapores Government Technology Agency}, Singapore, White Paper, p. 9, 2020.


\bibitem{Harvard2020}
\newblock ``Harvard College. Surveys, app. to track COVID-19,"
\newblock Available: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/coronavirus/covid-19-response-public-health-in-action/surveys-apps-to-track-covid-19/, Acc. on: Dec. 27, 2020.

\bibitem{Apple:2020}
\newblock ``Exposure Notification,”
Apple Inc., Cupertino, CA, USA and Google LLC., Mountain View, CA, USA, May 2020.

\bibitem{Levy:2020}
I. Levy,
\newblock ``The Security Behind the NHS Contact Tracing App,”
Accessed: May 8, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/blog-post/security-behind-nhs-contact-tracing-app.

\bibitem{Mozur:2020}
P. Mozur, R. Zhong, and A. Krolik,
\newblock ``In Coronavirus Fight, China Gives Citizens a Color Code, With Red Flags,”
New York, NY, USA, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/01/business/china-coronavirus-surveillance.html.

\bibitem{Ahmed:2020}
N. Ahmed, R. A. Michelin, W. Xue, S. Ruj, R. Malaney, S. S.Kanhere, A. Seneviratne, W. Hu, H. Janicke, and S. K. Jha,
\newblock ``A Survey of COVID-19 Contact Tracing Apps,”
\newblock {\em IEEE Access}, vol. 8, pp. 134 577–134 601, 2020.

\bibitem{Zhu:2021}
L. Zhu, X. Tang, M. Shen, F. Gao, J. Zhang and X. Du,
\newblock ``Privacy-Preserving ML Training in IoT Aggregation Scenarios,”
\newblock {\em IEEE Internet of Things Journal}, vol. 8, no. 15, pp. 12106-12118, Aug, 2021.

\bibitem{Vaudenay:2020}
S. Vaudenay,
\newblock ``Centralized or decentralized? the contact tracing dilemma,”
\newblock {\em TIACR Cryptol}, ePrint Arch., vol. 2020, p. 531, 2020.

\bibitem{Beskorovajnov:2020}
W. Beskorovajnov, F. Dörre, G. Hartung, \textit{et al.},
\newblock ``Contra corona: Contact tracing against the coronavirus by bridging the centralized–decentralized divide for stronger privacy,”
\newblock {\em Crypt. ePrint Archive}, Report 2020/505, 2020.

\bibitem{Islam2022}
A. Islam, A. Al Amin and S. Y. Shin,
\newblock ``FBI: A Federated Learning-Based Blockchain-Embedded Data Accumulation Scheme Using Drones for Internet of Things,"
\newblock {\em IEEE Wireless Communications Letters}, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 972-976, May 2022.

\bibitem{Islam2020}
A. Islam, S.Y. Shin,
\newblock ``A Blockchain-based Secure Healthcare Scheme with the Assistance of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Internet of Things,''
\newblock {\em Computers \& Electrical Engineering}, vol. 84, 2020.

\bibitem{Islam2021}
A. Islam, T. Rahim, M. Masuduzzaman and S. Y. Shin,
\newblock ``A Blockchain-Based Artificial Intelligence-Empowered Contagious Pandemic Situation Supervision Scheme Using Internet of Drone Things,"
\newblock{ \em IEEE Wireless Communications}, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 166-173, August 2021.

\bibitem{Naren:2021}
Naren, A. Tahiliani, V. Hassija, V. Chamola, S. S. Kanhere and M. Guizani,
\newblock ``Privacy-Preserving and Incentivized Contact Tracing for COVID-19 Using Blockchain,”
\newblock {\em IEEE Internet of Things Magazine}, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 72-79, September 2021.

\bibitem{Choo2020}
K. R. Choo, Z. Yan, W. Meng,
\newblock ``Editorial: Blockchain in Industrial IoT Applications: Security and Privacy Advances, Challenges, and Opportunities,"
\newblock{ \em IEEE Trans. Ind. Informat.}, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 4119-4121, 2020.

\bibitem{Javaid2020}
U. Javaid and B. Sikdar,
\newblock ``A Checkpoint Enabled Scalable Blockchain Architecture for Industrial Internet of Things,"
\newblock{ \em IEEE Trans. Ind. Informat.}, Oct. 2020.

\bibitem{Nguyen:2020}
D. Nguyen, M. Ding, P. N. Pathirana, A. Seneviratne,
\newblock ``Blockchain and ai-based solutions to combat coronavirus (covid19)-like epidemics: A survey,''
Preprints 2020, 2020040325.

\bibitem{Zhang2019}
L. Zhang, T. Zhang, Q. Wu, Y. Mu and F. Rezaeibagha,
\newblock ``Secure Decentralized Attribute-Based Sharing of Personal Health Records with Blockchain,"
\newblock{ \em IEEE Internet of Things Journal}, 2021.

\bibitem{Dai2019}
H. -N. Dai, Z. Zheng and Y. Zhang,
\newblock ``Blockchain for Internet of Things: A Survey,"
\newblock {\em IEEE Internet of Things Journal}, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 8076-8094, Oct. 2019.

\bibitem{Wang:2021}
P. Wang, C. Lin, M. S. Obaidat, Z. Yu, Z. Wei and Q. Zhang,
\newblock ``Contact Tracing Incentive for COVID-19 and Other Pandemic Diseases From a Crowdsourcing Perspective,''
\newblock{ \em IEEE Internet of Things Journal}, vol. 8, no. 21, pp. 15863-15874, 1 Nov.1, 2021.

\bibitem{DWang:2022}
D. Wang, X. Chen, L. Zhang, Y. Fang and C. Huang,
\newblock ``A Blockchain based Human-to-Infrastructure Contact Tracing Approach for COVID-19,''
\newblock{ \em IEEE Internet of Things Journal}, vol. 9, no. 14, pp. 12836-12847, 15 July15, 2022.

%[10]
\bibitem{Garofalo:2021}
G. Garofalo, T. Van hamme, D. Preuveneers, W. Joosen, A. Abidin and M. A. Mustafa,
\newblock ``PIVOT: PrIVate and effective cOntact Tracing,''
\newblock{ \em IEEE Internet of Things Journal}, 2021.


%[11]
\bibitem{Azad:2021}
M. A. Azad, \textit{et al.},
\newblock ``A First Look at Privacy Analysis of COVID-19 Contact-Tracing Mobile Applications,''
\newblock{ \em IEEE Internet of Things Journal}, vol. 8, no. 21, pp. 15796-15806, 1 Nov.1, 2021.

\bibitem{Song:2021}
J. Song, T. Gu, X. Feng, Y. Ge, and P. Mohapatra,
\newblock ``Blockchain Meets COVID-19: A Framework for Contact Information Sharing and Risk Notification System,”
\newblock {\em IEEE 18th International Conference on Mobile Ad Hoc and Smart Systems}, 2021, pp. 269-277.

\bibitem{Ferrag:2021}
M. A. Ferrag and L. Shu,
\newblock ``The Performance Evaluation of Blockchain-Based Security and Privacy Systems for the Internet of Things: A Tutorial,"
\newblock{ \em IEEE Int. of Things J.}, vol. 8, no. 24, pp. 17236-17260, 2021.

\bibitem{Martinez:2020}
M. Martinez, A. Hekmati, B. Krishnamachari and S. Yun,
\newblock ``Mobile Encounter-based Social Sybil Control,"
\newblock{ \em Int. Con. Software Defined Systems (SDS)}, 2020, pp. 190-195.


\bibitem{Xu2020}
H. Xu, \textit{et al.},
\newblock ``Beeptrace: Blockchain-Enabled Privacy-Preserving Contact Tracing for Covid-19 Pandemic and Beyond,"
\newblock{ \em IEEE Internet Things J.}, pp. 1-1, Sep. 2020.

\bibitem{Hasan:2021}
H. R. Hasan, K. Salah, R. Jayaraman, I. Yaqoob, M. Omar and S. Ellahham,
\newblock ``COVID-19 Contact Tracing Using Blockchain,”
\newblock {\em IEEE Access}, vol. 9, pp. 62956-62971, 2021.


\bibitem{Micali2020}
S. Micali,
\newblock ``Algorand’s approach to Covid-19 tracing,"
Tech. Rep., 2020.

\bibitem{Lv2022}
W. Lv, S. Wu, C. Jiang, Y. Cui, X. Qiu, and Y. Zhang,
\newblock ``Towards Large-Scale and Privacy-Preserving Contact Tracing in COVID-19 Pandemic: A Blockchain Perspective,"
\newblock {\em IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering}, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 282-298, 2022.

\bibitem{Avitabile2020}
G. Avitabile, V. Botta, V. Iovino, and I. Visconti,
\newblock ``Towards defeating mass surveillance and SARS-CoV-2: The pronto-C2 fully decentralized automatic contact tracing system,"
\newblock IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., vol. 2020, p. 493, May 2020.

\bibitem{DIMY:2021}
N. Ahmed, R. A. Michelin, W. Xue, G. Dharma Putra, S. Ruj, S. S. Kanhere, and S. Jha,
\newblock ``DIMY: Enabling privacy-preserving contact tracing,”
2021, arXiv:2103.05873. [Online]. Available: http:// arxiv.org/abs/2103.05873.

\bibitem{Peng2021}
K. Peng, M. Li, H. Huang, C. Wang, S. Wan and K. -K. R. Choo, \newblock ``Security Challenges and Opportunities for Smart Contracts in Internet of Things: A Survey,"
\newblock{ \em IEEE Internet of Things Journal}, vol. 8, no. 15, pp. 12004-12020, 2021.

\bibitem{Esteves2020}
P. Esteves-Verissimo, J. Decouchant, M. Völp, A. Esfahani, and R. Graczyk,
\newblock ``PriLok: Citizen-protecting distributed epidemic tracing,"
2020, arXiv:2005.04519. [Online]. Available: http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.04519.

\bibitem{Yanagihara:2022}
T. Yanagihara and A. Fujihara,
\newblock ``Cross-Referencing Method for Scalable Public Blockchain,”
\newblock {\em Internet of Things Journal}, Volume 15, 100419, 2022.


\bibitem{Jing2021}
G. Jing, H. Bai, J. George, A. Chakrabortty,
\newblock Model-free optimal control of linear multi-agent systems via decomposition and hierarchical approximation.
\newblock{ \em IEEE Trans. Control Netw. Syst.}, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 1069-1081, 2021. %MDPI: Please add volume and page. If no page or volume, please add doi.


\bibitem{Turchetta2020}
M. Turchetta, A. Krause, S. Trimpe,
\newblock ``Robust Model-free Reinforcement Learning with Multi-objective Bayesian Optimization,"
\newblock In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), Paris, France, 31 May--31 August, 2020.

\bibitem{Liu2020}
Q. Liu, T. Yu, Y. Bai, C. Jin,
\newblock ``A sharp analysis of model-based reinforcement learning with self-play,"
\newblock {\em arXiv}, 2020, arXiv:2010.01604.

\bibitem{Bellman1954}
R. Bellman,
\newblock ``The Theory of Dynamic Programming," Tech. Rep.,
\newblock RAND Corp: Santa Monica, CA, USA, 1954.

\bibitem{Vertes}
E. V\'{e}rtes,and M. Sahani,
\newblock ``A Neurally Plausible Model Learns Successor Representations in Partially Observable Environments,"
\newblock{ \em Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32},
pp.13714-13724, 2019.

\bibitem{Sam}
S. Blakeman, and D. Mareschal,
\newblock ``A Complementary Learning Systems Approach to Temporal Difference Learning,"
\newblock {\em Neural Networks}, vol. 122,
2020, pp. 218-230.

\bibitem{Song2021}
Y. Song, W. Sun,
\newblock ``Pc-mlp: Model-based reinforcement learning with policy cover guided exploration,"
\newblock In Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning, Virtual, 18--24 July
2021.

\bibitem{Geerts2019}
J. P.Geerts, K. L. Stachenfeld, N. Burgess,
\newblock ``Probabilistic Successor Representations with Kalman Temporal Differences,"
\newblock{ \em arXiv}, 2019, arXiv:1910.02532.

\bibitem{Machado2021}
M. C. Machado, A. Barreto, D. Precup,
\newblock ``Temporal Abstraction in Reinforcement Learning with the Successor Representation,"
\newblock{ \em arXiv},2021, arXiv:2110.05740.

\bibitem{Moskovitz2021}
T. H. Moskovitz, J. Parker-Holder, A. Pacchiano, M.Arbel, M. I. Jordan,
\newblock ``Tactical optimism and pessimism for deep reinforcement learning,"
\newblock In Proceedings of the NeurIPS, Virtual, 6-14 December
2021.

\bibitem{Hasselt2016}
H. Van Hasselt, A. Guez, D.Silver,
``Deep Reinforcement Learning with Double Q-Learning,"
\newblock AAAI: Phoenix, AZ, USA, 2016, p. 5.

\bibitem{Babu2012}
G. S. Babu, S. Suresh,
\newblock ``Meta-cognitive neural network for classification problems in a sequential learning framework,"
\newblock {\em Neurocomputing},2012,81, 86--96.

%6
\bibitem{Riedmiller2005}
M. Riedmiller,
\newblock ``Neural Fitted Q Iteration-first Experiences with a Data Efficient Neural Reinforcement Learning Method,"
\newblock {\em European Conference on Machine Learning}; Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg, %MDPI: Please add the location of the publisher.
2005, pp. 317--328.

\bibitem{Tang}
Y. Tang, H. Guo,T. Yuan, X. Gao, X. Hong, Y. Li, J. Qiu, Y. Zuo, and J. Wu,
\newblock ``Flow Splitter: A Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Flow Scheduler for Hybrid Optical-Electrical Data Center Network,"
\newblock{\em IEEE Access}, vol. 7, pp.129955-129965, 2019.


%\bibitem{Hu}
%C. Hu, and M. Xu,
%\newblock ``Adaptive Exploration Strategy With Multi-Attribute Decision-Making for Reinforcement Learning,"
%\newblock{\em IEEE Access}, vol. 8, pp. 32353-32364, 2020.


\bibitem{Kim}
M. Kim, S. Lee, J. Lim, J. Choi, and S.G. Kang,
\newblock ``Unexpected Collision Avoidance Driving Strategy Using Deep Reinforcement Learning,"
\newblock{\em IEEE Access}, vol. 8, pp. 17243-17252, 2020.


\bibitem{Xie}
J. Xie, Z. Shao, Y. Li, Y. Guan, and J. Tan,
\newblock ``Deep reinforcement learning with optimized reward functions for robotic trajectory planning,"
\newblock{\em IEEE Access}, vol. 7, pp. 105669-105679, 2019.

\bibitem{Mnih2013}
V. Mnih, K. Kavukcuoglu, D. Silver, A. Graves, I. Antonoglou, D. Wierstra, M.Riedmiller,
\newblock ``Playing Atari with Deep Reinforcement Learning,"
\newblock Technical Report, Deepmind Technologies: London, %MDPI: Please add the location of the publisher.
2013, arXiv:1312.5602[cs.LG].


\bibitem{Lillicrap2015}
T. Lillicrap, J. Hunt, A. Pritzel, N. Heess, T. Erez, Y. Tassa, D. Silver, D. Wierstra,
\newblock ``Continuous control with deep reinforcement learning,"
\newblock {\em arXiv}, 2015, arXiv:1509.02971.

\bibitem{Tsitsiklis1997}
J.N. Tsitsiklis, B. Van Roy,
\newblock ``An analysis of temporal-difference learning with function approximation,"
\newblock{\em IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control}, 42 (5) (May 1997) 674–690.

\bibitem{Bertsekas2004}
D.P. Bertsekas, V.S. Borkar, A. Nedic,
\newblock ``Improved temporal difference methods with linear function approximation, Learning and Approximate Dynamic Programming,"
\newblock 2004, pp. 231–255.


\bibitem{Miller1990}
W. T. Miller, F. H. Glanz, and L. G. Kraft,
\newblock ``Cmas: An Associative Neural Network Alternative to Backpropagation,"
\newblock {\em Proceedings of the IEEE}, vol. 78, no. 10, pp. 1561-1567, 1990.


\bibitem{Haykin1994}
S. Haykin,
\newblock ``Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation,''
\newblock {\em Prentice Hall PTR}, 1994.


\bibitem{Barreto2008}
A. d. M. S. Barreto and C. W. Anderson,
\newblock ``Restricted Gradient-descent Algorithm for Value-function Approximation in Reinforcement Learning,"
\newblock {\em Artificial Intelligence}, vol. 172, no. 4-5, pp. 454-482, 2008.

\bibitem{Menache2005}
I. Menache, S. Mannor, and N. Shimkin,
\newblock ``Basis Function Adaptation in Temporal Difference Reinforcement Learning,"
\newblock {\em Annals of Operations Research}, vol. 134, no. 1, pp. 215-238, 2005.


\bibitem{Choi2006}
D. Choi and B. Van Roy,
\newblock ``A generalized Kalman filter for Fixed Point Approximation and Efficient Temporal-difference Learning,"
\newblock {\em Discrete Event Dynamic Systems}, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 207-239, 2006.


\bibitem{Engel2005}
Y. Engel,
\newblock ``Algorithms and Representations for Reinforcement Learning,''
\newblock {\em Hebrew University of Jerusalem}, 2005.


\bibitem{Bradtke1996}
S. J. Bradtke and A. G. Barto,
\newblock ``Linear Least-squares Algorithms for Temporal Difference Learning,"
\newblock {\em Machine Learning}, vol. 22, no. 1-3, pp. 33-57, 1996.

%\bibitem{Liu2021}
%E.Z. Liu, A. Raghunathan, P. Liang, C. Finn,
% \newblock `` Decoupling exploration and exploitation for meta-reinforcement learning without sacrifices,"
% \newblock {\em International Conference on Machine Learning}, 2021, PMLR. pp. 6925–6935.

\bibitem{Geist2013}
M. Geist and O. Pietquin,
\newblock ``Algorithmic Survey of Parametric Value Function Approximation,"
\newblock {\em IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems}, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 845-867, 2013.


\bibitem{Geist2010}
M. Geist and O. Pietquin,
\newblock ``Kalman Temporal Differences,"
\newblock {\em Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research}, vol. 39, pp. 483-532, 2010.


\bibitem{Arash:TNSRE:2015}
A. Mohammadi and K. N. Plataniotis,
\newblock ``Distributed Widely Linear Multiple-Model Adaptive Estimation,"
\newblock {\em IEEE Transactions on Signal and Information Processing over Networks}, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 164-179, 2015.

\bibitem{Arash:Sensors2016}
C. Yang, A. Mohammadi, Q-W. Chen,
\newblock `` Multi-Sensor Fusion with Interaction Multiple Model and Chi-Square Test Tolerant Filter,"
\newblock {\em Sensors}, vol. 16, no. 11, 1835, 2016.

\bibitem{Arash:TSP:2015}
A. Mohammadi and K. N. Plataniotis,
\newblock ``Improper Complex-Valued Multiple-Model Adaptive Estimation,"
\newblock {\em IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing}, vol. 63, no. 6, pp. 1528-1542, 2015.


\bibitem{Mehra1970}
R. Mehra,
\newblock ``On the Identification of Variances and Adaptive Kalman Filtering,"
\newblock {\em IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control}, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 175-184, 1970.


\bibitem{Assa2018}
A. Assa and K. N. Plataniotis,
\newblock ``Similarity-based Multiple Model Adaptive Estimation,"
\newblock {\em IEEE Access}, vol. 6, pp. 36 632-36 644, 2018.


\bibitem{Kitao2017}
T. Kitao, M. Shirai, and T. Miura,
``Model Selection based on Kalman Temporal Differences Learning,"
\newblock {\em IEEE International Conference on Collaboration and Internet Computing (CIC)}, 2017, pp. 41-47.

\bibitem{Ma2018}
C. Ma, J. Wen, and Y. Bengio,
\newblock ``Universal successor representations for transfer reinforcement learning,"
\newblock {\em arXiv preprint}, arXiv:1804.03758, 2018.


\bibitem{Momennejad2017}
I. Momennejad, E.M. Russek, J.H. Cheong, M.M. Botvinick, N.D. Daw, S.J.Gershman,
\newblock ``The successor representation in human reinforcement learning,"
\newblock {\em Nature Human Behaviour}, 1 (9) (2017) 680–692.


\bibitem{Russek2017}
E.M. Russek, I. Momennejad, M.M. Botvinick, S.J. Gershman, N.D. Daw,
\newblock ``Predictive representations can link model-based reinforcement learning to model-free mechanisms,"
\newblock {\em PLoS Computational Biology}, 13 (9) (2017) e1005768.

\bibitem{Sutton2018}
R. S. Sutton and A. G. Barto,
\newblock ``Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction,"
\newblock {\em Cambridge}, MA, USA: MIT Press, 2018.

\bibitem{Chan2020}
S.C. Chan, S. Fishman, J. Canny, et al.,
\newblock ``Measuring the reliability of reinforcement learning algorithms,"
\newblock {\em International Conference on Learning Representations}, 2020.

\bibitem{Parvin2021}
P. Malekzadeh, M. Salimibeni, M. Hou, A. Mohammadi, K. N. Plataniotis,
\newblock ``AKF-SR: Adaptive Kalman Filtering-Based Successor Representation,"
\newblock {\em Neurocomputing}, vol. 467, no. 7, pp. 476-490, January 2022.

\bibitem{Spano}
S. Spanò, G.C. Cardarilli, L. Di Nunzio, R. Fazzolari, D. Giardino, M. Matta, A. Nannarelli, and M. Re,
\newblock ``An Efficient Hardware Implementation of Reinforcement Learning: The Q-Learning," Algorithm,"
\newblock {\em IEEE Access}, vol. 7, pp. 186340-186351, 2019.

\bibitem{Seo}
M. Seo, L.F. Vecchietti, S. Lee, and D. Har,
\newblock ``Rewards Prediction-Based Credit Assignment for Reinforcement Learning With Sparse Binary Rewards,"
\newblock {\em IEEE Access}, vol. 7, pp. 118776-118791, 2019.

\bibitem{DrMing1}
A. Toubman \textit{et al.},
\newblock ``Modeling behavior of Computer Generated Forces with Machine Learning Techniques, the NATO Task Group approach,"
\newblock {\em IEEE Int. Con. Systems, Man, and Cyb. (SMC)}, Budapest, 2016, pp. 001906-001911.

\bibitem{DrMing2}
J. J. Roessingh \textit{et al.},
\newblock ``Machine Learning Techniques for Autonomous Agents in Military Simulations - Multum in Parvo,"
\newblock {\em IEEE Int. Con. Systems, Man, and Cyb. (SMC)}, Banff, AB, 2017, pp. 3445-3450.

%\bibitem{Parvin:access}
%P. Malekzadeh, M. Salimibeni, A. Mohammadi, A. Assa and K. N. Plataniotis,
%\newblock ``MM-KTD: Multiple Model Kalman Temporal Differences for Reinforcement Learning,"
%\newblock{\em IEEE Access}, vol. 8, pp. 128716-128729, 2020.

\bibitem{Hu}
H. Hu, S. Song and C. L. P. Chen,
\newblock ``Plume Tracing via Model-Free Reinforcement Learning Method,"
\newblock{ \em IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems}, vol. 30, no. 8, pp. 2515-2527, Aug. 2019.

\bibitem{Venkat}
H. K. Venkataraman, and P. J. Seiler,
\newblock ``Recovering Robustness in Model-Free Reinforcement Learning,"
\newblock{\em American Control Conference (ACC)}, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2019, pp. 4210-4216.

\bibitem{Williams:2017}
G. Williams, N. Wagener, B. Goldfain, P. Drews, J. M. Rehg, B. Boots, and E. A. Theodorou,
\newblock ``Information Theoretic MPC for Model-based Reinforcement Learning,"
\newblock {\em International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)}, 2017.

\bibitem{Bellman:1954}
R. Bellman,
\newblock ``The Theory of Dynamic Programming,"
\newblock {\em RAND Corp Santa Monica CA}, Tech. Rep., 1954.


\bibitem{Ducarouge}
A. Ducarouge, O. Sigaud,
\newblock ``The Successor Representation as a Model of Behavioural Flexibility,"
\newblock{ \em Journ{\'e}es Francophones sur la Planification, la D{\'e}cision et l'Apprentissage pour la conduite de syst{\`e}mes (JFPDA)}, 2017.

\bibitem{Lazaric:2008}
A. Lazaric, M. Restelli, and A. Bonarini,
\newblock ````Reinforcement Learning in Continuous Action Spaces Through Sequential Monte Carlo Methods,"
\newblock {\em Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems}, 2008, pp. 833-840.

\bibitem{Castro:2008}
D. D. Castro, D. Volkinshtein and R. Meir,
\newblock ``Temporal Difference Based Actor Critic Learning - Convergence and Neural Implementation,"
\newblock {\em Neural Information Processing Systems Conference}, 2008.

%5
\bibitem{Keogh:2011}
E. Keogh and A. Mueen,
\newblock``Curse of Dimensionality,"
\newblock {\em Encyclopedia of Machine Learning}, Springer, 2011, pp. 257-258.

\bibitem{Ge:2019}
Y. Ge, F. Zhu, X. Ling, and Q. Liu,
\newblock ``Safe Q-Learning Method Based on Constrained Markov Decision Processes,"
\newblock {\em IEEE Access}, vol. 7, pp. 165007-165017, 2019.

%7
\bibitem{Mnih:2013}
V. Mnih, K. Kavukcuoglu, D. Silver, A. Graves, I. Antonoglou, D. Wierstra, and M. Riedmiller,
\newblock ``Playing Atari with Deep Reinforcement Learning,"
\newblock {\em arXiv:1312.5602}, 2013.

%%8
%\bibitem{Lillicrap:}
%T. P. Lillicrap, J. J. Hunt, A. Pritzel, N. Heess, T. Erez, Y. Tassa, D. Silver, and D. Wierstra,
%\newblock ``Continuous Control with Deep Reinforcement Learning,"
%\newblock {\em arXiv:1509.02971}, 2015.
%34
\bibitem{Sukhbaatar:2017}
S. Sukhbaatar, I. Kostrikov, A. Szlam, and R. Fergus,
\newblock ``Intrinsic motivation and automatic curricula via asymmetric self-play,``
\newblock {\em arXiv}, preprint arXiv:1703.05407, 2017.

%13
\bibitem{Haykin:1994}
S. Haykin,
\newblock ``Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation,''
\newblock {\em Prentice Hall PTR}, 1994.

%%14
%\bibitem{14}
%W. T. Miller, F. H. Glanz, and L. G. Kraft,
%\newblock ``Cmas: An Associative Neural Network Alternative to Backpropagation,"
%\newblock {\em Proceedings of the IEEE}, vol. 78, no. 10, pp. 1561-1567, 1990.

%15
\bibitem{Kretchmar:1997}
R. M. Kretchmar and C. W. Anderson,
\newblock ``Comparison of CMACs and Radial Basis Functions for Local Function Approximators in Reinforcement Learning,"
\newblock {\em International Conference on Neural Networks}, vol. 2. IEEE, 1997, pp. 834-837.

%16
\bibitem{Konidaris:2011}
G. Konidaris, S. Osentoski, and P. S. Thomas,
``Value Function Approximation in Reinforcement Learning using the Fourier Basis,"
\newblock {\em AAAI}, vol. 6, 2011, p. 7.

%17
\bibitem{Menache:2005}
I. Menache, S. Mannor, and N. Shimkin,
\newblock ``Basis Function Adaptation in Temporal Difference Reinforcement Learning,"
\newblock {\em Annals of Operations Research}, vol. 134, no. 1, pp. 215-238, 2005.


\bibitem{Doya:2002}
K. Doya, K. Samejima, K.-i. Katagiri, and M. Kawato,
\newblock ``Multiple Model-based Reinforcement Learning,"
\newblock {\em Neural Computation}, 14(6), 1347–1369, 2002.


%25
\bibitem{Lainiotis:1976}
D. G. Lainiotis,
\newblock ``Partitioning: A Unifying Framework for Adaptive Systems, i: Estimation,"
\newblock {\em Proceedings of the IEEE}, vol. 64, no. 8, pp. 1126-1143, 1976.


\bibitem{Khaleghi:2013}
B.Khaleghi, A. Khamis, F. O. Karray, and S. N. Razavi
\newblock ``Multisensor data fusion: A review of the state-of-the-art,''
\newblock {\em Information Fusion}, Volume 14, Issue 1, July 2013.

\bibitem{Federico:2013}
C. Federico,
\newblock ``A review of data fusion techniques,''
\newblock {\em Sci. World J.}, 1–19, 2013.


\bibitem{Meng:2020}
T. Meng, X. Jing, Z. Yan, and W. Pedrycz,
\newblock ``A survey on machine learning for data fusion,''
\newblock {\em Information Fusion}, Volume 57, 2020.

\bibitem{Chen:2020}
S. Chen, J. Wang, H. Li, Z. Wang, F. Liu and S. Li,
\newblock ``Top-Down Human-Cyber-Physical Data Fusion Based on Reinforcement Learning,''
\newblock {\em IEEE Access}, vol. 8, pp. 134233-134245, 2020.

\bibitem{Liu:2021}
X. Liu, C. Sun, M. Zhou, C. Wu, B. Peng and P. Li,
\newblock ``Reinforcement Learning-Based Multislot Double-Threshold Spectrum Sensing With Bayesian Fusion for Industrial Big Spectrum Data,''
\newblock {\em IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics}, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 3391-3400, May 2021.

\bibitem{Guo:2022}
J. Guo, Q. Liu and E. Chen,
\newblock ``A Deep Reinforcement Learning Method For Multimodal Data Fusion in Action Recognition,''
\newblock {\em IEEE Signal Processing Letters}, vol. 29, pp. 120-124, 2022.

% 41
\bibitem{Abirami:2015}
T. Abirami, E. Taghavi, R. Tharmarasa, T. Kirubarajan, and A.-C. Boury-Brisset,
\newblock ``Fusing social network data with hard data,''
\newblock {\em Proc. 18th Int. Conf. Inf. Fusion (Fusion)}, 2015, pp. 652–658.

% 42
\bibitem{Xiao:2020}
F. Xiao,
\newblock ``A new divergence measure for belief functions in D–S evidence theory for multisensor data fusion,''
\newblock {\em Inf. Sci., } vol. 514, pp. 462–483, Apr. 2020.


\bibitem{Zhu:2022}
C. Zhu, F. Xiao, Z. Cao,
\newblock ``A generalized Rényi divergence for multi-source information fusion with its application in EEG data analysis,''
\newblock {\em Inf. Sci., } vol. 605, pp. 225-243, 2022.


% 43
\bibitem{GZhao:2020}
G. Zhao, A. Chen, G. Lu, and W. Liu,
\newblock ``Data fusion algorithm based on fuzzy sets and D-S theory of evidence,''
\newblock {\em Tsinghua Sci. Technol.,} vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 12–19, Feb. 2020.


\bibitem{Surathong:2021}
S. Surathong, C. Maisen and P. Piyawongwisal,
\newblock ``Modified Fuzzy Dempster-Shafer Theory for Decision Fusion,''
\newblock {\em 13th Int. Conf. on Information Tech. and Elec. Eng. (ICITEE),} 2021, pp. 244-248.


\bibitem{Li:2022}
J. Li, and Q. Wang,
\newblock ``Multi-modal bioelectrical signal fusion analysis based on different acquisition devices and scene settings: Overview, challenges, and novel orientation,''
\newblock {\em Information Fusion,} Volume 79, 2022.


\bibitem{Wang:2019}
P. Wang, L. T. Yang, J. Li, J. Chen, and S. Hu,
\newblock ``Data fusion in cyber-physical-social systems: State-of-the-art and perspectives,''
\newblock {\em Information Fusion,} vol. 51, Nov. 2019.

\bibitem{Himeur:2022}
Y. Himeur, B. Rimal, A. Tiwary, and A. Amira,
\newblock ``Using artificial intelligence and data fusion for environmental monitoring: A review and future perspectives,''
\newblock {\em Information Fusion}, Volume 86–87, 2022.

\bibitem{Saha:2020}
P. Saha and S. Mukhopadhyay,
\newblock ``Multispectral Information Fusion With Reinforcement Learning for Object Tracking in IoT Edge Devices,''
\newblock {\em IEEE Sensors Journal}, vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 4333-4344, April, 2020.

\bibitem{Han:2022}
Y. Han et al.,
\newblock ``Deep Reinforcement Learning for Robot Collision Avoidance With Self-State-Attention and Sensor Fusion,''
\newblock {\em IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters,} vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 6886-6893, July 2022.

\bibitem{Zhou:2020}
T. Zhou, M. Chen and J. Zou,
\newblock ``Reinforcement learning based data fusion method for multi-sensors,''
\newblock {\em IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica}, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 1489-1497, November 2020.

\bibitem{Liu:2022}
P. Liu, F. Bao, X. Yao, C. Zhang, et al.,
\newblock ``Multi-type data fusion framework based on deep reinforcement learning for algorithmic trading,''
\newblock {\em Applied Intelligence,} 2022.


\bibitem{Yu:2022}
J. Yu, P. Wang, T. Koike-Akino and P. V. Orlik,
\newblock ``Multi-Modal Recurrent Fusion for Indoor Localization,''
\newblock {\em IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)}, 2022.


\bibitem{Sou:2022}
S. -I. Sou, F. -J. Wu and W. -C. Wu,
\newblock ``JoLo: Multi-device Joint Localization based on Wireless Data Fusion,''
\newblock {\em IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing}, 2022.

\bibitem{Dinh:2021}
T. -M. T. Dinh, N. -S. Duong and Q. -T. Nguyen,
\newblock ``Developing a Novel Real-Time Indoor Positioning System Based on BLE Beacons and Smartphone Sensors,''
\newblock {\em IEEE Sensors Journal}, vol. 21, no. 20, pp. 23055-23068, 15 Oct.15, 2021.

% # ##### End of Chapter 2 #####################################################################################

\bibitem{BLE51}
M. Woolley,
\newblock ``Bluetooth Direction Finding: A Technical Overview,''
\newblock version 1.0, Revision Date: 20 March 2019.


\bibitem{Arash:2015-1}
X. Zhong, A. Mohammadi, A.B. Premkumar, and A. Asif,
\newblock ``A Distributed Particle Filtering Approach for Multiple Acoustic Source Tracking using an Acoustic Vector Sensor Network,''
\newblock {\em Signal Processing}, vol. 108, pp. 589-603, March 2015.


\bibitem{Fang:2011}
J. Fang, H. Sun, J. Cao, X. Zhang, Y. Tao,
\newblock ``A novel calibration method of magnetic compass based on ellipsoid fitting,''
\newblock {\em IEEE Trans. on Instrument. Meas.}, 60, 2053–2061, 2011.

% # ##### End of Chapter 3 #####################################################################################
\bibitem{Hutter2008}
M. Hutter and S. Legg,
\newblock ``Temporal Difference Updating without a Learning Rate,"
\newblock {\em Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems}, 2008, pp. 705-712.

\bibitem{Sutton1996}
R. S. Sutton,
\newblock ``Generalization in Reinforcement Learning: Successful Examples using Sparse Coarse Coding,"
\newblock {\em Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems}, 1996, pp. 1038-1044.


\bibitem{Xia2019}
W. Xia, C. Di, H. Guo, and S. Li, \newblock ``Reinforcement Learning Based Stochastic Shortest Path Finding in Wireless Sensor Networks,"
\newblock {\em IEEE Access}, vol. 7, pp.157807-157817, 2019.


\bibitem{Watkins1992} C. J. Watkins and P. Dayan,
\newblock ``Q-learning,"
\newblock {\em Machine Learning}, vol. 8, no. 3-4, pp. 279-292, 1992.


\bibitem{Li2019}
J. Li, T. Chai, F. L. Lewis, Z. Ding and Y. Jiang,
\newblock ``Off-Policy Interleaved $Q$ -Learning: Optimal Control for Affine Nonlinear Discrete-Time Systems,"
\newblock {\em IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems,}, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 1308-1320, May 2019.

\bibitem{Lowe2017}
R. Lowe, Y. Wu, A. Tamar, J. Harb, P. Abbeel, and I. Mordatch,
\newblock ``Multi-agent actor-critic for mixed cooperative-competitive environments,"
\newblock {\em Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS)}, 2017.

\bibitem{Singh2019}
A. Singh, T. Jain, and S. Sukhbaatar,
\newblock ``Learning when to communicate at scale in multiagent cooperative and
competitive tasks,``
\newblock {\em In ICLR}, 2019.



\bibitem{AK2}
A. Mohammadi and K. N. Plataniotis,
\newblock ``Event-Based Estimation With Information-Based Triggering and Adaptive Update,"
\newblock {\em IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing}, vol. 65, no. 18, pp. 4924-4939, 15 Sept. 2017.



\bibitem{Zhang:2021}
K. Zhang, Z. Yang, and T. Bacsar,
\newblock ``Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning: A Selective Overview of Theories and Algorithms,"
\newblock {\em, https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.10635}, springer, 2021.


\bibitem{Hamadanian:2022}
P. Hamadanian, M. Schwarzkopf, S. Sen and M. Alizadeh,
\newblock ``reinforcement learning in time-varying systems: an empirical study,''
\newblock {\em arXiv:2201.05560v1}, 2201.05560v1, 2022.


\bibitem{Mordatch2018}
I. Mordatch, P. Abbeel,
\newblock ``Emergence of grounded compositional language in multi-agent populations.``
\newblock {\em Proc. AAAI Conference of Artificial Intelligence}, 2018.



\bibitem{Henderson:2017}
Henderson, P.; Islam, R.; Bachman, P.; Pineau, J.; Precup, D.; Meger, D.
\newblock Deep Reinforcement Learning that Matters. \emph{arXiv}
\newblock \textbf{2017},
arXiv:1709.06560.

\bibitem{Chan:2022}
S.C. Chan, S. Fishman, J. Canny, et al.,
\newblock ``Measuring the Reliability of Reinforcement Learning Algorithms,"
\newblock {\em International Conference on Learning Representations}, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 26--30 April, 2020.

% ############################################## End of Chapter 4###########################################################

\bibitem{HajiAkhondiICASSP2021}
Z. HajiAkhondi-Meybodi, M. S. Beni, A. Mohammadi and K. N. Plataniotis, \newblock``Bluetooth Low Energy and CNN-Based Angle of Arrival Localization in Presence of Rayleigh Fading," \newblock {\em IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)}, 2021, pp. 7913-7917.


\bibitem{Hussain:2018}
S. R. Hussain, S. Mehnaz, S. Nirjon, and E. Bertino,
\newblock ``Secure seamless bluetooth low energy connection migration for unmodified iot devices,”
\newblock {\em IEEE Trans. Mob. Com.}, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 927–944, 2018.

\bibitem{Wood:2014}
G. Wood,
\newblock ``Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger,”
Ethereum Project Yellow Paper, 2014.

\bibitem{Ferrag:2019}
M. A. Ferrag, M. Derdour, M. Mukherjee, A. Derhab, L. Maglaras and H. Janicke,
\newblock ``Blockchain Technologies for the Internet of Things: Research Issues and Challenges,"
\newblock{ \em IEEE Internet of Things Journal}, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 2188-2204, 2019.

\bibitem{Ganardi:2018}
M. Ganardi, D. Hucke, and M. Lohrey,
\newblock``Randomized sliding window algorithms for regular languages,"
\newblock {\em 45th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming, ICALP}, 2018, Czech Republic, pages 127:1–127:13.


\bibitem{MicrosoftStride2021}
Microsoft,
\newblock ``The Stride Threat Model. [Online].
Available: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/commerce-server/ee823878(v=cs.20), 2021.


\bibitem{Huang:2018}
X. Huang, C. Xu, P. Wang, and H. Liu,
\newblock ``LNSC: A security model for electric vehicle and charging pile management based on blockchain ecosystem,"
\newblock{ \em IEEE Access}, vol. 6, pp. 13565–13574, 2018.

%[6]
\bibitem{Wang:2018}
J. Wang, \textit{et al.},
\newblock ``A blockchain based privacy-preserving incentive mechanism in crowdsensing applications,"
\newblock{ \em IEEE Access}, vol. 6, pp. 17545–17556, 2018.

%[7]
\bibitem{Lin:2018}
C. Lin, D. He, X. Huang, K.-K. R. Choo, and A. V. Vasilakos,
\newblock ``BSeIn: A blockchain-based secure mutual authentication with fine-grained access control system for industry 4.0,"
\newblock{ \em J. Netw. Comput. Appl.}, vol. 116, pp. 42–52, Aug. 2018.

\bibitem{Li:2018}
L. Li, \textit{et al.},
\newblock ``CreditCoin: A Privacy-Preserving Blockchain-Based Incentive Announcement Network for Communications of Smart Vehicles,"
\newblock{ \em IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems,}, vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 2204-2220, July 2018.

%[9]
\bibitem{Malik:2019}
S. Malik, V. Dedeoglu, S. S. Kanhere and R. Jurdak,
\newblock ``TrustChain: Trust Management in Blockchain and IoT Supported Supply Chains,"
\newblock{ \em IEEE International Conference on Blockchain}, 2019, pp. 184-193.

\bibitem{Ferrari2018}
P. Ferrari, A. Flammini, E. Sisinni, S. Rinaldi, D. Brandão and M. S. Rocha,
\newblock ``Delay Estimation of Industrial IoT Applications Based on Messaging Protocols,"
\newblock {\em IEEE Internet of Things Journal}, vol. 67, no. 9, pp. 2188-2199, Sept. 2018.


\bibitem{Pass:2017}
R. Pass, C. Tech, and L. Seeman,
\newblock ``Analysis of the Blockchain Protocol in Asynchronous Networks,"
\newblock {\em Annual International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques}, Paris, France, May 2017, pp. 643-673.


\bibitem{Garay:2015}
J. Garay, A. Kiayias, N. Leonardos,
\newblock ``The bitcoin backbone protocol: analysis and applications,"
\newblock {\em Oswald, E., Fischlin, M. (eds.) EUROCRYPT 2015. LNCS}, vol. 9057, pp. 281–310. Springer, Heidelberg 2015.

\bibitem{Miyachi:2021}
K. Miyachi and T. K. Mackey,
\newblock ``hOCBS: A privacy-preserving blockchain framework for healthcare data leveraging an on-chain and off-chain system design Author links open overlay panel,”
\newblock {\em Information Processing \& Management Journal}, vol. 58, no. 3, 2021, Art. no. 102535.

\bibitem{Zhou2018}
Q. Zhou, H. Huang, Z. Zheng and J. Bian,
\newblock ``Solutions to Scalability of Blockchain: A Survey,”
\newblock {\em IEEE Access}, vol. 8, pp. 16440-16455, 2020.


\bibitem{SegWit2015}
E. Lombrozo, J. Lau, and P. Wuille,
\newblock ``Segregated witness (consensuslayer),”
\newblock {\em Bitcoin Core Develop. Team}, Tech. Rep., 2015.

\bibitem{lightningnetwork2016}
J. Poon and D. Thaddeus,
\newblock ``The bitcoin lightning network: Scalable off-chain instant payments,”
\newblock 2016.

\bibitem{Norvill2018}
R. Norvill, B. B. Fiz Pontiveros, R. State and A. Cullen,
\newblock ``IPFS for Reduction of Chain Size in Ethereum,"
\newblock{ \em IEEE Int. Conf. on Internet of Things (iThings)}, 2018, pp. 1121-1128.

\bibitem{Delgado2019}
S. Delgado-Segura, C. Perez-Sola, G. Navarro-Arribas, and J. Herrera-Joancomarti,
\newblock ``Analysis of the Bitcoin UTXO Set,"
\newblock{ \em Financial Cryptography and Data Security}, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2019, pp. 78–91.

\bibitem{Stark2018}
J. Stark,
\newblock ``Making sense of ethereum’s layer 2 scaling solutions: state channels,Plasma, and truebit. Medium,"
\newblock February 2018, Available at: https://medium.com/l4-media/making-sense-of-ethereums-layer-2-scaling-solutions-state-channels-plasma-and-truebit-22cb40dcc2f4.


\bibitem{P6}
H. Obeidat, W. Shuaieb, O. Obeidat, and R. Abd-Alhameed, \newblock``A Review of Indoor Localization Techniques and Wireless Technologies," \newblock {\em Wireless Personal Communications}, vol. 119, no. 1 pp. 289-327, 2021.


\bibitem{Yousefi2015}
S. Yousefi, X. Chang, and B. Champagne, \newblock ``Mobile Localization in Non-Line-of-Sight Using Constrained Square-Root Unscented Kalman Filter,"
\newblock{ \em IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.}, vol. 64, no. 5, pp. 2071-2083, May 2015.


\bibitem{Stack_Exchange}
Available online: https://www.increasebroadbandspeed.co.uk/what-is-a-good-signal-level-or-signal-to-noise-ratio-snr-for-wi-fi(acc. on 21-05-25).


\bibitem{Vujicic:2018}
D. Vujicic, D. Jagodic, S. Randic,
\newblock ``Blockchain technology, bitcoin, and Ethereum: A brief overview,”
\newblock {\em Int. Symposium Inf.-Jah.}, 2018, pp. 1-6.