Amoah, Justin Ayinbila
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7284-7816
(2025)
Hydrofoils with High Dihedral Wings.
Masters thesis, Concordia University.
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Abstract
Hydrofoils are among the most efficient watercraft and offer a promising solution for sustainable maritime transport through electrification. Hydrofoils, i.e., wings operating in water, lift watercraft above the water surface to decrease drag and increase cruising speed. The reduction in drag translates to improved cruising efficiency, which is essential for electric watercraft with batteries that have limited energy density. However, maintaining sufficient stability during the foiling mode remains a critical concern due to the limited operational altitude at a one-foot scale and the complex two-phase flow environment, unlike aircraft. This thesis investigates the influence of high dihedral angles (30° - 50°) on the passive stability characteristics, specifically roll, pitch, and yaw, of a canard-configured surface-piercing hydrofoil watercraft.
This thesis proposes a multiphase Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation framework via a commercial numerical simulation package (Star-CCM+) to simulate the air-water interface. The proposed framework can address the two-phase gas-liquid complex flow condition, including ventilation and submergence effects, using the Volume of Fluid (VOF) model. The watercraft was modeled as a rigid body, and the effect of the dihedral angle was isolated for the study. Small disturbance theory was used to obtain stability derivatives, which assessed the hydrofoil watercraft’s initial response to perturbations.
Simulation results demonstrate that dihedral angles in the range of 30° to 40° provide the most favorable initial stability characteristics across the longitudinal, lateral, and directional stability axes. In contrast, dihedral angles beyond 45° lead to diminished pitch and yaw stability and increased coupling between motion axes, which may increase the risk of oscillatory behavior. These findings highlight the importance of carefully selecting dihedral angles during the design process.
This work presents a validated CFD-based framework for evaluating hydrofoil stability under realistic two-phase flow conditions. The research outcomes provide insight into the initial tendency of high dihedral angles to disturbances in the longitudinal, lateral, and directional stability axes.
| Divisions: | Concordia University > Gina Cody School of Engineering and Computer Science > Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Engineering |
|---|---|
| Item Type: | Thesis (Masters) |
| Authors: | Amoah, Justin Ayinbila |
| Institution: | Concordia University |
| Degree Name: | M.A. Sc. |
| Program: | Mechanical Engineering |
| Date: | July 2025 |
| Thesis Supervisor(s): | Xu, Hang |
| Keywords: | Hydrofoil, CFD, stability, dihedral, multiphase |
| ID Code: | 995771 |
| Deposited By: | Justin Ayinbila Amoah |
| Deposited On: | 04 Nov 2025 17:12 |
| Last Modified: | 04 Nov 2025 17:12 |
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